哺乳动物CYP450在大肠埃希菌上表达的研究进展

［摘要］细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450，CYP450）是人体内代谢各种内外源性物质最重要的酶系之一。随着分子生物学和重组技术的快速发展，对哺乳动物来源的细胞色素P450cDNA进行精细操作并将使其在异源系统中表达成为可能。目前已经有多种异源系统被用来进行哺乳动物CYP450的表达，每一种系统都各具优缺点。哺乳动物CYP450在大肠埃希菌上的表达是在实验室中的主要表达方式，但采用不同方式表达的蛋白量不一样，而且对蛋白酶的活性也有着一定的影响；同时，蛋白纯化手段的选择也会影响CYP450表达方式的应用。该文对哺乳动物CYP450在大肠埃希菌上的表达纯化现状和应用进行概述。     

重组细胞色素酶P450 3A4表达和鉴定

细胞色素酶P450是代谢内源性物质和外源性物质的重要的酶,在药物治疗和药物开发领域以及了解潜在的毒性物质和致癌性物质的代谢机制起决定性作用。旨在构建细胞色素酶P450 3A4的表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化得到CYP3A4蛋白。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法从人肝脏总RNA中得到CYP3A4的cDNA,然后直接插入pMD20-T Vector中,将测序正确的N-末端和C-末端进行修饰。然后利用双酶切插入到表达载体pET-28a-c(+)Vectors,转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。并通过定点突变的方法获得CYP3A4亚型P467S(CYP3A4*19)。采用SPSS13.0设计4因素2水平正交实验,对α-ALA(0.5 mmol/L和1 mmol/L)、IPTG(0.5 mmol/L和1 mmol/L)、卡那霉素(50μg/mL和100μg/mL)添加浓度及菌的接种密度(接种1%和接种2%)进行优化。并用SPSS13.0对结果进行分析,选择出比较好的组合进行下一步的大规模的诱导表达。经定点突变的方法成功获得了CYP3A4*19亚型。经IPTG诱导获得CYP3A4蛋白,并通过Western blot验证。用BCA蛋白浓度定量分析试剂盒测定的膜蛋白浓度在65μg/mL左右,α-ALA、抗生素(卡那霉素)、T7启动子诱导剂IPTG及接种密度高低两水平中对膜蛋白的表达水平的影响没有统计学意义。     

参麦注射液和注射用血塞通对大鼠肝脏及肠道药物代谢酶CYP450的影响

目的考察参麦注射液和注射用血塞通对大鼠药物代谢酶细胞色素P450(CYP450)的影响。方法连续给予大鼠试验药物后,制备肝及小肠微粒体;用CO还原差示光谱法,测定肝微粒体CYP450含量;用蛋白免疫印迹法,检测肝微粒体中CYP1A2、CYP2C11、CYP2E1、CYP3A和肠微粒体中CYP3A蛋白的表达量。结果参麦注射液和注射用血塞通组与空白对照组大鼠的肝脏总P450含量无显著性差异(P>0.05)。但参麦注射液可显著诱导肝脏CYP2E1表达,但抑制肠微粒体中CYP3A表达;肝CYP1A2、CYP2C11水平均有所上升。血塞通可显著诱导大鼠肝脏CYP1A2、CYP2E1、CYP2C11、CYP3A蛋白表达,肠CYP3A的表达水平显示出下降趋势。结论参麦注射液和注射用血塞通对大鼠肝脏P450酶总量无影响;但对特定亚型蛋白的表达量有影响,由此可能引发的药物相互作用不容忽视。     

心血管药物速效救心丸和通心络胶囊对大鼠细胞色素P450酶的影响

目的:观察速效救心丸和通心络胶囊对大鼠药物代谢酶细胞色素P450(CYP450)的影响。方法:给予大鼠试验药物后制备肝及小肠微粒体,CO还原差示光谱法测定肝微粒体CYP450含量,蛋白免疫印迹法检测肝微粒体中CYP1A2、CYP2C11、CYP2E1、CYP3A和肠微粒体中CYP3A蛋白的表达量。结果:速效救心丸组和通心络胶囊组与空白对照组比较,大鼠肝脏CYP450含量无显著变化(P>0.05);但是West-ern blotting实验对肝脏和肠道中多种CYP450酶表达量测定的结果显示,速效救心丸可诱导肝脏CYP1A2表达,但抑制肝脏CYP2C11和肠道CYP3A表达(P<0.05);通心络胶囊可诱导大鼠肝脏CYP1A2、CYP2E1蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论:速效救心丸和通心络胶囊对大鼠肝脏CYP450酶总量无影响,但是,在蛋白质水平对特定亚型蛋白的表达量有影响,由此可能引发的药物相互作用不容忽视。     

丁香酸和柠檬苦素对小鼠肝脏CYP450酶的影响

目的 研究丁香酸和柠檬苦素对小鼠肝脏细胞色素P450主要亚型mRNA及蛋白表达水平的影响.方法 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为空白对照组、丁香酸组、柠檬苦素组和苯巴比妥组,连续灌胃给药2周,末次给药后处死,提取小鼠肝脏总RNA及肝微粒体,荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术和蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)测定CYP450酶主要亚型mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果 在mRNA水平上,丁香酸对Cyp1a2、Cyp2c37、Cyp2d9 mRNA表达没有明显作用,柠檬苦素对Cyp1a2 mRNA的表达有显著诱导作用;在蛋白水平上,丁香酸对CYP1A1、CYP1A2、CYP3A、CYP2D和CYP2E1蛋白的表达有明显的诱导作用,柠檬苦素对CYP1A1、CYP1A2、CYP2A、CYP2D和CYP2E1有显著的诱导,对CYP2B和CYP2C蛋白表达产生抑制作用.结论 丁香酸和柠檬苦素对细胞色素P450主要亚型均具有不同程度的诱导和抑制作用.     

地塞米松对大鼠肝脏微粒体细胞色素P-450的诱导效应

目的:观察地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)对细胞色素P-450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)的诱导效应,并探讨其诱导机制.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠分别以DEX 0,25,50和100mg·kg-1·d-1诱导处理(ip)4d后,测定大鼠肝脏总CYP450含量,CYP3A1,CYP3A2和CYP2B 1/2的mRNA及蛋白的表达水平,肝脏ERD(CYP3A活性),PROD(CYP2B活性)和BROD(总CYP450活性).结果:CYP450含量、ERD、PROD和BROD活性在DEX多次诱导后都有升高.CYP3A1 mRNA表达水平、蛋白含量和酶活性有明显的升高,剂量效应关系明显;CYP3A2蛋白明显升高,但mRNA表达水平却无明显变化.PROD和CYP2B1/2的mRNA表达水平以及总CYP450含量均在50mg·kg-1·d-1剂量组达到最高值.结论:DEX对雄性大鼠主要诱导CYP3A1和CYP3A2两个CYP450成员表达上调,对CYP2B1/2也有一定的诱导作用,其诱导作用主要表现在酶活性、酶蛋白含量和mRNA表达水平的升高.CYP3A1和CYP3A2的诱导方式可能不同.     

人细胞色素P450 3A4突变体CYP3A4.3,CYP3A4.4,CYP3A4.5和CYP3A4.18重组酶的异源表达与活性

目的重组表达人细胞色素P450(CYP)3A4突变体CYP3A4.3,CYP3A4.4,CYP3A4.5和CYP3A4.18蛋白,为CYP3A4代谢活性的体外研究提供单一酶源。方法应用杆状病毒表达系统构建含有上述各CYP3A4突变体基因序列的重组病毒,将其连同含人源还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸-P450氧化还原酶(POR)和细胞色素b5基因的重组病毒共同感染昆虫草地夜蛾细胞Sf9得到CYP3A4突变体与POR和细胞色素b5共表达的重组蛋白,分别以高效液相色谱法和荧光分析法测定各重组酶对睾酮和7-甲氧基-4-三氟甲基香豆素的代谢活性。结果在mRNA分子水平上验证了CYP3A4突变体CYP3A4*3,CYP3A4*4,CYP3A4*5和CYP3A4*18基因在Sf9细胞中的转录。感染了各重组病毒的Sf9细胞裂解液对睾酮和7-苄氧基-4-三氟甲基香豆素有明显代谢。结论应用杆状病毒-昆虫细胞表达系统在体外成功表达了具有催化活性的人CYP3A4突变体CYP3A4.3,CYP3A4.4,CYP3A4.5和CYP3A4.18蛋白,其中CYP3A4.5活性显著低于野生型蛋白,CYP3A4.18活性显著高于野生型蛋白,而CYP3A4.3和CYP3A4.4与野生型蛋白活性近似。     

慢性肝疾病对肝CYP450酶活性的影响

慢性肝疾病是临床常见疾病之一,CYP450s基因是由一组超家族的P450同工酶基因编码,主要在肝脏中合成和表达.慢性肝疾病对CYP450s的合成和表达均会产生影响,从而影响肝脏CYP450s对内源性物质和外源性物质的代谢.而且肝疾病对CYP450的各个酶的影响不很一致,具有选择性.肝硬化患者的给药需要临床医生根据实际情况进行调节.     

CYP3A对AFB1致肝细胞癌的影响

细胞色素P450酶（cytochromeP450，CYP450）家族参与人体中许多内外源性化合物的转化过程．对生物体内的新陈代谢起着非常重要的作用。哺乳动物的CYP450酶主要表达在肝脏和小肠。根据结构特征、底物特异性和基因同源性来分类．其中有四个CYP450基因族（CYP1、CYP2、CYP3和CYP4）承担大量的肝脏内外源性物质和口服药物的代谢作用．与化学物质致癌关系比较密切。尤其重要的是CYP3A酶，含量最多，占肝脏总CYP450酶的30％～50％，小肠总CYP450酶的70％。     

细胞色素P450 CYP4A的组织和细胞表达特异性

目的确定细胞色素P450 CYP4A在组织和细胞水平表达是否具有特异性。方法采用Western印迹法分析细胞色素P450 CYP4A蛋白在培养的牛肺动脉内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞及牛肾动脉内皮细胞的表达;采用原位杂交法检测细胞色素P450 CYP4A mRNA在大鼠肺支气管内皮和血管内皮细胞的表达;以14C标记的花生四烯酸(AA)作为反应底物,用荧光高效液相色谱法(HPLC)通过检测牛肺动脉内皮细胞催化外源性AA生成20-羟基廿碳四烯酸(20-HETE)的反应,确定肺动脉内皮细胞是否存在细胞色素P450 CYP4A;将肺动脉内皮细胞破碎并用乙酸乙酯萃取,用荧光物质标记萃取物,用荧光HPLC检测内源性20-HETE,从代谢产物水平确定细胞色素P450 CYP4A的功能蛋白质表达。结果①Western印迹法分析结果表明,细胞色素P450 CYP4A蛋白在牛肺动脉内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞中均有表达,在肺动脉内皮细胞中的表达明显高于平滑肌细胞(积分吸光度值分别为10182±279,5249±167);在牛肾动脉内皮细胞中也有表达,但明显低于肺动脉内皮细胞的表达(积分吸光度值分别为12173±171,17863±207)。②原位杂交结果显示,细胞色素P450 CYP4A mRNA可在大鼠肺支气管内皮细胞和大鼠肺血管内皮均有表达。③用HPLC在牛肺动脉内皮细胞中检测到20-HETE,表明细胞色素P450 CYP4A在肺动脉内皮细胞存在。结论细胞色素P450 CYP4A有其特定的组织和细胞分布,在牛和大鼠肺脏动脉内皮细胞有高表达。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.