兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验背景数据的建立

目的对本研究室兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验中各指标的数据进行总结,建立兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验指标的背景数据,为药物生殖毒性研究提供参考。方法从本研究室2011-2018年的兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验中,选取全部对照组孕兔的胚胎发育和胎仔生长发育指标数据,包括孕兔的妊娠期体质量、妊娠结局(平均黄体数、平均着床数、平均活胎数、着床前丢失率、吸收胎率和死胎率)、胎仔生长发育(胎仔体质量、顶臀长和尾长)及胎仔变异率(外观、内脏、骨骼),将数据进行统计分析,计算各指标的均数和标准差。结果统计分析了149只孕兔和1097只胎仔的胚胎-胎仔发育指标。孕兔为3～5月龄,孕兔妊娠第0天(GD_0)体质量为(3.0±0.3)kg,GD_(28)体质量为(3.5±0.4)kg。GD_(28)安乐死并剖宫检查,妊娠率为85.6%,孕兔平均黄体数为(8.0±2.1)个,平均着床数为(7.6±2.1)个,平均活胎数为(7.4±2.1)只,活胎率为96.2%,吸收胎率为1.9%,死胎率为1.8%;胎仔发育指标中,胎仔体质量为(33.4±5.0)g,胎盘重为(4.0±0.8)g,顶臀长为(86.3±5.9)mm,尾长为(11.3±0.8)mm,性别比(雄/雌)为1.0(550/547);活胎仔中,外观变异(或畸形)率为0.18%,骨骼变异(或畸形)率为33.5%,内脏变异(或畸形)率为0.09%。结论初步建立了本研究室兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验的背景数据,各指标变化比较稳定,胎仔自发畸形率较低。     

氟诺哌齐对新西兰家兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性及毒代动力学

目的 研究氟诺哌齐(fronopezil)对新西兰家兔胚胎-胎仔发育的影响及其伴随毒代动力学,为临床用药提供参考。方法 按妊娠顺序将孕兔分为溶媒(1%羟丙基甲基纤维素+1.5%聚乙二醇400水溶液)对照组、环磷酰胺(18 mg·kg^-1,阳性对照)组及氟诺哌齐3.6,9.0和22.5 mg·kg^-1组。溶媒对照组和氟诺哌齐组于妊娠第6～18天(GD_6-18)ig给药,环磷酰胺组于GD_6-20ig给药。GD₂₈处死孕兔,检测胚胎-胎仔发育,ELISA检测GD₅,GD₁₈和GD₂₈孕兔血清中性激素水平,首末次给药前后采血进行伴随毒代动力学研究,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测血浆、胎仔、胎盘和羊水中的药物浓度。结果 氟诺哌齐3.6,9.0和22.5 mg·kg^-1对孕兔的体重、增重、摄食量和妊娠结局及胎仔的外观、内脏、骨骼和体格生长发育均未见明显影响;仅在GD₁₈或GD     

妇科再造胶囊对促性腺激素释放激素激动剂超促排卵大鼠子宫内膜容受性的影响

目的:探讨妇科再造胶囊对促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRHa)超促排卵大鼠子宫内膜容受性的影响,为其临床应用提供药理学实验依据。方法:选取无特定病原(SPF)级SD大鼠,将大鼠随机分为3组:妇科再造胶囊组(实验组)、正常组、模型组。取妊娠大鼠第2、5天子宫,制作阴道脱落细胞涂片并对各组大鼠不同时段的内膜成熟度、子宫指数等指标进行观察、检测,研究妇科再造胶囊对子宫内膜容受性相关因素的影响。结果:实验组子宫指数明显高于正常组、模型组,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),实验组孕2 d、孕5 d同组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。实验组孕2 d、5d发育情况与正常组、模型组比较明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:妇科再造胶囊通过提高子宫指数、改善子宫内膜成熟度、使子宫内膜发育正常,来增加着床期内膜糖原含量,促进胞饮突正常发育。该研究为临床应用妇科再造胶囊改善子宫内膜容受性提供了参考。     

妇科再造胶囊对环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的保护作用

目的:探讨妇科再造胶囊对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:用环磷酰胺(100 mg·kg-1,ip) 制备小鼠免疫低下模型,灌胃给予不同剂量的妇科再造胶囊(20,40,80 g·L-1),观察小鼠外周血白细胞计数、免疫器官指数、单核吞噬细胞吞噬指数以及血清溶血素水平.结果:与模型组比较,妇科再造胶囊能够增加免疫功能低下小鼠外周血白细胞数量(P<0.01)及免疫器官指数(P<0.01),并且可以增强单核吞噬细胞的吞噬能力(P<0.05),提高血清溶血素水平(P<0.05).结论:妇科再造胶囊能够增强环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠特异性和非特异性免疫功能,并呈一定的剂量依赖性.     

宁泌泰胶囊对小鼠胚胎和胎仔发育毒性研究

摘 要 目的：评价口服给予宁泌泰胶囊对妊娠小鼠的母体毒性、胚胎 胎仔发育毒性和致畸性。方法: 将交配成功后的雌性小鼠于孕期第6～15天连续经口灌胃给予宁泌泰胶囊10 d,剂量为5.2,10.4,20.7 g·kg^-1·d^-1,对照组给予生理盐水。实验过程中定期记录体质量;于妊娠第18天解剖孕鼠,记录黄体数、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数;观察胎仔的外观形态,记录体重,并检查骨骼和内脏。结果: 孕鼠及胚胎、胎仔发育的上述各项观察指标未发现明显异常,与对照组比较差异无显著统计学意义。结论:在本实验条件下,宁泌泰胶囊未发现明显的母体毒性与胚胎 胎仔发育毒性。     

L-精氨酸防治胎儿宫内发育迟缓的疗效和机制

目的探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arginine,L-Arg)防治胎儿宫内发育迟缓的疗效,并阐明其治疗机理。方法被动吸烟法建立IUGR孕鼠模型,20只IUGR孕鼠随机分为非干预组和干预组,另选10只孕鼠作为正常对照组。在IUGR孕鼠妊娠的第7~20天给予干预组L-精氨酸。第21天处死孕鼠,测定胎仔体重,鼻-臀长和重量系数,分别测定妊娠末期孕鼠血中NO、ET-1含量和尿液中8-epi-PGF2α的含量。结果干预组胎仔的体重明显增加(P<0.01),孕鼠血清NO水平明显升高(P<0.01),血浆ET-1明显降低(P<0.01),NO/ET-1明显升高(P<0.01),尿液中8-epi-PGF2α的含量明显降低(P<0.01)。结论L-Arg能调节IUGR孕鼠体内NO/ET-1失衡,改善胎盘-子宫-胎儿的血供,减轻其体内的脂质过氧化作用,对IUGR具有较好的干预效果。     

坤泰胶囊对大鼠胚胎和胎仔的发育毒性研究

目的评价SD孕鼠在致畸敏感期（怀孕第6～15天）ig给予坤泰胶囊溶液对SD大鼠的母体毒性、胚胎-胎仔毒性和致畸性。方法雌性SD大鼠低、中、高剂量组在怀孕第6～15天内分别ig给予2.5、5、10 g/（kg.d）坤泰胶囊成品粉溶液,对照组给予双蒸水。试验期内每天观察动物的一般情况和临床毒性表现;记录孕鼠的体质量;在怀孕第20天进行剖腹检查,摘取卵巢和子宫,观察黄体数、着床数、胚胎生存及死亡情况、生存胎仔的外观、性别、体质量、骨骼及脏器发育等指标。结果孕鼠及胚胎、胎仔发育的上述各观察指标未见明显异常,与对照组比较无显著差异。结论在本实验条件下,坤泰胶囊成品粉未见明显的母体毒性与胚胎和胎儿发育毒性。     

环磷酰胺致SD大鼠胎仔脊髓神经细胞凋亡的研究

目的:观察脊髓凋亡细胞,明确环磷酰胺对SD大鼠胎仔脊髓神经细胞凋亡作用。方法:大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验中,妊娠第10天给予尾静脉注射不同剂量环磷酰胺(7.2 mg/kg和9.0 mg/kg),于妊娠第20天解剖将胎仔脊髓制成病理切片,并行HE和免疫组化染色。结果:实验结果显示实验组脊髓神经出现大量凋亡细胞;与生理盐水组胎仔胸髓和腰髓前角细胞的Bax和Bcl-2表达比较,环磷酰胺低剂量组胎仔胸髓和腰髓前角细胞的Bax表达明显增强,Bcl-2蛋白表达减弱。结论:在大鼠孕第10天给予7.2 mg/kg环磷酰胺尾静脉注射,其对大鼠胎仔脊髓神经细胞凋亡有促进作用。     

SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验背景数据的建立

目的总结上海市计划生育科学研究所(中国生育调节药物毒理检测中心)SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验中各检测指标的数据,建立SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验指标的背景数据,为药物生殖毒性安全性评价提供参考。方法从本中心2010-2018年SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验中,总结10批溶媒对照组孕大鼠的胚胎发育和胎仔生长发育指标数据,包括孕大鼠的妊娠期体质量、妊娠结局(平均黄体数、平均着床数、平均活胎数、吸收胎和死胎)、胎仔生长发育(胎重、身长和尾长)及胎仔外观、内脏和骨骼,将数据进行统计,计算各指标的均值、标准差和变异系数。结果总结了217只孕大鼠和2506只胎仔的胚胎-胎仔发育指标。孕大鼠妊娠第0天(GD_0)体质量为(222±22)g,GD_(0-1)的摄食量为每只(18.9±3.8)g·d~(-1);GD_(20)体质量为(353±30)g,GD_(19-20)的摄食量为每只(26.2±4.0)g·d~(-1)。GD_(20)安乐死并剖宫检查,妊娠率为95.2%,孕大鼠平均黄体数为(12.8±2.1)个,平均着床数为(11.8±2.8)个,平均活胎数为(11.5±2.8)只,活胎率为97.9%,吸收胎率为2.1%;胎仔发育指标中,胎仔体质量为(3.6±0.3)g,胎盘重为(0.5±0.1)g,身长为(35.7±1.5)mm,尾长为(12.9±0.4)mm,性别比(雄/雌)为1.0(1227/1279);活胎仔中,外观变异率为0.2%,内脏变异率为0.5%,骨骼变异率为7.4%。结论初步建立了本GLP实验室SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性试验的背景数据,可为生殖毒性研究提供参考。     

环磷酰胺对新西兰兔胚胎-胎仔发育的毒性作用研究

目的探讨环磷酰胺用作兔胚胎一胎仔发育毒性实验阳性对照药物的可行性及最佳用药方案,为顺利开展规范化生殖毒性试验提供依据。方法实验用普通级新西兰兔,以交配成功日为妊娠第0天（GD0）,采用计算机完全随机区组法将妊娠兔分为4组,包括环磷酰胺A组（14只,GD6～20环磷酰胺18mg／kg,10：／a灌胃）、B组（11只,GD10—13环磷酰胺25mg／kg,1次／d皮下注射）、C组（12只,GD6～18环磷酰胺15mg／kg,1次／d肌内注射）和溶媒对照组（12只,GD6—18生理盐水2ml／kg,1次／d灌胃）。观察用药期间动物的一般情况,分别于GD0、3、6、10、13、15、18、20、24、28对各组妊娠兔称重并计算宫外增重,于GD5和GD28取兔血清测定睾酮、黄体酮和雌二醇水平。GD28处死各组兔,取胎仔,记录黄体数、着床数、活胎率、吸收胎率、死胎率;检查胎仔,计算外观、内脏和骨骼畸形发生率。结果环磷酰胺A组兔GD10和GD15、环磷酰胺B和C组兔GDl5体重均明显低于溶媒对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;环磷酰胺A组宫外增重明显低于溶媒对照组[（-0．013±0．163）kg比（0．208±0．194）kg,P〈0．01]。GD28与GD5的激素水平差值比较显示,环磷酰胺A组激素水平变化明显,与溶媒对照组相比,雌二醇和睾酮变化幅度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,黄体酮变化幅度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;环磷酰胺B组及C组激素变化幅度与溶媒对照组相比,均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。大体解剖未见母兔有明显异常。环磷酰胺A组、B组活胎率（65．1％、19．2％）均明显低于溶媒对照组（93．1％）（均P〈0．01）,吸收胎率（17．4％、53．9％）及死胎率（17．4％、26．9％）均明显高于溶媒对照组（4．2％、2．8％）（均P〈0．01）。环磷酰胺A组、B组、C组胎仔外观畸形发生率（60．6％、93．3％、16．1％）、内脏畸形发生率（62．9％、93．3％、25．9％）及骨骼畸形发生率（91．4％、100．0％、61．7％）均明显高于溶媒对照组（0、0、3．0％）（均P〈0．01）。结论环磷酰胺用作新西兰兔胚胎-胎仔发育毒性实验阳性对照药物是可行的,其最佳用药方案为18m∥kg,10c／a灌胃,GD6～20连续用药15d。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.