肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈146例临床研究

目的:探讨肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射治疗原发性痉挛性斜颈的疗效。方法:对146例痉挛性斜颈患者在肌电图引导下进行A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射,观察其治疗效果以及不良反应。结果:146例痉挛性斜颈患者,治疗后Tsui量表评分明显下降;重复治疗者复发症状减轻,治疗剂量下降,疗效仍良好。所有患者均未见严重不良反应。结论:肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射是一种治疗痉挛性斜颈有效和安全的手段。     

肌电引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈（附14例报告）

目的 :观察A型肉毒毒素 (BTX A)治疗痉挛性斜颈的疗效。方法 :在肌电图引导下用A型肉毒毒素对 14例痉挛性斜颈进行局部多点注射 ,分析其治疗疗效。结果 :14例中主要累及胸锁乳突肌、斜方肌、椎旁肌、头夹肌、肩胛提肌等。 14例中显效 3例 ,明显好转 9例 ,无效 2例 ,起效时间 7～ 10d ,疗效持续 4个月左右。结论 :肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈是一种定位准确、安全有效的方法。     

肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗不同类型痉挛性斜颈的临床研究

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）局部注射治疗不同类型原发性痉挛性斜颈的疗效。方法：在肌电图引导下,对24例痉挛性斜颈患者行BTX-A局部肌肉注射,按其临床类型分组比较疗效及不良反应。结果：全部患者治疗后Tsui量表评分均明显下降,混合型改善程度更明显。所有患者均未见严重不良反应。结论：肌电图引导下BTX-A治疗不同类型痉挛性斜颈均有效,且安全。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈及Meige''''s综合征的临床研究

目的　探讨A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗痉挛性斜颈、Meige s综合征及职业性痉挛的疗效。方法　对 2 3例痉挛性斜颈、10例完全型Meige s综合征及 1例职业性痉挛患者进行A型肉毒毒素局部注射 ,观察其治疗效果以及副作用。结果　 2 3例痉挛性斜颈患者 ,治疗后Tsui量表评分明显下降 ;10例完全型Meige s综合征 ,8例明显好转 ,2例部分缓解 ;1例职业性痉挛患者完全缓解。所有患者均未见过敏反应和严重副反应。结论　A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射是治疗痉挛性斜颈等肌张力障碍的有效手段。     

肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛的临床观察

目的:探讨肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛的临床疗效及安全性。方法:在肌电图引导下采用A型肉毒毒素治疗46例(肌电图引导组)和非肌电图引导下治疗48例(非肌电图引导组)面肌痉挛患者,对两组治疗前后的疗效及安全性进行对比。结果:肌电图引导组有效率100%(46/46例),不良反应率21.74%非肌电图引导组有效率95.83%(46/48例),不良反应率47.92%。结论:肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素多点注射治疗面肌痉挛更安全有效,不良反应少,值得推广。     

A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈的临床探讨

痉挛性斜颈是神经科较为常见且难治的一组症候群。自20世纪70年代美国Scott[1]首先应用A型肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射治疗斜视后,该方法即被神经科采用治疗痉挛性斜颈。但治疗剂量及方法不尽相同,副作用亦屡有报道[2-4]。因此,为了探讨A型肉毒杆菌毒素的合理应用剂量,使其既可产生良好疗效且又令副作用减少,笔者对我院2003年3月-2005年12月于门诊接受A型肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射治疗的32例患者的疗效进行回顾性分析。对象与方法一、对象32例痉挛性斜颈患者,男13例,女19例;年龄24～59岁,平均(40.75±11.01)岁,病程3～9年,平均(4.82±1.66)年,其中19…     

重复局部注射A型肉毒毒素治疗局限性肌张力障碍长期疗效观察

目的研究重复局部注射A型肉毒毒素治疗偏侧面肌痉挛、眼睑痉挛、Meige's综合征、痉挛性斜颈的长期疗效及维持时间,有无剂量增加趋势。方法用A型肉毒毒素对241例患者重复小剂量局部多点注射,随访治疗10年,将6轮次治疗疗效以及剂量、疗效维持时间、不良反应进行比较分析。结果各轮次总有效率分别为98.7%、98.9%、99.3%、100%、100%、100%。作用持续(20±3)周,平均剂量40U,各轮间疗效、平均剂量、作用持续时间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论重复局部注射治疗局限性肌张力障碍长期疗效稳定,作用持续时间相似,维持疗效无需增加剂量,局部不良反应轻微短暂。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛500例临床研究

目的 探讨使用A型肉毒毒素针多点重复注射治疗面肌痉挛的临床疗效及安全性.方法 采用A型肉毒毒素局部多点重复注射治疗面肌痉挛500例,使用Cohen评分进行评估.观察疗效.结果 症状完全缓解301例（60.2％）,明显缓解者182例（36.4％）,部分缓解者15例（3.0％）,无效2例（0.4％）;总有效率99.8％.疗效持续2～7个月,复发者重复治疗仍有效,不良反应轻微.结论 局部注射A型肉毒毒素是治疗面肌痉挛一种简便、安全、有效的方法.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌、眼睑痉挛156例临床观察

目的 探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌，眼睑痉挛及Meige综合征的疗效。方法 采用A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗偏侧面肌痉挛102例。眼睑痉挛41例及Meige综合征13例。并使用Cohen和Albert量表进行评估。结果 症状完全缓解占51.3%。明显改善占37.8%。部分改善占10.9%。疗效平均持续约3-6个月。复发者重复注射仍有效，出现眼睑闭合不全，面肌无力，眼睑下垂共58例，均恢复。结论 局部注射A型肉毒毒素确为一种安全有效。简便易行的治疗面肌。眼睑痉挛及Meige综合征的方法。     

肌电图引导局部肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈的疗效观察

目的 观察肌电图(EMG)引导局部肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)治疗痉挛性斜颈(CD)的疗效.方法 应用EMG检查19例CD患者头颈部152块肌肉,针对放松状态下出现的多频群放电位的114块靶肌肉进行BTX-A局部肌肉注射;治疗前后分别采用Tsui量表对病情和疗效进行评估;随访观察疗效持续时间以及不良反应.结果 治疗后EMG发现靶肌肉5块;根据Tsui量表评分,治疗后总有效率第1周为47.3%,第2周为78.9%,第3、4周均为94.7%;随访显示疗效平均保持10个月;不良反应轻微,均在4周内自行缓解.结论 EMG引导局部肌肉注射BTX-A治疗CD安全有效.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -