急性白血病免疫分型中的少见类型多系表达及"裸型"分析

目的：研究急性白血病（ＡＬ）细胞抗原表达特征及临床意义。方法：选用１４～１６ 种单克隆抗体,采用免疫荧光的方法,对９６例ＡＬ患者进行免疫分型。结果：９ 例为多系表达,即同时表达三系以上的抗原（急性髓细胞白血病－ＡＭＬ７ 例,急性淋巴细胞白血病－ＡＬＬ２ 例）,ＡＭＬ中多系表达发生率为１０．８％ ,ＡＬＬ中为６．５％ 。“裸细胞”型的发生率ＡＭＬ中７．７％ ,ＡＬＬ中６．４％ 。结论：呈多系表达的ＡＭＬ多为Ｍ５ 型,ＣＤ１４高表达,Ｐ－１７０ 高表达,ＣＲ率低;ＡＬＬ则发生于复发的病人     

急性髓系白血病Bcl—2基因表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨Ｂｃｌ－２基因在急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）中的作用。方法：应用ＡＰＡＡＰ法检测６７例ＡＭＬ患者骨髓单个核细胞Ｂｃｌ－２基因表达，半固体培养法检测ＣＦＵ－Ｌ形成能力，并观察临床化疗效果．结果：发现ＡＭＬ患者Ｂｃｌ－２基因表达显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１），分化较成熟的Ｍ３型白血病表达率显著低于其它各亚型白血病（Ｐ〈０．０１），Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达表达与ＣＦＵ－Ｌ形成无相关性同，与患者外周     

CD116在急性白血病中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨ＣＤ１１６在急性白血病中的表达及临床意义。方法：对１１４例急性白血病者进行免疫表型及细胞遗传学分析。结果ＣＤ１１６在急性淋巴细胞白轿病（ＡＬＬ）中无阳性表达，而在急性髓性细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）中阳性表达率为４２．４％；ＣＤ１１６在ＡＭＬ各亚型间出现的频率存在明显差异，阳性率Ｍ５为８３．３％，Ｍ４为４０．０％，Ｍ３和Ｍ２分别为２７．２％和１５．０。２例Ｍ５患者出现染色体＋８异常，伴ＣＤ１１６     

较难分类的急性白血病的免疫分型研究

报告２７例接传统方法较难分类的急性白血病（ＡＬ）的免疫分型结果，其中２６例ＰＯＸ阴性。结合免疫表型等检查，证实为急性双表型白血病（ＡＢＬ）１５例、急性未分化白血病（ＡＵＬ）４例，急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）Ｍ０型４例、急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）２例、生全髓细胞白血病（ＡＰＭ）和急性巨核细胞白血病（ＡＭＫＬ）各１例。论文该类病例进行髓系过氧化物酶（ＭＰＯ）和分化抗原的免疫学检查有重要意义。     

淋系分化抗原在急性髓细胞白血病中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨淋系分化抗原在急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）的表达及其临床意义。方法 采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法和流式细胞术检测６４例ＡＭＬ的免疫表型。结果 ９例除表达髓系抗原外尚有淋系抗原表达（Ｌｙ＾＋ＡＭＬ）。Ｌｙ＾＋ＡＭＬ组于初诊时肝脾肿大明显,白细胞总数较Ｌｙ＾－ＡＭＬ组高。用标准方案诱导化疗,其中仅１例部分缓解。结论 Ｌｙ＾＋ＡＭＬ细胞对于常规诱导缓解方案不敏感,选择兼顾ＡＬＬ＋ＡＭＬ的方案可提高治疗效果。     

过氧化物酶染色阴性的急性非淋巴细胞白血病免疫诊断特点及其临床意义

作者报道一组急性白血病过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）染色阴性而无淋系相关抗原表达，但与一种以上髓系相关ＭｏＡｂ反应的ＰＯＸ阴性型急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＮＬＬ）患者的免疫学特征。此组患者较同期化疗的急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）、ＰＯＸ（＋）ＡＮＬＬ反应差（Ｐ＜０．０１），病程短（Ｐ＜０．０２），提示ＰＯＸ（－）ＡＮＬＬ应按难治性急性白血病处理。     

急性髓细胞白血病端粒酶活性及临床意义

目的：探讨端粒酶活性在急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）发生中的作用。方法：采用端粒重复序列扩增文件酶标法（ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）,对３２例ＡＭＬ和非恶性血液系统疾病骨髓细胞端粒酶活性检测。结果：端粒酶活性在初发ＡＭＬ患者高于非恶性血液系统疾病患者（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＡＭＬ初发期患者高于完全缓解期患者（Ｐ〈０．０５）,端粒酶生与体内白血病细胞数之间无显著相关性。结论：端粒酶活性的观察有助于疗效的判断。     

急性白血病150例长期生存患者的临床分析

目的：总结上海市近１０年来急性白血病１５０例长期生存患者的临床资料。方法：采用病例分析方法。结果：１５０例５年以上长期生存者中，急性白粒细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）６５例，急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）８１例，其它类型４例。Ｍ３和Ｌ１的病例数较多。长期生存组患者发病时较年轻，２～１０岁儿童占３３．３％，青壮年约占５０％。与非长期生存组患者比较，长期生存患者白细胞数较低，血小板数较高（均为Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＡＭ     

白血病患者P^16基因异常及临床意义

用免疫组化和聚合酶链反应，分析了３６例白血病患者骨髓细胞的Ｐ＾１６缺失表达。结果３５例白血病中以急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）Ｐ＾１６缺失表达率最高。认为Ｐ＾１６基因缺失可能在ＡＬＬ的发病中占有重要地位，对治疗和判断预后有帮助。     

白血病患者多药耐药基因1和多药耐药相关蛋白检测的临床意义

白血病细胞多药耐药性是影响疗效、导致化疗失败的主要原因。我们检测了３８例急性白血病（ＡＬ）患者多药耐药基因１（ＭＤＲ１）、多药耐药相关蛋白（ＭＲＰ）基因的表达,并探讨其与临床耐药及预后的关系。一、资料和方法１－研究对象：ＡＬ３８例,男１８例,女２０例,年龄１１～６５岁,中位年龄３３岁。其中急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＮＬＬ）２４例（Ｍ１２例,Ｍ２７例,Ｍ３８例,Ｍ４２例,Ｍ５２例,Ｍ６１例;慢性粒细胞白血病急粒变２例）;急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）１４例（Ｌ１６例,Ｌ２７例,Ｌ３１例）。初治组１３例…     

Decreased PARP and procaspase-2 protein levels are associated with cellular drug resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Drug resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with impaired ability to induce apoptosis. To elucidate causes of apoptotic defects, we studied the protein expression of Apaf-1, procaspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, -10, and poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 43) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n = 10). PARP expression was present in all B-lineage samples, but absent in 4 of 15 T-lineage ALL samples and 3 of 10 AML cases, which was not caused by genomic deletions. PARP expression was a median 7-fold lower in T-lineage ALL (P < .001) and 10-fold lower in AML (P < .001) compared with B-lineage ALL. PARP expression was 4-fold lower in prednisolone, vincristine and L-asparaginase (PVA)-resistant compared with PVA-sensitive ALL patients (P < .001). Procaspase-2 expression was 3-fold lower in T-lineage ALL (P = .022) and AML (P = .014) compared with B-lineage ALL. In addition, procaspase-2 expression was 2-fold lower in PVA-resistant compared to PVA-sensitive ALL patients (P = .042). No relation between apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), procaspases-3, -6, -7, -8, -10, and drug resistance was found. In conclusion, low baseline expression of PARP and procaspase-2 is related to cellular drug resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.     

Characterization of childhood acute leukemia with multiple myeloid and lymphoid markers at diagnosis and at relapse

To define the clinical and biologic significance of childhood acute mixed-lineage leukemia diagnosed by stringent criteria, we studied 25 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia expressing greater than or equal to 2 myeloid-associated antigens (My+ ALL), and 16 cases of acute myeloid leukemia expressing greater than or equal to 2 lymphoid associated antigens (Ly+ AML). These cases represented 6.1% of 410 newly diagnosed ALLs (two treatment protocols) and 16.8% of 95 AMLs (two protocols). T-lineage--associated antigens were identified in 9 of the My+ ALL cases and in 14 of those classified as Ly+ AML; all but 1 of the 19 cases that could be subclassified had an early thymocyte stage of differentiation. The My+ ALL cases had an increased frequency of French-American-British (FAB) L2 morphology (36%); the Ly+ AML cases were characterized by FAB M1 or M2 morphology, low levels of myeloperoxidase reactivity and combined populations of myeloperoxidase-positive large blasts and small blasts generally of hand-mirror morphology. Karyotypic abnormalities included t(9;22)(q34;q11) in three cases of My+ ALL, 11q23 translocations in two cases of My+ ALL, and 14q32 translocations in three My+ ALL and five Ly+ AML cases. Mixed-lineage expression lacked prognostic significance in either ALL or AML; however, the findings indicate that some patients with Ly+ AML may respond to prednisone, vincristine, and L-asparaginase after failing on protocols for myeloid leukemia. At relapse, two My+ ALLs had converted to AML and two Ly+ AMLs to ALL; one case in each group showed complete replacement of the original karyotype. Acute mixed-lineage leukemia does not adequately describe the heterogeneity of the cases identified in this study and should be replaced by a set of more restrictive terms that indicate the unique biologic features of these leukemias.     

P-glycoprotein (P-170) expression in acute leukemias

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is still a major obstacle to chemotherapy success in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to a less extent acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recent studies have shown that the expression of certain gene products mediate the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The most well characterized of these genes is the multidrug resistance gene MDR-1. This study was planned to study the expression of P-glycoprotein/170 in patients with acute leukemia and the effect of Cyclosporin A (CSA) as a modulator of P-glycoprotein functional activity. The study was carried out on 20 patients with acute leukemia (14 AML cases and 6 ALL cases). In addition, 6 normal individuals served as a reference group. Flow cytometric analysis of P-gp/170 surface expression was performed using UIC-2 MoAb together with the functional assay using Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) and Cyclosporin A as a modulator.P-gp/170 was expressed on the leukemic cells of 37.5% of relapsed patients (40.0% of AML and 33.3% of ALL cases), whereas 27.2% of de novo patients expressed P-gp/170 (33.3% of AML cases and 0% of ALL cases). The functional activity of MDR-1 gp was 71.4% in AML and 33.3% in ALL patients compared with16.6% in normal lymphocytes. From this study, it is clear that P-gp/170 is expressed to a higher degree in leukemic cells and this is greater in relapsed compared to de novo cases and more in AML than ALL blasts. Functional activity is a more sensitive predictor of chemoresistance than P-gp/170 surface expression.     

Low NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity is associated with increased risk of acute leukemia in adults

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an enzyme that detoxifies quinones and reduces oxidative stress. A cysteine-to-threonine (C --> T) substitution polymorphism at nucleotide 609 of the NQO1 complementary DNA (NQO1 C609T) results in a lowering of NQO1 activity. Individuals homozygous for this mutation have no NQO1 activity, and heterozygotes have low to intermediate activity compared with people with wild type. DNA samples from 493 adult de novo acute leukemia patients and 838 matched controls were genotyped for NQO1 C609T. The majority of cases were diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 420); 67 as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); and 6 as other forms of acute leukemia. The frequency of cases with low or null NQO1 activity (heterozygote + homozygous mutant) was significantly higher among total acute leukemia case subjects compared with their matched controls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.89). Both ALL (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 0.96-3.87) and AML case subjects (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13-1.90) exhibited a higher frequency of low or null NQO1 genotypes than controls. For de novo AML, the most significant effect of low or null NQO1 activity was observed among the 88 cases harboring translocations and inversions (OR = 2.39; 95% CI, 1.34-4.27) and was especially high for those harboring inv(16) (OR = 8.13; 95% CI, 1.43-46.42). These findings were confirmed in a second group of 217 de novo AML cases with known cytogenetics. Thus, inheritance of NQO1 C609T confers an increased risk of de novo acute leukemia in adults, implicating quinones and related compounds that generate oxidative stress in producing acute leukemia.     

Demonstration of antibodies binding to autologous and allogeneic leukemic cells in childhood ALL

Summary The humoral immune response to autologous leukemic cells was investigated in childhood ALL using a ¹²⁵I protein A binding assay. In 5/7 patients antibodies were demonstrated at diagnosis and in 3/7 cases also after chemotherapy. Sera from 2/3 patients, which bound significantly to autologous leukemic cells, did not bind significantly to autologous remission cells. In allogeneic experiments sera bound significantly to ALL leukemic cells (6/7 positive combinations), but not to AML leukemic cells (8/8 negative combinations). We propose that ALL sera contain antibodies binding to autologous leukemic cells and that they are directed against a common ALL antigen(s).Abbreviations ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia - AML acute myeloid leukemia - CALLA common ALL antigen - CPM counts per minute - HTLV 1 human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 - I a immune-associated antigens - SE standard error     

Impact of CD133 (AC133) and CD90 expression analysis for acute leukemia immunophenotyping

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: AC133 is a novel monoclonal antibody (Moab) reacting with a population of immature/primitive or granulo-monocytic committed CD34+ve cells. Up to now, only few studies with small numbers of cases have examined AC133 (recently designated CD133) expression in acute leukemia. To determine the value of this Moab for acute leukemia immunophenotyping, we investigated a large series of leukemic cell samples for their reactivity with Moab AC133. DESIGN AND METHODS. A total of 298 cell samples from patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n=142), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (n=119), CD34+ve biphenotypic acute leukemia (n=13), and CD34+ve CML blast crisis (=BC; 21 myeloid BC/3 lymphoid BC) were investigated by flow cytometry for Moab AC133 reactivity.CD133 expression was compared with CD90(Thy-1) expression, another CD34-associated antigen. RESULTS: Fifteen (5%) samples expressed CD90, whereas 114 (38%) samples were positive for Moab AC133 (20% cut-off level). No significant differences in CD133 and CD90 expression levels between AML and ALL were observed. In AML, but not ALL, CD133 was more often expressed in CD34+ve cases than in CD34-ve ones (p<0.00001). However, CD133 expression was not restricted to CD34+ve leukemic cells in individual cell samples. All 8 pro-B-ALL cell samples with 11q23-anomalies and MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) gene translocations were positive for CD133, whereas only 2 of 9 pro-B-ALL without MLL gene translocations expressed CD133 (p<0.002). In contrast, none of the 5 AML cell samples with a t(9;11) and MLL gene translocation reacted with Moab AC133. CD34+ve CML cells in myeloid BC were less often positive for CD133 than CD34+ve de novo AML cells (p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: CD133 and CD90 expression analysis is not helpful for lineage determination in acute leukemia immunophenotyping. However, MoabAC133 may be an informative marker for the detection and further characterization of immature AML cells, as well as pro-B-ALL cells with MLL gene translocations, by flow cytometry.     

Rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region and expression of P210 BCR-ABL in a "masked" Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute myeloid leukemia

The Philadelphia (Ph) translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) occurs frequently in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) but is less common in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and rare in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In most cases of CML and some cases of Ph+ ALL the protooncogene ABL from 9q34 is translocated to the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of the BCR gene at 22q11 to form a chimeric gene encoding a novel 210-kd protein (P210 BCR-ABL) with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. In other patients with Ph+ ALL and Ph+ AML, the breakpoint probably occurs in the first intron of the BCR gene; this results in a smaller chimeric gene which encodes a P190 BCR-ABL. We studied a patient with AML (FAB M6) arising de novo who had a "masked" Ph chromosome in association with extensive karyotypic changes. The leukemic cells initially showed rearrangement of the bcr, presence of a hybrid mRNA, and expression of the P210 BCR-ABL. These changes were absent in remission. These results support the concept that the BCR-ABL chimeric gene plays a crucial role in leukemogenesis but suggest that factors other than the position of the breakpoint in the BCR gene determine the lineage of the target cell for malignant transformation.     

Different drug sensitivity profiles of acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells in children with and without Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk for leukemia. The prognosis for DS acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is better than for non-DS AML, but the clinical outcome of DS acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is equal to that of non-DS ALL. Differences in prognosis may reflect differences in cellular drug resistance. In vitro drug resistance profiles were successfully investigated on leukemic cells from 13 patients with DS AML and 9 patients with DS ALL and were compared with reference data from 151 non-DS AML and 430 non-DS B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL. DS AML cells were significantly more sensitive to cytarabine (median, 12-fold), the anthracyclines (2-7-fold), mitoxantrone (9-fold), amsacrine (16-fold), etoposide (20-fold), 6-thioguanine (3-fold), busulfan (5-fold), vincristine (23-fold), and prednisolone (more than 1.1-fold), than non-DS AML cells. Compared with DS ALL, DS AML cells were significantly more sensitive to cytarabine only (21-fold). After short-term exposure to methotrexate, DS AML cells were 21-fold more resistant than non-DS AML cells, but no difference was observed after continuous exposure. DS ALL cells and non-DS BCP-ALL cells were equally sensitive to all drugs, including methotrexate. Normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DS and non-DS children without leukemia showed highly resistant drug profiles. It was concluded that the better prognosis of DS AML might, at least partially, be explained by a specific, relatively sensitive drug-resistance profile, reflecting the unique biology of this disease. (Blood. 2002;99:245-251)     

p16 gene homozygous deletions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The p16 protein is a cyclin inhibitor encoded by a gene located in 9p21, which may have antioncogenic properties, and is inactivated by homozygous p16 gene deletion or, less often, point mutation in several types of solid tumors often associated to cytogenetic evidence of 9p21 deletion. We looked for homozygous deletion and point mutation of the p16 gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), where 9p21 deletion or rearrangement are also nonrandom cytogenetic findings. Other hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and myeloma were also studied. Homozygous deletion of the p16 gene was seen in 9 of the 63 (14%) ALL analyzed, including 6/39 precursor B-ALL, 3/12 T-ALL, and 0/12 Burkitt's ALL. Three of the 7 ALL with 9p rearrangement (including 3 of the 5 patients where this rearrangement was clearly associated to 9p21 monosomy) had homozygous deletion compared to 5 of the 55 patients with normal 9p (the last patient with homozygous deletion was not successfully karyotyped). Single stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of exons 1 and 2 of the p16 gene was performed in 88 cases of ALL, including the 63 patients analyzed by Southern blot. Twenty-six of the cases had 9p rearrangement, associated to 9p21 monosomy in at least 12 cases. A missense point mutation, at codon 49 (nucleotide 164), was seen in only 1 of the 88 patients. No homozygous deletion and no point mutation of the p16 gene was seen in AML, MDS, CLL, and myeloma. Homozygous deletion of interferon alpha genes (situated close to p16 gene in 9p21) was seen in only 3 of the 9 ALL patients with p16 gene homozygous deletion, and none of the ALL without p16 gene homozygous deletion. Our findings suggest that homozygous deletion of the p16 gene is seen in about 15% of ALL cases, is not restricted to cases with cytogenetically detectable 9p deletion, and could have a pathogenetic role in this malignancy. On the other hand, p16 point mutations are very rare in ALL, and we found no p16 homozygous deletions or mutations in the other hematologic malignancies studied.