盐酸普拉克索片在中国健康受试者的生物等效性试验

目的:研究盐酸普拉克索片与原研制剂森福罗的人体生物等效性。方法:24例健康受试者参加空腹试验,24例健康受试者参加餐后试验,均采用随机开放两周期交叉试验设计,分别于每周期单剂量口服0.25 mg盐酸普拉克索片受试制剂(T)或参比制剂(R)。采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中普拉克索浓度。用Phoenix WinNonlin 6.4计算药代动力学参数,其他统计分析工作使用SAS 9.3软件分析。结果:空腹组健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数(n=20):C_max分别为(481.15±102.21)、(497.25±133.31)pg/mL,T_max分别为1.77(0.5,5)、1.50(0.5,5)h,AUC_0-t分别为(6.18±1.49)、(6.20±1.28)pg·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(6.41±1.55)、(6.42±1.31)pg·mL^-1·h,T 1/2分别为(9.18±1.29)、(9.02±1.14)h。受试制剂C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞几何均数的90%置信区间分别落在参比制剂相应参数的92.20%~103.10%、94.06%~104.35%、94.17%~104.07%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围之间,符合生物等效性规定要求。高脂餐组健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数(n=22):C_max分别为(515.36±83.28)、(500.05±64.12)pg/mL,T_max分别为2.00(1,4)、1.75(1,4)h,AUC_0-t分别为(5.94±1.36)、(5.67±1.05)pg·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(6.16±1.43)、(5.88±1.11)pg·mL^-1·h,T 1/2分别为(8.92±2.00)、(8.85±1.98)h。受试制剂C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞几何均数的90%置信区间分别落在参比制剂相应参数的97.84%~107.41%、99.03%~108.79%、99.12%~108.68%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围内,符合生物等效性规定要求。结论:盐酸普拉克索片受试制剂和参比制剂在健康受试者体内具有生物等效性。     

富马酸喹硫平缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的研究富马酸喹硫平缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者中单剂量空腹和餐后条件下给药的生物等效性。方法用单中心、开放、随机、单次给药、两制剂、两周期交叉设计,共纳入68例(空腹试验36例,餐后试验32例)成年男性和女性受试者随机交叉给药。分别单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂200 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中喹硫平的浓度。用SAS V9.4软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果空腹组的富马酸喹硫平缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数如下:AUC_0-t分别为(2432.45±859.54)和(2368.00±792.38)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(2516.56±864.19)和(2461.20±803.72)ng·mL^-1·h,C_max分别为(206.88±92.00)和(207.16±109.88)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为5.25和4.50 h,t1/2分别为(6.97±2.43)和(7.26±2.13)h。餐后组的富马酸喹硫平缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数如下:AUC_0-t分别为(2774.99±1077.62)和(2856.20±1180.25)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(2840.63±1076.46)和(2916.44±1174.10)ng·mL^-1·h,C_max分别为(398.78±142.90)和(373.15±142.99)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为5.50和5.00 h,t1/2分别为(4.41±0.63)和(4.68±0.96)h。在空腹及餐后条件下,受试制剂与参比制剂主要药代动力学参数的90%置信区间均在80.00%~125.00%。结论在空腹及餐后条件下,中国健康成年受试者单次口服富马酸喹硫平缓释片仿制药与原研药具有生物等效性。     

甲磺酸雷沙吉兰片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 评价国产与进口甲磺酸雷沙吉兰片在中国健康人体的生物等效性。方法 用开放、随机、单剂量、两制剂、两序列、四周期、重复交叉设计，空腹条件入组28例受试者，餐后条件入组36例受试者；空腹和餐后试验分别随机分为2组，单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂1 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中雷沙吉兰的浓度，用WinNonlin 7.0软件计算药代动力学参数，用SAS 9.4软件进行药代动力学参数的统计分析评价生物等效性。结果 受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后，药代动力学参数如下：空腹试验C_max分别为(7 784.82±2 381.42)、(8 323.38±2 569.59) pg·mL^-1;AUC_0-t分别为(5 256.46±1 131.22)、(5 359.50±1 206.54) pg·mL^-1·h; AUC_0-∞分别为(5 344.39±1 148.75)、(5 453.01±1 230.03) pg·mL^-1·h;餐后试验C_...     

磷酸奥司他韦干混悬剂的人体药动学与生物等效性

目的:研究磷酸奥司他韦干混悬剂在健康受试者的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法:78例受试者分别空腹和餐后口服75 mg受试制剂或参比制剂。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测奥司他韦和奥司他韦酸的全血浓度,用WinNonlin 8.2软件计算药动学参数,评价两制剂生物等效性。结果:空腹试验受试制剂和参比制剂的奥司他韦C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞分别为(52.07±23.44)和(50.54±16.09)ng·mL^-1、(150.8±32.0)和(153.6±29.3)h·ng·mL^-1、(154.2±32.2)和(157.8±30.9)h·ng·mL^-1;奥司他韦羧酸盐C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞分别为(259.66±42.65)和(267.10±44.06)ng·mL^-1、(3 235.1±549.9)和(3 321.6±567.5)h·...     

丁苯酞注射液在中国健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究空腹条件下静脉滴注受试制剂丁苯酞注射液(规格:5 mL:25 mg,南京优科制药有限公司生产)与参比制剂丁苯酞氯化钠注射液(商品名:恩必普)在健康受试者体内的生物等效性及安全性。方法:采用随机、开放、两周期、双交叉给药试验设计,选择24名健康受试者分别交叉单次静脉注射丁苯酞注射液受试制剂和参比制剂100 mL,输液量(100±5) mL(输液泵允许有5%以内的误差),时间55 min。采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中丁苯酞浓度,使用WinNonlin 6.4软件计算主要药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:24名健康受试者输注受试制剂和参比制剂后,丁苯酞的主要药动学参数:AUC_0-t:(541.0±78.6)ng·mL^-1·h和(525.0±76.1)ng·mL^-1·h;AUC_0-∞:(571.0±82.1) ng·mL^-1·h和(555.0±88.1) ng·mL^-1·h;C_max:(295.0±62.7) ng/mL和(291.0±56.5) ng/mL;T_max分别为0.92(0.33, 0.92)h和0.92(0.33, 0.93)h。t_1/2分别为(16.60±6.85) h和(15.80±5.88)h。受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC_0-t,AUC_0-∞,C_max的几何均数比值(GMR)的90%置信区间均在80.0%-125.0%的范围内。结论:受试制剂丁苯酞注射液与原研丁苯酞注射液具有生物等效性。     

盐酸二甲双胍片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的研究盐酸二甲双胍片在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学特征,并评价其生物等效性。方法空腹和餐后分别入组24例健康受试者,采用随机、开放、单次给药、两周期、两制剂、两序列交叉试验设计,受试者单次口服盐酸二甲双胍片受试药物或参比药物0.25 g,采用液质联用法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价受试药物与参比药物的生物等效性。结果单次空腹给药受试药物与参比药物盐酸二甲双胍片的主要药代动力学参数:C_max分别为(766.00±280.00)和(784.00±249.00)ng·mL^-1;t_max分别为2.50(1.00,4.00)h和2.50(1.00,4.00)h;t_1/2分别为(3.67±0.92)和(3.39±0.92)h;AUC_0-t分别为(4910.00±1770.00)和(4980.00±1610.00)h·ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(5000.00±1750.00)和(5090.00±1610.00)h·ng·mL^-1。单次餐后给药受试药物与参比药物盐酸二甲双胍片的主要药代动力学参数:C_max分别为(496.00±91.50)和(482.00±56.60)ng·mL^-1;t_max分别为3.50(1.50,4.00)h和4.00(1.00,4.00)h;t_1/2分别为(3.46±0.82)和(3.50±0.77)h;AUC_0-t分别为(3710.00±623.00)和(3660.00±611.00)h·ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(3840.00±624.00)和(3760.00±582.00)h·ng mL^-1。两药物的主要药代动力学参数C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞几何均值的比值及其90%置信区间空腹状态下分别为93.90%(85.30%~103.37%),95.05%(87.61%~102.98%)和93.90%(88.24%~102.40%);餐后状态下分别为102.39%(97.67%~107.33%),101.79%(96.22%~107.69%)和102.37%(97.30%~107.70%)。结论在空腹和餐后状态下,两种盐酸二甲双胍片的主要药代动力学参数相近,吸收速度和程度均一致,两制剂生物等效,同时两制剂在中国健康受试人群中具有相似的安全性和耐受性。     

利丙双卡因乳膏在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的评价利丙双卡因乳膏受试制剂和参比制剂在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性。方法用单剂量、开放性、双周期、双序列、交叉、随机设计。本次研究共40例健康受试者入组(空腹),每周期于受试者双腿正面均匀涂抹受试制剂或参比制剂60 g/400 cm²,清洗期为14 d。用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中利多卡因和丙胺卡因的浓度,用WinNonlin 6.4版软件计算主要药代动力学参数,并评估2种制剂的生物等效性。结果在受试者双腿涂抹等量受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中利多卡因的主要药代动力学参数:C_max分别为(179.78±93.10)和(182.89±92.68)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(1676.05±726.76)和(1657.15±673.00)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∝分别为(1691.72±724.67)和(1671.50±671.65)ng·mL^-1·h;丙胺卡因的主要药代动力学参数:C_max分别为(97.75±47.74)和(105.89±51.29)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(793.40±327.87)和(825.63±324.61)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(810.64±329.11)和(843.79±326.57)ng·mL^-1·h。2种制剂的C_max、AUC_0-t及AUC_0-∞经对数转换后的90%置信区间:利多卡因分别为93.10%~107.25%,97.03%~107.59%和97.20%~107.56%;丙胺卡因分别为87.70%~101.24%,92.02%~102.85%和92.08%~102.68%。结论在空腹条件下,单次使用利丙双卡因乳膏受试制剂和参比制剂均具有生物等效性。     

头孢克洛干混悬剂在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 研究在中国健康受试者中头孢克洛干混悬剂的药代动力学,评估国产受试制剂与原研参比制剂的生物等效性。方法 采用单剂量、随机、开放、两周期、自身交叉对照试验设计,空腹试验、餐后试验各入组36例健康受试者,2个周期分别口服头孢克洛干混悬剂受试制剂和参比制剂0.125 g,在给药前后按设计的时间点采集静脉血。用液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆中的头孢克洛浓度,用SAS 9.4软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性分析。结果 空腹试验受试制剂和参比制剂的头孢克洛C_max分别为(7 277.82±1 501.52)和(7 470.28±1 647.19) ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(5 867.31±650.95)和(5 856.08±673.84) ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0-∞分别为(5 907.58±652.96)和(5 895.61±676.11) ng·mL^-1·h。餐后试验受试制剂和参比制剂的头孢克洛C_max分别为(1 8...     

重组人促卵泡激素在健康女性受试者中单次给药的生物等效性研究

目的 评估2种重组人促卵泡激素注射液在健康女性受试者中的生物等效性和安全性。方法 采用随机、开放、两周期、两交叉设计,32例健康女性受试者单次注射重组人促卵泡激素受试制剂或参比制剂225 U,用验证的MSD法测定健康受试者给药前后血清样品重组人促卵泡激素的血药浓度,用Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 皮下注射受试制剂和参比制剂后主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(6.85±2.04)和(7.17±2.26)mU·mL^-1; AUC_0-t分别为(500.20±144.85)和(455.30±138.75)h·U·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(525.50±102.33)和(458.00±151.58)h·U·mL^-1。受试制剂与参比制剂C_max和AUC_0-t几何均值比的90%置信区间分别为89.08%～102.91%以及101.46%～119.83%,均落在80%～125%。试...     

磷酸奥司他韦胶囊在中国健康受试者的生物等效性研究

目的 评价中国健康受试者空腹及餐后单次口服磷酸奥司他韦胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。方法 采用单中心、随机、开放、两周期、两序列相互交叉设计,空腹组和餐后组受试者分别为52例和40例,每周期口服受试制剂或参比制剂75 mg,采用液相串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定血浆中奥司他韦以及活性代谢物奥司他韦羧酸的浓度,WinNonlin 8.2软件计算药代动力学参数,SAS9.4软件进行统计分析。结果 空腹组受试制剂与参比制剂中奥司他韦的主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(101.24±54.55)和(94.95±35.07) ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(158.65±32.99)和(169.76±33.78) h·ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-∞分别为(161.14±33.03)和(172.28±33.82) h·ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为0.50和0.50 h;奥司他韦羧酸的主要药代动力学参数C_max     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.