乳腺癌中ERα、PR的表达与预后关系及其影响阳性率的相关因素

目的分析乳腺癌中ERα、PR的阳性率与预后的关系,探讨影响ERα、PR阳性率的相关因素。方法采用免疫组化En Vision法检测662例乳腺癌组织中ERα、PR的表达,按不同阳性率分组,Kaplan-Meier法分析预后。选择其中的80例采用两种克隆号ERα(SP1、6F11)染色并由一位高年资医师判读,以分析不同克隆号对阳性率的影响;选择其中的214例ERα(SP1)由三位不同年资医师采用Allred score、H score两种判读系统分别判读,以观察不同判读系统及医师经验对阳性率的影响。一致性采用Kappa检验。结果生存分析显示,ERα、PR低阳性组无病生存率(disease-free survival,DFS)、总生存率(overall survival,OS)均优于阴性组(DFS:P=0.021、0.003)、(OS:P=0.019、0.003),ERα、PR高阳性组DFS、OS均优于低阳性组(DFS:P=0.011、0.002)、(OS:P=0.012、0.005)。浸润性癌非特指型、浸润性小叶癌、导管原位癌ERα阳性率分别为59.5%、78.9%、63.6%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),PR阳性率分别为56.3%、68.9%、59.1%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.079)。不同组织学分级的浸润性癌非特指型ERα、PR阳性率差异有统计学意义(P均0.001)。不同核级导管原位癌ERα、PR阳性率差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。克隆号SP1阳性细胞百分率、染色强度均优于6F11;判读系统H score重复性略优于Allred score;高年资医师间阳性细胞百分率、染色强度判读重复性好(κ=0.850,κ=0.824),而高年资和低年资医师之间重复性均较差(0.4κ0.75);阳性细胞百分率估计法与计数法重复性较差(κ=0.726)。结论 ERα、PR不同阳性细胞百分率与患者预后密切相关,影响ERα、PR阳性率的因素包括病理类型、组织学分级、核分级、抗体的选择、判读系统及判读医师间的差异等。     

乳腺癌中S100A7与AKT的表达及意义

目的探讨乳腺癌中S100A7和AKT在乳腺癌中的表达及其相关性。方法采用免疫组化PV非生物素两步法检测226例乳腺癌中S100A7与AKT的表达及与ER、PR、Her-2表达的关系。结果 S100A7蛋白在乳腺导管原位癌中阳性率增高(52.50%),AKT在乳腺浸润性导管癌中阳性率高(50.00%);S100A7和AKT在伴淋巴结转移的病例中阳性率高(P=0.0062,P=0.044 8);且Ⅲ期乳腺癌阳性率高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ期(P=0.025 8,P=0.040 3)。AKT表达和肿瘤大小相关,差异有显著性(P=0.031 0);S100A7和AKT蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达与ER、PR呈负相关,与Her-2呈正相关,两者之间呈正相关。结论探讨S100A7与AKT蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达具有重要意义,两者有可能成为乳腺癌治疗的新的靶点。     

细胞自噬与乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药相关性的研究进展

乳腺癌是威胁妇女健康的主要恶性肿瘤之一。雌激素受体(Estrogen receptor,ER)阳性(ER+)和/或孕激素受体(Progestrone receptor,PR)阳性(PR+)约占所有乳腺癌的75%,内分泌治疗是ER+和/或PR+乳腺癌的有效治疗方式之一。他莫昔芬(Tamoxifen,TAM)为抗雌激素药物,普遍应用于ER+的乳腺癌患者治疗,延长患者生存时间。但他莫昔芬耐药导致的ER+乳腺癌复发和死亡威胁着患者的预后。细胞自噬是细胞通过降解自身物质使细胞存活的一种自我保护机制,主要作用为清除细胞内错误折叠蛋白或损伤细胞器,维持细胞稳态。本文综述细胞自噬与乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药相关性的研究进展,为解决乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药提供新的策略。     

不同ER、PR状态乳腺癌中AR的表达及其意义

目的探讨AR在不同ER、PR状态乳腺癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化方法检测AR、ER、PR在173例乳腺癌中的表达,依据结果分组:(1)AR状态分组:AR阳性组和AR阴性组;(2)ER、PR状态分组:En组(ER、PR均阴性)、Ep组[ER和(或)PR阳性];(3)AR、ER、PR联合分组:En-AR+(En组且AR阳性)、En-AR-(En组且AR阴性)、Ep-AR+(Ep组且AR阳性)、Ep-AR-(Ep组且AR阴性),其中En-AR-又称为均阴性组,其他三组统称为部分或完全阳性组。不同分组方法比较与临床病理特征的关系。结果Ep组AR阳性率62.8%(54/86),En组AR阳性率37.9%(33/87),两组差异有显著性(P=0.001),AR阳性组体积小、核分裂少、组织学分级低(P0.05);En-AR-组表现为核分裂多、组织学分级高(P0.01),此外En组内AR阳性者核分裂少、组织学分级低(P0.05),Ep组内AR阳性者临床分期高(P=0.000),En-AR+、Ep-AR+、Ep-AR-比较均无差异。结论AR在不同激素状态乳腺癌中表达的意义不同,ER、PR均阴性乳腺癌表达AR者预后较好,ER、PR阳性乳腺癌表达AR者临床分期高。在选择针对性药物时应考虑到不同激素受体状态的组合。     

乳腺癌中Cullin-1的表达及其与预后的关系

目的 探讨Cullin-1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理学特征、预后的关系。方法 应用组织芯片技术、免疫组化En Vision法检测Cullin-1在平均随访10年的150例乳腺癌组织中表达,分析Cullin-1的表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果 乳腺癌组织芯片150例点阵中有效回收标本119例,其中阳性82例,阴性37例,阳性率为68.9%。82例阳性标本中Cullin-1均为核阳性,其在ER阴性(64.3%vs 71.4%)、PR阴性(65.4%vs 71.6%)、HER-2阳性(63.9%vs 71.1%)的患者中表达更低,但差异均无统计学意义。临床1、2、3期生存率分别为90.9%、75.6%、56.0%,晚期生存率明显低于早期(χ~2=9.131,P=0.01)。Cullin-1阴性、低表达和高表达患者中位生存时间分别为117.3、134.7、38.3个月,高表达者生存期明显减少(χ~2=20.8,P0.01)。结论 Cullin-1表达水平与乳腺癌发生、发展及预后密切相关,Cullin-1高表达是乳腺癌患者预后不良的因素,可作为临床预后评估的重要指标及作为开发靶向治疗的潜在靶标。     

乳腺癌复发转移灶与原发灶中ER、PR、HER-2、p53、Ki-67的表达差异

目的 探讨ER、PR、HER-2、p53、Ki-67在乳腺癌复发转移灶与原发灶中的表达差异。方法 采用免疫组化En Vision两步法检测156例乳腺癌原发病灶及对应的复发或转移灶中ER、PR、HER-2、p53及Ki-67的表达,比较各指标的表达差异,并分析发生局部复发或远处转移的乳腺癌临床病理特征及与原发癌相比与各指标表达的一致性。结果 乳腺癌局部复发组和远处转移组与肿瘤分期(P=0.015)、肿瘤直径(P=0.005)差异有显著性;与患者年龄、组织学分级和腋窝淋巴结状态的差异无显著性(P0.05)。复发转移灶ER、PR阳性率比原发灶均有所下降,但差异无显著性;ER、PR表达不一致(分别为18.6%、19.2%),差异有显著性(P=0.024,P=0.043);原发灶与复发转移灶HER-2表达有较高的一致性,表达不一致占5.1%;原发灶与复发转移灶p53的阳性率差异不大,p53表达不一致占14.1%;复发转移灶Ki-67高表达者比原发灶多,Ki-67表达不一致占30.8%,差异有显著性(P0.001)。局部复发组和远处转移组各指标表达不一致的差异无显著性。结论 乳腺癌原发灶与复发转移灶ER、PR和Ki-67表达存在不一致性,HER-2表达有较高一致性。因此,检测乳腺癌复发转移灶中各指标表达对治疗方案选择和预后有重要意义。     

胆囊癌和胆管癌ER和PR的表达及其生物学意义

本文应用许良中改良PAP法检测40例胆囊癌和42例胆管癌组织中雌激素受体(ER)和孕酮受体(PR)的表达,探讨其意义。40例胆囊癌ER阳性24例(60%)和PR阳性21例(52.5%);23例高分化腺癌ER和PR阳性率均为73.9%,12例低分化腺癌ER和PR阳性率分别为41.6%和25%,PR在高、低分化腺癌中阳性率有显     

乳腺癌中雄激素受体的表达及与雌激素、孕激素受体表达的关系

目的 研究乳腺癌组织中雄激素受体(AR)表达的意义及其与雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)表达的关系.方法 应用免疫组化染色检测200例乳腺癌中AR及ER、PR的表达,并结合相关临床病理指标进行比较分析.结果 乳腺癌组织中有113例表达AR,121例表达ER,109例表达PR.在肿瘤＜2cm者中AR阳性率为66.67％(42/63),肿瘤2～5cm者中AR表达率为55.17％ (64/116),肿瘤＞5cm者AR表达率为33.33％(7/21).组织学分级Ⅰ级者肿瘤AR阳性表达率为67.8％(36/53),组织学分级Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级者肿瘤AR的阳性表达率分别为56.5％(61/108)及36.11％(13/36),Ⅰ级及Ⅲ级间比较差异有统计学意义(P =0.0031);AR表达差异与淋巴转移无相关性.AR在乳腺癌中的表达与ER的表达相关(P＜0.001),而与PR的表达无关(P=0.3280).结论 AR高表达的乳腺癌可能具有较好的预后.     

血清外泌体miR-575与ER阳性乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬辅助治疗预后的相关性研究

目的研究血清外泌体miR-575水平与雌激素受体(ER)阳性乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬辅助内分泌治疗预后的相关性。方法通过生物信息学分析miR-575表达水平与乳腺癌患者总体生存率的关系。采集接受他莫昔芬辅助内分泌治疗的162例ER阳性乳腺癌患者的血液样本作为观察组,另外收集165例非癌志愿者的血液样本作为对照组,以实时荧光定量PCR法检测血清外泌体miR-575表达水平。观察组患者至少随访5年,根据患者对他莫昔芬的耐药情况将其分为抵抗组和敏感组,分析血清外泌体miR-575表达水平与术后疾病进展的关系。采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析影响ER阳性乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬治疗预后的临床因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)。结果生物信息学结果显示,miR-575在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平明显高于正常乳腺组织(P<0.001);且在ER阳性患者中,miR-575表达水平升高与Nottingham病理学分级较高以及预后不良有关(P<0.05)。观察组患者血清外泌体miR-575相对表达水平高于对照组1.834(1.168,2.519)vs.1.003(0.901,1.217),Z=-8.871,P<0.001;观察组患者血清外泌体与乳腺癌组织miR-575相对表达水平呈正相关(rs=0.726,P<0.001)。随访5年,110例患者对他莫昔芬耐药(抵抗组),52例对他莫昔芬敏感(敏感组)。抵抗组血清外泌体miR-575相对表达水平明显高于敏感组2.097(1.700,3.163)vs.1.168(0.947,1.524),Z=-7.164,P<0.001。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,血清外泌体miR-575高表达组患者中位疾病进展时间短于低表达组(P<0.001)。Cox回归分析和ROC曲线结果显示,血清外泌体miR-575高表达是ER阳性乳腺癌患者接受他莫昔芬辅助内分泌治疗预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05),预测5年疾病进展的AUC为0.850(95%CI0.789~0.910)。结论血清外泌体miR-575表达水平较高预示着ER阳性乳腺癌患者接受他莫昔芬辅助内分泌治疗预后不良,有望成为预测他莫昔芬敏感性的一个重要参考指标。     

计算机定量辅助在乳腺癌ER、PR表达判读一致性中的应用

目的 比较计算机定量辅助判读ER、PR阳性率和染色强度与人工判读的一致性。方法 收集100例乳腺浸润性导管癌标本，先由三位病理医师对100例乳腺浸润性导管癌中ER、PR阳性率和染色强度进行判读；再由三位诊断水平相近的病理医师应用计算机定量辅助显微镜进行判读，分别计算两组阳性率的组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC)和染色强度的Fleiss Kappa值。结果 三位病理医师采用人工判读ER、PR阳性率的ICC为0.943(95%CI:0.920～0.960)、0.946(95%CI:0.930～0.960)(P<0.01);ER、PR染色强度的Kappa值为0.592(95%CI:0.519～0.665)、0.482(95%CI:0.411～0.552)(P<0.01)。另三位病理医师采用计算机定量辅助判读ER、PR阳性率的ICC为0.980(95%CI:0.970～0.990)、0.977(95%CI:0.970～0.980)(P<0.01);ER、PR染色强度的Kappa值为0.692(95%CI:0.622～...     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...