口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验在多囊卵巢综合征患者中的临床应用

目的探讨口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放试验(IRT)在筛查多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者糖代谢异常中的应用情况,并分析不同糖代谢状态下的PCOS患者糖、脂代谢特点。方法纳入符合鹿特丹标准、未经治疗的PCOS患者191例,测定身高、体重、基础生殖内分泌激素、血脂水平,并行OGTT和IRT检测,计算体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗稳态指数模型(HOMA-IR)、β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)等参数。根据血糖水平将PCOS分成糖代谢正常(NGT)组、空腹血糖受损(IFG)组、糖耐量受损(IGT)组、以及2型糖尿病(T2DM)组,筛查各组的检出情况,并比较各组糖、脂代谢的差异。结果 PCOS患者糖代谢异常的发生率24.61%(47/191),其中IFG为3.66%,IGT为18.85%,T2DM为4.19%(其中4例为IFG合并IGT,重复纳入IFG组和IGT组);随着糖代谢紊乱加重,年龄、BMI有上升的趋势(P0.05)。血胰岛素高峰值出现在2h,滞后于血糖高峰值出现的1h。随着糖代谢的恶化,各时相的血糖及胰岛素水平逐渐升高,各组血脂紊乱也逐渐加剧(P0.05)。结论 PCOS患者糖代谢异常发生率较高,利用OGTT和IRT筛查PCOS患者糖代谢异常是十分必要和重要的。     

糖尿病大鼠血清瘦素与肾脏瘦素受体表达观察

目的研究2型糖尿病大鼠血清瘦素（leptin）及肾脏瘦素受体（Ob-R）表达变化。方法高糖高脂饮食结合小剂量链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病大鼠动物模型。在8周末测量大鼠体质量、血压、空腹血糖、三酰甘油、胆固醇和24h尿蛋白排泄量等指标，用酶联免疫吸附法测定大鼠的血清瘦素、胰岛素，计算胰岛素抵抗指数。免疫组化检测Ob-R在肾脏的表达情况。结果糖尿病大鼠体质量、血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血清胰岛素较对照组均明显升高，24h尿蛋白排泄量轻度升高。与对照组比较，大鼠血清瘦素明显升高，同时糖尿病组肾脏Ob—R的表达水平下降，二者呈负相关。结论2型糖尿病大鼠高血清瘦素可能对肾脏0b-R表达有抑制作用。     

腹腔镜下不同胃肠道重建方式对胃癌合并糖尿病患者术后血糖的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胃大部切除后不同吻合方式对胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响。方法:选择66例腹腔镜手术治疗的胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,其中毕Ⅰ式组26例,毕Ⅱ式组24例,Roux-en-Y组16例。检测并对比3组患者术前、术后3个月口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)空腹及负荷后血糖值、糖化血红蛋白等水平。结果:术前3组患者糖化血红蛋白水平、2 h血糖、OGTT空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平、稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)相当(P>0.05)。术后3个月,毕Ⅱ式组、Roux-en-Y组糖尿病治疗缓解率分别为66.67%、87.50%,均高于毕Ⅰ式组(19.23%,P<0.05),OGTT空腹血糖、OGTT 2 h血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白水平、空腹胰岛素水平、HOMA-IR均低于毕Ⅰ式组(P<0.05)。结论:胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者采用毕Ⅱ式、Roux-en-Y吻合术可降低患者血糖,Roux-en-Y吻合术较毕Ⅱ式降低血糖的效果更明显。     

脂联素、胰岛素抵抗在胆囊胆固醇结石形成中的作用

目的 进一步研究血浆脂联素水平、胰岛素抵抗在胆囊胆固醇结石形成的作用.方法 应用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测定50例胆囊胆固醇结石患者(实验组)与30例对照组其血浆脂联素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖水平,并计算出体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI).结果 实验组血清中FINS、HOMAIR、BMI较对照组高,而脂联素、ISI低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 脂联素、胰岛素抵抗与胆囊胆固醇结石的形成关系密切.     

青少年男性性腺功能减退与胰岛素抵抗关系的初步研究

目的:探讨青少年男性血清睾酮水平和胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法:采用病例对照的方法。研究组为21例15~30岁性腺功能减退的男性患者,对照组为11例年龄和体重指数(BM I)相匹配的已完成青春期发育的健康男性。所有受试者均测定身高、体重、染色体、骨龄、血清促性腺激素和总睾酮(TT)水平,行3 h口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)测定0、30、60、120、180 m in的血糖和胰岛素水平。对两组间空腹血糖水平、空腹血清胰岛素水平、OGTT时血糖和胰岛素曲线下面积及HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)进行比较。结果:①研究组平均血清TT水平为(0.9±0.6)nmol/L。其中5例K linefelter综合征患者已有青春期发育,Tanner分级达P3以上,其他16例低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退的患者无青春期发育。②研究组和对照组间的空腹血糖水平、3 h OGTT血糖和胰岛素曲线下面积差异无显著性。③研究组中有3例患者经OGTT诊断为糖耐量受损(IGT)。研究组患者糖负荷后胰岛素分泌高峰均在服糖后30 m in出现。对照组中无IGT或糖尿病患者。④在两组之间,HOMA-IR和空腹胰岛素水平的差异有显著性(P分别为0.021和0.018)。结论:①血清TT水平低下的青少年男性出现糖耐量低减的发生率高于对照组。②血清TT水平低下的青少年男性,空腹胰岛素水平和HOMA-IR均显著高于对照组,提示睾酮缺乏可能导致患者对胰岛素的抵抗。     

高尿酸血症患者糖、脂代谢异常的临床研究

目的:分析高尿酸血症患者糖、脂代谢情况,及血尿酸水平与糖、脂等代谢指标的关系。方法:选择高血尿酸血症患者80例作为高尿酸组,对照组为同期年龄、性别相匹配的非高尿酸血症的健康体检者80例,分别检测两组人群的血尿酸(blood uric acid,UA)、空腹血糖(fasting blood-glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycolated hemoglobin,Hb A1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2-hour post-meal blood glucose,2h PG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1ow density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、体重指数(body mass index,BMI),应用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMAB)评估高尿酸血症患者胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗,对两组人群上述血糖、血脂等代谢指标进行对比,分析痛风患者血尿酸水平与上述指标之间的相关性。结果:高尿酸血症患者的UA、FBG、HbA1C、2hPG及BMI、TG、LDL-C均高于健康体检者,而HDL-C低于健康体检者,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05);高尿酸组的HOMA-IR较健康对照组明显升高,而ISI较对照组明显降低,差异均有统计学意义,而HOMA-B与健康对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。相关分析结果显示,血尿酸与TG、LDL-C及HOMA-IR呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.428,0.39,0.336,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与FBG、2hPG亦呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.252,0.093但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而与ISI呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.336,但与HOMA-B无相关性。结论:高尿酸血症患者存在不同程度的糖、脂肪代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗,同时高尿酸血症患者血清尿酸水平与胰岛素抵抗相关,与胰岛β细胞分泌功能不相关;临床治疗应采取相应的干预措施,治疗高尿酸血症及高尿酸血症者的糖脂代谢异常,将可能减少胰岛素抵抗及心脑血管疾病的风险。     

N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺对结肠癌患者围术期胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 评价N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺对结肠癌患者围术期胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法 择期行结肠癌根治术的非糖尿病患者60例,年龄35～75岁,BMI 18.5～25.0 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=20):对照组(C组)于术前24h、术后1h静脉输注生理盐水22.5 ml/kg;载体溶液组(V组)于术前24h、术后1h静脉输注复方氨基酸22.5 ml/kg;药物治疗组(Ala-Gln组)于术前24h、术后1h静脉输注N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺(含谷氨酰胺0.5 g/kg,溶于复方氨基酸)22.5 ml/kg.于术前24 h(T)、麻醉前30 min(T2)、麻醉给药后3 h(T3)、术后1 h(T4)和24 h(T5)时空腹条件下采集静脉血样,测定血糖(BG)、血清胰岛素(INS)、TNF-α、游离脂肪酸(FFA)的浓度,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛索敏感指数(ISI).记录术后的排气时间、住院时间及用药后胰岛素抵抗的发生情况.结果 与C组和V组比较,Ala-Gln组血清INS、TNF-α、FFA的浓度、BG、HOMA-IR降低,ISI升高,胰岛素抵抗发生率降低,术后排气时间及住院时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).C组和V组各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺可有效地减轻结肠癌患者围术期胰岛素抵抗,有助于患者术后恢复,其作用机制可能与谷氨酰胺可降低血液TNF-α及FFA的浓度有关.     

火把花根片联合厄贝沙坦治疗特发性膜性肾病中度蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的:观察火把花根片联合厄贝沙坦治疗特发性膜性肾病中度蛋白尿患者的疗效。方法:60例患者随机分为两组,对照组给予厄贝沙坦同时给予降脂、抗凝等常规治疗,治疗组在对照组的治疗基础上给予火把花根片治疗,疗程12周。观察两组临床疗效,检测24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血清肌酐、血尿素氮的变化。结果:治疗组有效率93.3%,显著高于对照组的63.3%;两组患者治疗后24 h尿蛋白定量、血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血肌酐、血尿素氮水平均低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后血浆白蛋白水平均高于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:火把花根片联合厄贝沙坦能降低特发性膜性肾病患者蛋白尿、血脂水平,改善患者肾功能。     

基于209例IgA肾病远期预后的中西医危险因素的历史队列研究

目的:采取历史队列研究中西医相关的指标对于IgA的预后的独立危险因素。方法:筛选出陕西省中医医院经过肾穿刺活检的IgAN患者209例,收集相关基本信息、实验室生化指标、病理指标、中医证候,采取复合终点为作为结局指标。通过SPSS26.0软件进行Cox回归生存分析,第一步Cox单因素分析筛选危险因素指标,再通过Cox多因素分析得出影响肾功能进展的独立危险因素。根据相关指标制作Kaplan-meier生存曲线图。结果:Cox单因素分析结果显示肾小球滤过率、尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素氮、血钾、血氯、血磷、血三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、牛津分型S评分、牛津分型T评分、中医本证脾肾阳虚、肺脾气虚,兼证水湿、血瘀、浊毒差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),Cox多因素分析表明尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、血瘀、浊毒、牛津分型T评分差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、血瘀、浊毒、新牛津分型T评分是影响IgAN远期预后的独立危险因素。     

代谢综合征对IgA肾病患者病情的影响

目的 观察代谢综合征（MS）对IgA肾病（IgAN）患者病情的影响。 方法 从确诊为IgAN的病例中,以并发MS的118例作为IgAN-MS组;另从同年龄范围的IgAN病例中随机抽取118例无并发MS者作为IgAN-非MS组,对比分析两组患者的临床病理资料。 结果 IgAN-MS组的尿蛋白量、Scr、体质量指数、平均动脉压、血三酰甘油、空腹血糖及血尿酸水平均显著高于IgAN-非MS组（P ＜ 0.05或P ＜ 0.01）;血高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）水平显著低于IgAN-非MS组（P ＜ 0.01）;高血压、糖代谢异常及脂代谢异常患者的百分率也显著高于IgAN-非MS组（P ＜ 0.01）。IgAN-MS组的病理改变显著重于IgAN-非MS组（P ＜ 0.01）。Spearman相关分析显示MS与尿蛋白量、Scr、肾小球损伤指数及肾小管间质损伤指数均呈正相关（P ＜ 0.01）。 结论 MS是IgAN进展的一个危险因素。     

血脂与IgA肾病患者肾脏预后的相关性研究

目的了解原发性IgA肾病(IgAN)血脂异常患者的临床、病理特征，探讨血脂对IgAN肾脏预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2000年1月1日至2018年12月31日在我院肾活检确诊的原发性IgAN患者的资料，随访截止2020年1月1日，随访的终点事件是终末期肾病(ESRD)或估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥50%，未达终点事件者随访最少1年。按肾活检时的基线血脂水平并根据血脂异常诊断标准，将IgAN患者分为血脂异常组(450例)及血脂正常组(331例)，血脂异常组包括高胆固醇组(高TC组)、高甘油三酯组(高TG组)、高低密度脂蛋白组(高LDL组)及低高密度脂蛋白组(低HDL组)4个单一指标亚组。参照IgAN牛津分型进行病理评分，Logistic回归和Cox回归模型分析影响IgAN患者预后的风险因素，采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线比较血脂异常组和血脂正常组IgAN患者生存率的差异。 结果血脂异常组年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血肌酐、血尿酸、尿蛋白定量高于血脂正常组，而血白蛋白、eGFR低于血脂正常组(P<0.05)。根据牛津分型评分，与其它组比较，低HDL组IgAN患者的肾小管间质病变程度更重(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示，年龄大(OR 1.044，95%CI：1.023～1.066，P<0.001)、高平均动脉压(OR 1.025，95%CI：1.008～1.043，P＝0.004)、低血红蛋白(OR 0.963，95%CI：0.950～0.976，P<0.001)、高TG(OR 1.008，95%CI：1.005～1.010，P<0.001)、低HDL(OR 0.546，95%CI：0.311～0.959，P＝0.035)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.185，95%CI：1.039～1.352，P＝0.011)和高牛津分型T评分(OR 9.115，95%CI：5.297～15.685，P<0.001)是IgAN基线肾功能下降的风险因素。多因素Cox回归模型分析结果显示，低血红蛋白(OR 0.965，95%CI：0.949～0.980，P<0.001)、低基线eGFR(OR 0.984，95%CI：0.973～0.996，P＝0.008)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.151，95%CI：1.043～1.271，P＝0.005)、高牛津分型T评分(OR 1.680，95%CI：1.033～2.732，P＝0.036)和高TG(OR 1.177，95%CI：1.038～1.334，P＝0.011)是IgAN肾脏不良预后的风险因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示，随访血脂异常组IgAN患者的肾脏中位生存时间显著短于血脂正常组(χ²＝8.316，P＝0.004)。 结论HDL与肾小管间质病变相关，高TG是IgAN肾脏预后不良的风险因素，临床上应加强对IgAN患者的血脂监测。     

维持性血液透析患者血脂变化和胰岛素抵抗的相关分析

目的 通过对48例维持性血液透析患者空腹血糖、血清胰岛素和血脂各项指标的观察,计算胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数,评价胰岛素抵抗情况.方法 选取我科维持性血液透析患者48例(观察组),同时选取30名健康体检者(对照组)作为正常对照,测定两组受试者的血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清胰岛素、尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸、血脂指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数.结果 维持性血液透析患者的血糖、血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数水平升高,胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中胆固醇与血糖呈负相关(r=-0.3482,P＜0.05);高密度脂蛋白与血清胰岛素呈负相关(r=-0.2603,P＜0.05);低密度脂蛋白与血糖呈负相关(r=-0.3289,P＜0.05),而对照组仅甘油三酯与血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(r分别=0.371,0.368,P均＜0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者中存在脂代谢紊乱,可能参与胰岛素抵抗.     

从糖肾宁对糖尿病肾病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响研究其肾脏保护作用

目的：探讨糖肾宁对糖尿病肾病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响及其肾脏保护作用的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只,采用腹腔内注射福氏完全佐剂、链脲佐菌素及高脂饲料喂养的方法建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型。按24h尿微量白蛋白（24hU-Alb）测定值随机分为模型组（M组）、糖肾宁组（T组）,格列喹酮组（G组）和正常组（N组）各8只,8周后,检测各组大鼠空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素（INS）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、三酰甘油（TG）,胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、24hU-Alb及肾功能。结果：M组空腹血糖、TC、LDL显著升高,INS、HDL明显下降。治疗8周后T组INS明显上升,TC、LDL显著下降、HDL明显升高,24hU-Alb减少,肾功能显著改善,且明显优于G组。结论：格列喹酮和糖肾宁均可不同程度影响血糖水平,糖肾宁还可有效调节脂代谢。糖肾宁可能是通过调节肾组织糖代谢及血脂代谢,延缓了肾小球硬化及肾间质纤维化进程,发挥了独立于降糖作用之外的降蛋白及肾功能保护作用。     

Insulin resistance in children with primary nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function

Background

Insulin resistance (IR) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis or cardiovascular events and renal function impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate IR in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS).

Methods

One-hundred and nineteen primary NS patients with normal renal function and 125 normal controls were studied. Fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and fasting serum C-peptide were measured. The Homa index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Islet B cell function, and insulin sensitivity index were calculated. Correlations were assessed between HOMA-IR, fasting serum C-peptide, blood pressure, blood lipids, renal function, coagulation, clinical disease type, pathology and the early therapeutic effectiveness of high-dose glucocorticoids.

Results

There was no evidence of IR in the primary NS group. Although levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin and fasting serum C-peptide were all within the normal ranges, fasting serum C-peptide was significantly higher compared to the controls. There was no disorder of carbohydrate metabolism in different hormone therapy efficacy and pathological diagnosis. Although IR was not detected, a significant increase in blood pressure, uric acid, blood lipids and coagulability was observed in the primary NS group.

Conclusion

A correlation observed between HOMA-IR, age, blood pressure, serum creatinine (Cr) and triglyceride may suggest that insulin sensitivity will emerge as renal disease progresses. Fasting serum C-peptide levels were increased in the primary NS group, suggesting that fasting serum C-peptide may be a protective factor.     

The effect of icodextrin and glucose-containing solutions on insulin resistance in CAPD patients

PURPOSE: Peritoneal dialysis patients have particular risks with respect to their lipid status and hyperinsulinemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between insulin resistance and the type of the peritoneal dialysis solution. MATERIALS: 41 randomly selected non-diabetic patient cohort who were already under treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 10 healthy controls participated in the study. 24 of the 41 patients were using 3 standard 1.36% glucose solutions during the day and 1 hypertonic solution with 2.27% glucose dwell during the night (glucose group: mean age 45.54 +/- 16.67 years and median CAPD duration 16.5 months). The remaining 17 patients were using 3 standard 1.36% glucose solutions during the day and 1 icodextrin dwell during the night for 8-10 hours (icodextrin group: mean age 47.47 +/- 13.15 years, median duration of icodextrin use 6 months (range 2-20 months), and median CAPD duration 30 months). Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated according to the homeostasis model assesment (HOMA) formula: HOMA-IR = fasting glucose (mmol/l) x fasting insulin (microU/1/22.5. The HOMA cutoff point for diagnosis of insulin resistance was established with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The patients were called HOMA-IR(+) if their HOMA scores were higher than cutoff value. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between age, BMI, triglyceride, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, iron and ferritin, alanine aminotransferase, fibrinogen, intact parathyroid hormone, magnesium, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the 2 groups. The mean glucose levels of the groups were not different but fasting insulin levels and HOMA scores of the icodextrin group were significantly lower than the glucose group (10.15 +/- 6.87 vs. 18.11 +/- 13.15, p = 0.028, and 2.28 +/- 1.67 vs. 4.26 +/- 3.27, p = 0.027, respectively). The ratio of patients with low HOMA scores (cutoff = 2.511) were significantly higher in the icodextrin group than in the glucose group (71% vs 38%, p = 0.037). Other than fasting insulin and glucose levels, significantly positive correlation was found between HOMA score and BMI in both groups. With regression analysis, we found that the main parameters effecting HOMA score were BMI (p = 0.008) and triglyceride (p = 0.029) in the glucose group, but no parameters were found to affect HOMA score in icodextrin group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that insulin resistance is reduced in peritoneal dialysis patients using icodextrin-based dialysis fluid instead of glucose-based dialysis fluid.     

Population-based incidence rates and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in white individuals: the Bruneck study

Incidence rates and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in low-risk populations are not well documented. We investigated these in white individuals who were aged 40-79 years and from the population of Bruneck, Italy. Of an age- and sex-stratified random sample of 1,000 individuals who were identified in 1990, 919 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an assessment of physiological risk factors for diabetes, including insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA-IR), and postchallenge insulin response (Sluiter's Index). Diabetes at baseline by fasting or 2-h OGTT plasma glucose (World Health Organization criteria, n = 82) was excluded, leaving 837 individuals who were followed for 10 years. Incident cases of diabetes were ascertained by confirmed diabetes treatment or a fasting glucose >or=7.0 mmol/l. At follow-up, 64 individuals had developed diabetes, corresponding to a population-standardized incidence rate of 7.6 per 1,000 person-years. Sex- and age-adjusted incidence rates were elevated 11-fold in individuals with impaired fasting glucose at baseline, 4-fold in those with impaired glucose tolerance, 3-fold in overweight individuals, 10-fold in obese individuals, and approximately 2-fold in individuals with dyslipidemia or hypertension. Incidence rates increased with increasing HOMA-IR and decreasing Sluiter's Index. As compared with normal insulin sensitivity and normal insulin response, individuals with low insulin sensitivity and low insulin response had a sevenfold higher risk of diabetes. Baseline impaired fasting glucose, BMI, HOMA-IR, and Sluiter's Index were the only independent predictors of incident diabetes in multivariate analyses. We conclude that approximately 1% of European white individuals aged 40-79 years develop type 2 diabetes annually and that "subdiabetic" hyperglycemia, obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin response to glucose are independent predictors of diabetes.     

Roux-en-Y胃肠道重建手术对胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛素抵抗的影响

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨Roux?鄄en?鄄Y消化道重建手术对胃癌合并糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法〓选择我院普外科住院的胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者31例,行胃癌根治及Roux?鄄en?鄄Y吻合消化道重建术,对比患者术前及术后6个月体重、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽(FCP0、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2hINS)、餐后2小时C肽(2hCP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA?鄄IR)等指标变化。结果〓术前31例患者中27例给予胰岛素治疗,2例给予口服药物治疗,2例给予单纯饮食运动控制血糖。术后6个月随访,14例患者继续给予胰岛素治疗,6例口服药物治疗,11例未使用任何降糖药物单纯饮食运动控制血糖良好,术前与术后间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月研究对象体重、BMI、FPG、2hPG、FINS、2hINS、HbA1c及HOMA?鄄IR均明显低于术前水平(P<0.05),但术后6个月患者FCP及2hCP水平高于术前(P<0.05)。结论〓Roux?鄄en?鄄Y胃肠道重建术能改善胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制,减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

Beta-cell function is a major contributor to oral glucose tolerance in high-risk relatives of four ethnic groups in the U.S

First-degree relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing hyperglycemia. To examine the prevalence and pathogenesis of abnormal glucose homeostasis in these subjects, 531 first-degree relatives with no known history of diabetes (aged 44.1 +/- 0.7 years; BMI 29.0 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Newly identified diabetes was found in 19% (n = 100), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found in 36% (n = 191). Thus, only 45% (n = 240) had normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to estimate insulin sensitivity; beta-cell function was quantified as the ratio of the incremental insulin to glucose responses over the first 30 min during the OGTT (DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30)). This latter measure was also adjusted for insulin sensitivity as it modulates beta-cell function ([DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30)]/HOMA-IR). Decreasing glucose tolerance was associated with increasing insulin resistance (HOMA: NGT 12.01 +/- 0.54 pmol/mmol; IFG/IGT 16.14 +/- 0.84; diabetes 26.99 +/- 2.62; P < 0.001) and decreasing beta-cell function (DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30): NGT 157.7 +/- 9.7 pmol/mmol; IFG/IGT 100.4 +/- 5.4; diabetes 57.5 +/- 7.3; P < 0.001). Decreasing beta-cell function was also identified when adjusting this measure for insulin sensitivity ([DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30)]/HOMA-IR). In all four ethnic groups (African-American, n = 55; Asian-American, n = 66; Caucasian, n = 217; Hispanic-American, n = 193), IFG/IGT and diabetic subjects exhibited progressively increasing insulin resistance and decreasing beta-cell function. The relationships of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function to glucose disposal, as measured by the incremental glucose area under the curve (AUCg), were examined in the whole cohort. Insulin sensitivity and AUCg were linearly related so that insulin resistance was associated with poorer glucose disposal (r(2) = 0.084, P < 0.001). In contrast, there was a strong inverse curvilinear relationship between beta-cell function and AUCg such that poorer insulin release was associated with poorer glucose disposal (log[DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30)]: r(2) = 0.29, P < 0.001; log[(DeltaI(30)/DeltaG(30))/HOMA-IR]: r(2) = 0.45, P < 0.001). Thus, abnormal glucose metabolism is common in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Both insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in all ethnic groups, with beta-cell function seeming to be more important in determining glucose disposal.