进展期胃癌血浆胆固醇水平相关研究

目的了解进展期胃癌及对照组胃溃疡病人手术前后血浆胆固醇水平,探讨其与胃癌临床分型的相关性.方法术前及术后10 d测定临床确诊的胃癌及胃溃疡病人血浆胆固醇含量,记录相应病例胃癌临床分型,进行统计学分析.结果进展期胃癌患者术前血浆胆固醇较对照组术前显著降低,差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);胃癌术后血浆胆固醇水平升高,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与对照组术后比较差异无统计学意义.A组Bormann(Ⅲ、Ⅳ型)手术前血浆胆固醇较B组Bormann(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B组术后血浆胆固醇均升高(P＞0.05);各自与术前相比,A组差异无统计学意义,B组差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01).结论进展期胃癌患者,手术前血浆胆固醇水平降低,术后升高;降低、升高的程度与临床分型相关;临床分型越差,术前、术后血浆胆固醇水平越低,升高的程度越明显.     

急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后血浆脑钠肽的变化

目的分析急性冠脉综合征（ACS）[（临床表现为不稳定型心绞痛UAP和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）]患者，以及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）前后其血浆中脑钠肽（BNP）水平的变化，评价血浆BNP水平与UAP和NSTEMI的关系，观察心肌缺血改善后血浆BNP水平的变化。方法选择住院ACS患者154例。其中NSTEMI组29例，UAP组125例，同时设正常对照组128例。采用电化学发光双抗体夹心免疫法测定其血浆BNP水平，对154例ACS患者行择期PCI术后的BNP水平进行分析。结果NSTEMI组BNP水平明显高于其他2组（P〈0．05）；NSTEMI组高于UAP组（P〈0．05）；UAP组高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。其中154例ACS患者在PCI术后12-24h内BNP水平均较术前明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；术后1周降至正常，与正常对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ACS时血浆BNP水平明显升高，NSTEMI患者血浆BNP水平高于UAP患者，UAP组高于正常对照组，表明心肌缺血是BNP释放的重要刺激因素，BNP水平增高可以预测急性冠脉综合征的严重程度；ACS患者冠脉介入治疗后血浆BNP含量明显降低，可作为观察疗效的指标，对临床病情评估具有重要价值。     

不同麻醉方法对胃癌根治术患者围术期免疫功能的影响

目的探讨不同麻醉方法对胃癌根治术患者围术期白细胞介素（IL）-6、T淋巴细胞亚群及天然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）的影响。方法选择胃癌根治术患者30例，随机分为两组。Ⅰ组为单纯全身麻醉组，Ⅱ组为全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉组。分别于麻醉前、麻醉后2h、术后1d和6d抽取静脉血，用放射免疫法测定血清IL-6含量，用流式细胞仪测定T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的数量。结果两组麻醉后2h IL-6均较麻醉前明显升高（P〈0．05或〈0．01），组间比较差异亦有统计学意义；Ⅰ组T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8及NK细胞与麻醉前比较均有所下降（P〈0．05）；术后1d两组IL-6均较麻醉前升高，但差异无统计学意义；两组T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8均较麻醉前明显下降（P〈0．05或〈0．01），组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；术后6d各组数据均恢复至麻醉前水平。麻醉后2d、术后1d CD8较麻醉前稍有升高，但差异无统计学意义。结论胃癌根治术患者麻醉手术后免疫功能有不同程度的抑制，其中以单纯全身麻醉明显。全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉明显轻于单纯全身麻醉。     

十二指肠营养管在食管癌术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的：探讨食管癌术后早期应用十二指肠营养管促进患者恢复及防治并发症。方法：87例食管癌患者分为2组，肠内营养组（EN组）64例和肠外营养组（PN组）23例。EN组术中置十二指肠营养管，术后早期予以肠内营养；PN组术后早期经静脉予以营养支持。术前、术后监测两组患者的体重、氮平衡、血浆白蛋白和胃肠道功能恢复时间。结果：2组患者对比在体重、血浆白蛋白上差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而氮平衡（P〈0．05）、胃肠道功能恢复时间（P〈0．05）和营养费用（P〈0.05）上差异有统计学意义。结论：十二指肠营养管可明显改善食管癌患者术后营养状态。     

老年恶性肿瘤患者血脂检测的临床意义

目的探讨老年恶性肿瘤患者血脂水平的变化及其临床意义。方法80例未经治疗的老年恶性肿瘤患者及80例健康体检者,分别测定血浆胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平,进行对照;对27例行肿瘤根治术患者手术后检测血脂,并与术前作对照。结果老年恶性肿瘤患者TC、LDL低下,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;TG、HDL与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。老年恶性肿瘤患者术后TC、LDL升高,与术前比较,差畀有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;TG、HDL差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论血浆TC、LDL水平可作为恶性肿瘤诊断及预后观察的一项辅助指标。     

不同麻醉方法对冠心病患者上腹部手术围手术期相关参数的影响

目的比较不同麻醉方法对行上腹部手术的冠心病患者围手术期相关参数的影响。方法120例行上腹部手术的冠心病患者随机分为硬膜外麻醉组、单纯全身麻醉组和全身麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉组（联合麻醉组），每组各40例。分别测定各组患者麻醉前15min、手术开始后30vain和术后24h血去甲肾上腺素（ME）浓度、HR、平均动脉压（MAP），并进行比较。结果硬膜外麻醉组、单纯全身麻醉组手术开始后30minNE浓度[（4．89±1．85）mmol／L、（5．35±2．08）mmol／L]较麻醉前15min[（3．92±1．77）mmol／L、（3．90±1．75）mmol]L]明显升高（P〈0．05）；联合麻醉组手术开始后30minNE浓度与麻醉前15min比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。联合麻醉组手术开始后30minNE浓度与硬膜外麻醉组、单纯全身麻醉组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。三组手术开始后30min、术后24hMAP均较麻醉前15min明显降低（P〈0．05）；单纯全身麻醉组手术开始后30minMAP与联合麻醉组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。单纯全身麻醉组手术开始后30min、术后24kHR较麻醉前15min显著升高（P〈0．05），联合麻醉组手术开始后30min、术后24hHR较术前显著降低（P〈0．05），硬膜外麻醉组手术开始后30minHR较麻醉前15min显著升高（P〈0．05），联合麻醉组手术开始后30min和术后24hHR与硬膜外麻醉组、单纯全身麻醉组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论联合麻醉结合了硬膜外麻醉和全身麻醉的优点，可以作为冠心病患者上腹部手术安全有效的麻醉方法。     

三种不同手术方式治疗子宫内膜息肉的临床观察

目的观察三种不同手术方式治疗子宫内膜息肉的临床疗效。方法将本院A组行宫腔镜下息肉电切除术（TCRP）。B组行TCRP术后放置曼月乐。C组行TCRP术＋子宫内膜去除术（TCRE）。结果（1）术中情况：C组的手术时间明显长于A组和B组（P〈0．05）；C组的术中出血量多于A组和B组（P〈0．05）；C组的膨宫液用量多于A组和B组（JP〈0．01）；A、B组手术时间、术中出血量和膨宫液用量差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）月经改善情况：三组患者术后经量均明显减少，术后3、6、12、24个月经量与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组术后12个月经量开始增多，至术后24个月，月经量明显多于B、c组（P〈0．05），B、C组术后3、6、12个月月经量变化不大（P〉0．05），但B组术后24个月月经量低于c组（P〈0．05）。（3）息肉复发情况：A组术后24个月内复发率[18．57％（13／70）]高于B组[3．17％（2／63）]和C组[3．08％（2／65）]，其差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而B、C组息肉复发率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论TCRP后放置曼月乐和TCRP＋TCRE治疗子宫内膜息肉效果好，其术后复发率低，无明显副作用。     

子宫肌瘤不同术式对卵巢功能影响的临床研究

目的探讨手术治疗子宫肌瘤不同术式对卵巢功能的影响。方法回顾性分析83例手术治疗的子宫肌瘤患者。按术式分为子宫肌瘤剔除术组（D组）、子宫切除＋保留附件组（E组）、全子宫切除术＋双侧附件切除术组（F组）,比较三组手术前后围绝经期综合征发生率的差异,以及术后E2、FSH的变化。结果三组术前围绝经期综合征症状发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,术后F组发生率（24．8％）显著高于D、E两组（8．7％,12．9％）（P〈0．05）,E组发生率高于D组（P〈0．05）。D组E2、FSH术前与术后比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,E、F两组术后2周E2下降,FSH升高,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后6个月E2、FSH与术前相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论卵巢和子宫对妇女的内分泌十分重要,子宫肌瘤患者行子宫和卵巢切除应慎重考虑。     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在门诊短小手术中的应用

目的比较七氟醚与丙泊酚临床疗效的异同，探讨其在门诊短小手术麻醉中应用的临床效果。方法将40例ASAI或Ⅱ级门诊短小手术（手术时间〈45min）患者随机分成两组，Ⅰ组单纯静脉麻醉组，Ⅱ组静吸复合麻醉组。记录两组患者注药前、切皮前、术中、术毕时间四个点的MAP、HR、Sp02变化以及不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者术前一般情况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；Ⅱ组诱导时间慢于I组，Ⅱ组术毕清醒时间快于Ⅰ组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Ⅰ组呼吸抑制及术中体动反应发生率均明显高于Ⅱ组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；清醒后疼痛程度轻，VAS0～3分，两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；两组术后均无术中知晓、恶心呕吐等不良反应。结论咪唑安定与瑞芬太尼复合吸入七氟醚用于门诊短小手术的麻醉效果很好，与丙泊酚有着同等重要的临床价值。     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥围术期心肌酶及心电图ST段的影响

目的 分析胸段硬膜外阻滞对非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCAB）围术期心肌酶及心电图ST段的影响。方法 40例择期行OPCAB患者按随机分为两组：观察组为高位胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组；对照组为单纯全麻组，在麻醉诱导前（T0）、术后1h（T1）、24h（T2）、48h（T3）4个时间点抽取血样测定血浆肌钙蛋白（cTnⅠ）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）值并记录患者1-7d心电图ST段的动态变化。结果 所有患者手术经过及术后恢复顺利，无一例转为体外循环。术前两组间各项指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组术后各时间点CK、CK-MB、cTnⅠ均较术前明显升高（P〈0．05）。与对照组相比，观察组术后各时间点明显降低（P〈0．05）。心电图监测显示观察组术后ST段抬高导联数3d内较术前均有所增多，在术后第4天开始下降，术后第7天已恢复至术前水平。而对照组各时间点增多均较观察组更明显，在第5天开始下降，但一直较术前高（P〈0．05）。术后两组各时间点ST段下移的导联数与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 硬膜外阻滞复合全麻为OPCAB围术期心肌提供良好保护作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.