EGFR-TKIs在非小细胞肺癌中的作用及研究进展

肺癌是发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,分为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC)。随着精准医疗的发展,分子靶向治疗在肿瘤领域得到了快速发展和广泛应用,尤其是在非小细胞肺癌中。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)是NSCLC治疗中公认的有效靶点,靶向EGFR的小分子激酶抑制剂可阻断EGFR细胞内自磷酸化及下游活性信号,又称EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)。近年来,EGFR-TKIs靶向EGFR治疗取得了理想的临床疗效,然而由于肿瘤的异质性和基因组的不稳定性,继发性基因突变、替代信号通路的激活等继发性耐药的广泛出现大大降低了非小细胞肺癌的治愈率,与之对应的耐药问题也不断出现。在本篇综述中,作者总结了前三代EGFR-TKIs在NSCLC中的应用及临床耐药现状,并进一步探讨第四代EGFR-TKIs的研究进展,为NSCLC患者的临床用药提供参考。     

非小细胞肺癌中EGFR基因突变及靶向药物治疗研究进展

报道在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变与非小细胞肺癌发生的相关性,尤其在东方人群、女性、非吸烟者、腺癌的患者中突变率更高的现状。分别对EGFR基因突变与临床病理特征的关系、相关靶向药物治疗、检测方法等方面进展进行了综述,EGFR基因突变检测将会成为今后研究EGFR靶向药物治疗的热点。     

非小细胞肺癌胸腔积液EGFR突变检测方法的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是肺癌中最常见的组织学类型.目前以吉非替尼为代表的EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)是治疗NSCLC最重要的基因靶向治疗药物.用于检测EGFR基因突变的标本来源主要是肿瘤手术切除组织,但是对于心肺功能较差无法耐受手术或已经失去手术机会的NSCLC晚期患者,肿瘤标本的获得往往比较困难.恶性胸腔积液是晚期NSCLC患者常见的症状,获取比较容易.因此利用胸腔积液进行EGFR基因突变检测是目前研究的一个热点,文章现就EGFR与NSCLC关系、EGFR基因突变检测方法、肺癌患者胸腔积液中EGFR基因突变情况等进行综述.     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移的靶向治疗进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)脑转移患者预后差,自然中位生存期短。靶向药物的应用可使NSCLC脑转移患者的生存期显著延长。目前已发现的驱动基因中,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变的占比最大,间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)融合基因重排的脑转移发生率最高。针对上述2种基因的靶向药物不断被研发,美国国立癌症综合网络(NCCN)指南也推荐了不同的靶向治疗方案。本文结合NCCN指南,综述靶点为EGFR突变和ALK重排的靶向药物研究现状,聚焦药物颅内效应,旨在为上述2种驱动基因阳性的NSCLC脑转移患者的靶向治疗提供用药参考。     

KRAS突变非小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是目前最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其存在被认为源于致癌启动基因的突变。目前认为表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和一种鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因(Kras)为两个主要突变基因。KRAS突变肺癌约占NSCLC的25%。研究发现KRAS突变肿瘤患者对EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂存在抗性。因此,在NSCLC患者中,急需针对KRAS突变的治疗手段。靶向药物针对性更强,对正常细胞毒副作用更低,是目前NSCLC药物治疗的研究热点。本文概述了RAS生物学及KRAS靶点抑制剂的研究情况,并介绍了针对KRAS突变NSCLC治疗的近况。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗的新趋势

当今肺癌研究的热点是以与肿瘤发生、发展相关的驱动基因为靶点,研发新的药物,进行有针对性的个体化分子靶向治疗,从而改善患者预后。靶向药物、新型化疗药物、抗血管新生药物以及治疗性疫苗等各种治疗手段在晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的治疗中均取得了显著的进展。其中表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)对于EGFR突变阳性NSCLC患者无论在一线、维持还是二线治疗中疗效均得到肯定;替吉奥胶囊有望成为晚期NSCLC一线、二线治疗新的选择;克唑替尼是棘皮动物微管结合蛋白4与间变淋巴瘤激酶融合基因(EML4-ALK)阳性患者治疗的新标准;抗血管新生药物在NSCLC的治疗疗效得到了进一步证实;EGF疫苗在晚期NSCLC治疗中的结果值得期待。这些成果将会改变目前晚期NSCLC的治疗策略,而基于患者临床特点及分子分型的个体化治疗将成为晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗的新趋势。     

表皮生长因子受体后时代非小细胞肺癌新靶点及治疗进展

作为肺癌驱动基因之一的突变表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的发现开启了非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)靶向治疗之门。继EGFR后发现了更多肺癌相关驱动基因,并可成为NSCLC新的治疗靶点(如ALK,ROS1,RET,KRAS,HER2,BRAF,PIK3CA,MEKI/2,MET等)。本文对新发现靶点及针对这些靶点的药物治疗进展进行综述。     

非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗药物的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌形成与多种致癌突变密切相关,如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)重排、肝细胞生长因子受体(c-MET)扩增、PD-1/PD-L1通路持续激活等.由于EGFR、ALK的靶向药物、抗血管生成药物及PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的高效、低毒、特异性强的特点,在非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗中取得了显著的进展.本文综述了近几年批准上市的NSCLC靶向治疗药物的临床应用和研究进展.     

肺癌中棘皮动物微管相关蛋白4-间变型淋巴瘤激酶融合基因及表皮生长因子受体基因突变分析

目的检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中棘皮动物微管相关蛋白4-间变型淋巴瘤激酶(EML4-ALK)融合基因和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变情况,从而指导有效的个体化靶向治疗。方法采用扩增阻滞突变系统(ARMS)-聚合酶链反应(PCR),检测200例NSCLC患者EML4-ALK融合基因和EGFR基因表达情况。结果 200例NSCLC患者中,EML4-ALK融合基因扩增阳性为16例(8%),EGFR基因突变为64例(32%),18外显子(G719X)突变1例,19外显子突变32例,20外显子突变4例,21外显子突变25例,19外显子和20外显子联合突变1例20外显子和21外显子联合突变1例。本组EML4-ALK融合基因阳性患者中均无EGFR基因突变发生。结论NSCLC患者中,EML4-ALK融合基因和EGFR基因突变检测对有效的个体化靶向治疗至关重要。     

埃克替尼治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

埃克替尼是我国第一个自主创新的小分子靶向抗癌药,用于表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因敏感突变的局部晚期或转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的治疗,是我国继吉非替尼后第二个用于该适应证的一线药物.2021年6月,埃克替尼单药作为Ⅱ～ⅢA期伴有EGFR敏感突变NSCLC术后辅助治疗的新适应证获批上市,成为第一个用于此类型...     

Sanger法检测分析非小细胞肺癌患者组织EGFR

目的探讨Sanger法检测非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者组织表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）基因突变情况,为肺癌病人“个体化靶向分子治疗”提供依据。方法收集63例NSCLC患者组织标本（石蜡切片）,提取组织DNA,用EGFR外显子18、19、20和21四位点的分子扩增（PCR）试剂盒进行外显子扩增,扩增产物先后进行电泳鉴定、酶解,酶解产物PCR扩增、纯化,纯化产物用ABI-3130型基因分析仪检测得出EGFR外显子18、19、20、21的野生或突变状态结果,并分析EGFR基因突变和患者临床病理生理特征、临床靶向用药疗效的关系。结果测试显示肺腺癌患者EGFR基因19、21外显子的突变率为33．3％（21／63）,而EGFR基因的突变与患者的病理组织学类型、吸烟状态有关（P〈0．05）。同时EGFR突变患者能从临床靶向用药获益。结论Sanger法检测NSCLC突变情况可为临床靶向用药提供技术支持。     

作用于Met靶点的非小细胞肺癌治疗药物研究进展

继表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变和间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)基因融合之后,Met基因激活突变和扩增被认为是非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)下一个重要的驱动基因,它与肿瘤的增殖、侵袭、转移及血管生成密切相关,已成为靶向治疗领域研究的一大亮点。主要靶向治疗药物可分为抗HGF单克隆抗体、抗c-Met单克隆抗体和小分子抑制剂3类,并多已进入临床试验阶段。对作用于Met靶点的非小细胞肺癌治疗药物的研究进展进行综述。     

EGFR基因突变在非小细胞肺癌胸水细胞块中的检测分析

目的 分析表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor,EGFR)基因突变在非小细胞肺癌阳性胸水中的表达情况.方法 将胸水内查见非小细胞肺癌的病例其阳性胸水离心沉渣制作细胞块.分离细胞块样品DNA,使用实时荧光检测PCR(ARMS-PCR)检测215例非小细胞肺癌细胞块和404例非小细胞肺癌组织块中EGFR的29种突变类型,并检测细胞块同时送检组织块的患者74例的一致性.结果 细胞决EGFR基因突变型102例,突变率47.44％(102/215);组织块EGFR突变型172例,突变率42.57％(172/404);74例有组织块对照的细胞块EGFR结果一致性有53例,一致率达71.62％(53/74),其中细胞块EGFR的突变率44.59％(33/74),组织块突变率70.27％(52/74).结论 可以应用非小细胞肺癌阳性胸水细胞块代替肿瘤组织检测EGFR基因突变,对指导晚期肺腺癌患者靶向药物治疗具有重要指导意义.     

Hope and Disappointment: Covalent Inhibitors to Overcome Drug Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

In the last five years, the detailed understanding of how to overcome T790M drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has culminated in the development of a third-generation of covalent EGFR inhibitors with excellent clinical outcomes. However, the emergence of a newly discovered acquired drug resistance challenges the concept of small molecule targeted cancer therapy in NSCLC.     

Pyrrole-based EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of NCSLC: Binding modes and SARs investigations

The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has made substantial progress due to the rapid development of small molecule targeted therapy, with dramatically prolonged survival. As an effective drug for the treatment of NSCLC, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are currently experiencing issues like severe adverse events and drug resistance. It is urgent to develop novel types of EGFR inhibitors to overcome the abovementioned limitations. Pyrrole always works well as a probe for the creation of novel medication candidates for hard-to-treat conditions like lung cancer. Although the design, synthesis, and biological assays of pyrrole derivatives have been reported, their inhibitory actions against the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EGFR have not been in-depthly studied. This review highlights the small molecule EGFR inhibitors containing pyrrole heterocyclic pharmacophores in recent years, and the research on their mechanism, biological activity, and structure–activity relationship (SAR).     

Specific growth inhibition by alteration of metabolic pathway using Chinese herbal medicine in tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)mutation(s)is/are common in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)in Asian population,resulting in lung tumor formation.L858 Rsubstitution mutation on exon 21 and in-flame deletion mutation on exon 19 are the two most common forms of EGFR mutation.Molecular targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)targeting EGFR shows promising initial response,however drug resistance is common.Therefore,it is needed to identify new inhibitors to tackle TKI-resistance.In this study,we aim to investigate the effect of multiple single purified compounds derived from Chinese herbal medicines(CMHs)on a panel of NSCLC cell lines with different EGFR mutational statuses and TKI sensitivity.We also examine the biological functional effect and drug action mechanism of these cell lines after drug treatment.METHODS We have reviewed the literature and selected ten single purified compounds derived from CMHs which exhibited the highest potential of cancer suppression effect in NSCLC.We have recruited three EGFR-dependent NSCLC cell lines for drug screening using cytotoxicity assay.A549 is used as EGFR wild-type control.Two TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines were used,H1975 harbors double mutation(EGFRL858R+T790M)and H1650 harbors EGFRexon 19 deletion.H2228is a NSCLC cell line which harbours EML4-ALK fusion gene and was used as EGFR-independent cell line control.MTT assay was used to determine the drug efficacy and IC50 value.Then functional assays including cell cycle arrest analysis and apoptosis assay was used to determine the biological effect after drug treatment.RESULTS MTT assay revealed that six out of ten candidate agents showed significant cancer-inhibiting effects in H1650 and H1975cells.Three compounds exhibited IC50 value at micro-molar levels while another three compounds exhibited IC50 at as low as nano-molar levels.One compound exhibited specificity on EGFR-dependent NSCLC cell lines,which showed 10-fold more selective than the EGFR-independent H2228 cells.Cell cycle analysis and immunoblotting assay showed that one effective compound,designated was MUST-1,altered the metabolic pathway of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism,and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in NSCLC with EGFR mutation.However,the anti-proliferative effects were distinct in NSCLC cell lines with different EGFR mutation patterns.CONCLUSION MUST-1 significantly induced cell cycle arrest in four NSCLC in EGFR mutant cell lines but the inhibiting effect was not significant in EGFR wildtype cell line.Immunobloting assay revealed that overall intracellular lipid content,glycolytic enzymes PKM2 and cell cycle regulatory gene expression were altered after 72 hcompound treatment in the responsive cells.Further investigation is required to elucidate the underlying reason of drug selectivity and the role of glucose and lipid metabolism in regulating drug sensitivity.     

The epidermal growth factor receptor gene family as a target for therapeutic intervention in numerous cancers: what's genetics got to do with it?

Over the past 30 years, a relatively simple growth factor and its cognate receptor have provided seminal insights into the understanding of the genetic basis of cancer, as well as growth factor signalling. The epidermal growth factor (EGF), its cognate receptor (EGFR) and related family members have been shown to be important in normal, as well as the malignant growth of many cell types including: glioblastomata, astrocytomas, medulloblastomata, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and breast cancer. This review summarises the history of the EGFR gene and the v-ErbB oncogene, as well as diverse approaches developed to inhibit EGFR activity. The two most advanced therapies use either small-molecule cell membrane permeable kinase inhibitors or antibodies which prevent receptor activation. Recent clinical trials indicate that certain NSCLC patients have mutations in the EGFR gene which makes them more responsive to kinase inhibitors. These mutations appear to enhance the ability of the ligand to activate EGFR activity and also prolong the binding of the EGFR inhibitor to the kinase domain. Evidence to date suggests that these EGFR mutations in NSCLC occur more frequently in Japan than in the western hemisphere. Although these mutations are correlated with enhanced efficacy to the inhibitors in NSCLC, they can not explain or predict the sensitivity of many other cancer patients to the beneficial effects of the EGFR kinase inhibitors or antibody mediated therapy. As with as other small-molecule kinase inhibitors and susceptible diseases (e.g., imatinib and chronic myeloid leukaemia), resistance to EGFR inhibitors has been reported recently, documenting the requirement for development of multi-pronged therapeutic approaches. EGFR kinase inhibitors are also being evaluated as adjuvants in hormonal therapy of breast cancer - especially those which overexpress EGFR. Genetically engineered antibodies specific for the EGFR family member ErbB2 have been developed which show efficacy in the treatment of primary, and prevent the relapse of, breast cancer. Clearly, the EGF/EGFR signalling cascade has, and continues to play, an important role in the development of novel anticancer targeted therapies.     

Molecularly-targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer

Targeting cell-signalling pathways that confer survival advantage to cancer cells has become a major focus of investigation for the treatment of various malignancies. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a disease with wide molecular heterogeneity, has become a main testing ground for the evaluation of various targeted agents. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor pathway with erlotinib results in improved survival and symptom control for patients with advanced NSCLC who progressed following one or two prior chemotherapy regimens. Gefitinib, the first epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor to be approved by the FDA, failed to demonstrate survival advantage over placebo in a large Phase III trial for patients with advanced NSCLC. The results of this study have raised several important clinical and biological issues that may be relevant for the development of other targeted agents. Recent identification of mutations in the ATP-binding pocket of the EGFR is the first step towards proper patient selection for therapy with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In addition, predictive potential has also been seen with EGFR gene amplification. It is unclear whether monoclonal antibodies against the EGFR may be active independent of the EGFR mutation, as the site of action is different from tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A recent randomised clinical trial that combined the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab with chemotherapy has demonstrated survival advantage over chemotherapy alone for certain subsets of patients with advanced NSCLC. The exciting results of this study represent an important advance in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC.     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因胚系突变研究现状

EGFR（表皮生长因子受体）信号通路在非小细胞肺癌（Non small cell lung cancer NSCLC）的发生和发展中起重要的作用,激活后可促进肿瘤细胞的增生、分化、转移、血管生成及凋亡抑制。大约80%的NSCLC存在EGFR的表达、过度表达和突变,因此EGFR是治疗NSCLC的理想靶点。通过检测EGFR的表达和突变状态能预测EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）治疗的疗效,成为指导晚期NSCLC临床靶向治疗的重要生物标志物。EGFR基因的体细胞突变（somatic mutation）研究为肺癌的个体化治疗提供有力的支持,但EGFR基因胚系突变（germline mutation）的研究却开展的较少。本文在于总结国际上关于EGFR基因18～21号外显子的胚系突变的研究。