脱细胞近交系微型猪肌腱修复兔跟腱缺损

背景：异体肌腱移植是目前修复肌腱缺损的理想方法,但移植后的排斥反应是其使用受到限制的主要原因。 目的：观察脱细胞处理的版纳近交系微型猪肌腱移植修复兔跟腱缺损的疗效,以及其作为异种肌腱移植支架材料的可行性。 方法：将40只日本大白兔制作双后肢跟腱缺损实验动物模型后,随机均分为2组,脱细胞猪肌腱组用脱细胞版纳近交系微型猪肌腱修复,自体肌腱组用自体肌腱修复,术后用3-0肌腱线改良HEMI-KESSLER法进行端端原位吻合。 结果与结论：①移植后2周内,脱细胞猪肌腱组与自体肌腱组白细胞计数、C-反应蛋白测量结果差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②两组移植后局部反应小,伤口一期愈合,屈踝功能恢复正常。③组织学检查均未见明显淋巴细胞浸润,肌腱缝合处胶原纤维相互衔接。结果说明脱细胞版纳近交系微型猪肌腱能成功修复兔跟腱缺损,且具有组织相容性好、移植排斥反应轻的优点。     

Response of rabbit Achilles tendon to chronic repetitive loading.

The objective of this work was to assess the response of tendon to chronic repetitive loading. Controlled muscle stimulation was used to load the rabbit Achilles tendon at a frequency of 1.25 Hz for two hours per day, three days per week for a period of 11 weeks. Average peak tendon force was 26 N during the protocol. The loading protocol did not modify the gross morphology of the tissue, nor its water content or cellularity. Increases in mRNA expression of collagen Type III and MMPs were observed, but no signs of injury were detected by histologic examination of tendon and paratenon structures. The lack of a detectable injury response suggests that the tendons were not loaded beyond their capacity for repair. Factors additional to mechanical loading such as aging, illness or stress may be necessary to produce pathology.     

Repair of Achilles tendon defect with autologous ASCs engineered tendon in a rabbit model

Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) are an important cell source for tissue regeneration and have been demonstrated the potential of tenogenic differentiation in vitro. This study explored the feasibility of using ASCs for engineered tendon repair in vivo in a rabbit Achilles tendon model. Total 30 rabbits were involved in this study. A composite tendon scaffold composed of an inner part of polyglycolic acid (PGA) unwoven fibers and an outer part of a net knitted with PGA/PLA (polylactic acid) fibers was used to provide mechanical strength. Autologous ASCs were harvested from nuchal subcutaneous adipose tissues and in vitro expanded. The expanded ASCs were harvested and resuspended in culture medium and evenly seeded onto the scaffold in the experimental group, whereas cell-free scaffolds served as the control group. The constructs of both groups were cultured inside a bioreactor under dynamic stretch for 5 weeks. In each of 30 rabbits, a 2 cm defect was created on right side of Achilles tendon followed by the transplantation of a 3 cm cell-seeded scaffold in the experimental group of 15 rabbits, or by the transplantation of a 3 cm cell-free scaffold in the control group of 15 rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at 12, 21 and 45 weeks post-surgery for gross view, histology, and mechanical analysis. The results showed that short term in vitro culture enabled ASCs to produce matrix on the PGA fibers and the constructs showed tensile strength around 50 MPa in both groups (p > 0.05). With the increase of implantation time, cell-seeded constructs gradually form neo-tendon and became more mature at 45 weeks with histological structure similar to that of native tendon and with the presence of bipolar pattern and D-periodic structure of formed collagen fibrils. Additionally, both collagen fibril diameters and tensile strength increased continuously with significant difference among different time points (p < 0.05). In contrast, cell-free constructs failed to form good quality tendon tissue with fibril structure observable only at 45 weeks. There were significant differences in both collagen fibril diameter and tensile strength between two groups at all examined time points (p < 0.05). The results of this study support that ASCs are likely to be a potential cell source for in vivo tendon engineering and regeneration.     

Structure and component alteration of rabbit Achilles tendon in tissue culture

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations of cultured tendon tissues to determine whether tissue culture is a useful method for biological analyses of the tendon. Tendon tissues for tissue culture were isolated from Achilles tendons of rabbits. The tendon segments were placed one segment per well and incubated in growth medium consisting of Dullbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO(2) for various periods. The alignment of collagen fibrils was preserved for 48 h, but tendon structure has disintegrated at 96 h. Alcian blue staining and gelatine zymography revealed that proteoglycan markedly diminished and that matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activity was upregulated sharply at 72 and 96 h. The ratio of collagen fibrils with large diameter had increased and the mean diameter and mass average diameter value had reached maximum at 48 h. The values then decreased and mean diameters at 72 and 96 h were significantly different from that at 48 h. At 96 h, the ratio of collagen fibrils with small diameters had increased and collagen fibrils with large diameters had disappeared. These findings indicate that structural alteration is possible to be induced by disintegration of collagen fibrils and disappearance of glycosaminoglycans from extracellular matrix (ECM), subsequent of upregulation of MMPs activity. Although the study period is limited, the tissue culture method is available for investigating cell-ECM interaction in tendons.     

Correspondence of high-frequency ultrasound and histomorphometry of healing rabbit Achilles tendon tissue

Objectives: Static and dynamic high-frequency ultrasound of healing rabbit Achilles tendons were set in relationship to histomorphometric analyses at three and six weeks post-surgery.

Materials and methods: Twelve New Zealand White rabbits received a clean-cut Achilles tendon laceration (the medial and lateral Musculus gastrocnemius) and were repaired with a four-strand Becker suture. Six rabbits got additionally a tight polyester urethane tube at the repair site in order to vary the adhesion extent. Tendons were analysed by static and dynamic ultrasound (control: healthy contralateral legs). The ultrasound outcome was corresponded to the tendon shape, tenocyte and tenoblast density, tenocyte and tenoblast nuclei width, collagen fibre orientation and adhesion extent.

Results: The spindle-like morphology of healing tendons (ultrasound) was confirmed by the swollen epitenon (histology). Prediction of adhesion formation by dynamic ultrasound assessment was confirmed by histology (contact region to surrounding tissue). Hyperechogenic areas corresponded to acellular zones with aligned fibres and hypoechogenic zones to not yet oriented fibres and to cell-rich areas.

Conclusions: These findings add new in-depth structural knowledge to the established non-invasive analytical tool, ultrasound.     

Microprocessor-based instrument for Achilles tendon reflex measurements

A microprocessor-based system for automatic measuring and evaluation of the reflex of the Achilles tendon is described. An optoelectric transducer for detecting foot movement was used. The electronic equipment enables the simultaneous measurement of three time intervals of the reflex curve calculated from the moment of stimulation. A microprocessor controls the measuring process, communicates with the operator, stores data to the memory, evaluates the results of several measurements and sorts the patient into one of the following groups: (i) reflex normal, (ii) reflex abnormal. The measurement of the time intervals of the Achilles tendon reflex represents an important diagnostic procedure in therapy of the thyroid gland.     

小腿有关肌腱转位修复跟腱的生物力学评价

目的：为临床选用自体肌腱转位修复跟腱提供生物力学依据。方法：选用防腐固定成年和新鲜青年下肢各７例。制备拉伸试件，在ＳＷＤ－１０型材料试验机上，进行单向拉伸破坏实验。结果：跟腱、腓骨长肌腱、腓骨短肌腱、胫骨后肌腱及展肌腱固定组分别为２２９２．６Ｎ、１０２０．５Ｎ、７５２．０Ｎ、９３８．９Ｎ和７２１．３Ｎ，新鲜组分别为１９２７．１Ｎ、８１９．５Ｎ、３４６．７Ｎ、６９９．７Ｎ、３０３．８Ｎ。结论：腓骨长肌腱是跟腱缺损修复术较理想的自体材料。     

Evidence for an elongated Achilles tendon in Australopithecus

Modern humans have the longest Achilles tendon (AT) of all the living primates. It has been proposed that this anatomy increases locomotor efficiency and that its elongation may have played a crucial role in the origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. Unfortunately, determining the length of the AT in extinct hominins has been difficult as tendons do not fossilize. Several methods have been proposed for estimating the length of the AT from calcaneal morphology, but the results have been inconclusive. This study tested the relationship between the area of the superior calcaneal facet and AT length in extant primates. The superior facet is instructive because it anchors the retrocalcaneal bursa, a soft tissue structure which helps to reduce friction between the AT and the calcaneus. Calcanei from 145 extant anthropoid primates from 12 genera were photographed in posterior view and the relative superior facet size quantified. AT lengths were obtained from published sources. The relative area of the superior facet is predictive of AT length in primates (R² = 0.83; p < .001) and differs significantly between the great apes and humans (p < 0.001). When applied to fossil Australopithecus calcanei, our results suggest that australopiths possessed a longer, more human-like, AT than previously thought. These findings have important implications for the locomotor capabilities of Australopithecus, including their capacity for endurance running and climbing.     

跟腱缺损修复的研究进展

跟腱是人体最粗大的肌腱 ,由小腿三头肌 (比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内、外头 )肌腱在足跟上方约 15ｃｍ处融合形成 ,主要功能是屈小腿和足跖屈。随着城乡机动化、工业化发展带来的各种事故伤日益增多 ,小腿及足部的创伤多见 ,交通事故伤所致的跟腱损伤常伴有跟骨及皮肤的缺损 ,修复仍很困难 ,这一直是创伤外科棘手的难题[1～ 3] 。多年来 ,人们从基础和临床探索有效的修复术式 ,现就跟腱形态、结构、血供及其缺损修复方法的研究进展进行综述。1　跟腱的形态结构与血供1.1　跟腱的形态结构跟腱长约 15ｃｍ ,起自小腿中 1/3,止于跟骨结节 ,附着点位于…     

跟腱断端瘢痕组织修复在陈旧性跟腱断裂治疗中的应用

目的 探讨修复跟腱断端瘢痕组织治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法 横断面研究。纳入2018年8月—2021年7月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院收治的21例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者的临床资料。其中男17例,女4例;年龄20~73（43.5±16.0）岁;右侧11例,左侧10例;患者均采用修复跟腱断端瘢痕组织治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂。记录手术时间、切口长度、术后并发症,以及日常活动、运动恢复时间;比较术前与术后末次随访时美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）的踝-后足评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分;记录末次随访时患者跟腱完全断裂评分（ATRS）、Arner-Lindholm评分、单足提踵试验结果。结果 本组患者手术时间30~50 min（平均41.1 min）,手术切口4~7 cm（平均5.6 cm）;术后无感染、腓肠神经损伤和再破裂等严重并发症出现。所有患者术后获6~40个月（平均18.5个月）的随访。患者术后恢复日常活动时间（4.4±0.7）个月、恢复运动时间（11.1±1.5）个月。AOFAS的踝-后足评分由术前（63.5±6.9）分提高至末次随访的（89.9±4.8）分,疼痛VAS评分由术前4（3,4）分降低至末次随访的0（0,1）,差异均有统计学意义（t=-14.45、Z=5.69,P值均<0.001）。末次随访时ATRS达（92.7±3.6）分;Amer-Lindholm评分评价优15例、良6例,优良率为100％;单足提踵试验阳性率9.52%（2/21）,单足提踵恢复时间4~7 （5.1±0.9）个月。结论 修复断端跟腱瘢痕组织治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂可以达到满意的临床疗效,且具有安全性高及并发症少等优点。     

全镜下跟腱清理与止点增强治疗跟腱部分撕裂的Haglund综合征的疗效对比

目的 比较全关节镜下跟腱清理与跟腱止点增强重建治疗跟腱部分撕裂的Haglund综合征患者的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年3月在青县人民医院应用全关节镜下治疗跟腱部分撕裂的Haglund综合征的24例患者资料,依据手术方式不同分为关节镜下跟腱止点清理组（A组）和关节镜下跟腱止点清理+跟腱止点增强重建组（B组）,每组各12例。术后定期随访,采用疼痛视觉模拟（VAS）评分、美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）足踝功能评分及维多利亚体育研究所评分（VISA-A）评估治疗结果,进行观察对比。结果 患者平均随访时间（7.5±0.8）个月,末次随访均不存在后足跟肿痛、跟腱再次断裂等并发症。所有患者症状较术前均得到缓解。A组和B组的VAS评分、AOFAS评分、VISA-A评分均较术前有所改善;然而A组和B组术前及术后6个月的VAS、AOFAS、VISA-A评分对比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;B组术后1、3个月的VAS、AOFAS、VISA-A评分优于A组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 全关节镜下跟腱止点增强重建治疗跟腱部分撕裂的Haglund综合征,较关节...     

Effect of ageing on ultrastructure of slow and fast skeletal muscle tendon in rabbit Achilles tendons

This reports presents the changing morphological characteristics of collagen and fibroblasts in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle tendon of female Japanese white rabbits with ageing. The fibroblasts decreased in number per 37 μm² with ageing in each group, and their morphology became longer and more slender through ageing. The mean fibril area and diameter of the collagen fibrils of soleus muscle tendon (SMT) and lateral gastrocnemius muscle tendon (GMT) in 8- to 10-month old rabbits were significantly higher than those of 3-wk-old rabbits during growth (P < 0.01). The mean area and diameter of collagen fibrils of SMT and GMT decreased during senescence: the values for 4- to 5-yr-old rabbits were lower than those for 8- to 10-month-old rabbits, but the difference was not significant. Statistically significant differences in fibril area and diameter between the SMT and GMT were not found during ageing. The number of thick fibrils increased during growth, but decreased in senescence. There were more thin fibrils (30–60 nm) in the 3-wk-old rabbits than in the 8- to 10-month old and 4 to 5-yr-old groups, and the large-diameter collagen (300–360 nm) was more abundant in the 8- to 10-month-old group than in the 3-wk-old and 4- to 5-yr-old groups. Differences in fibril size between slow and fast muscle tendons were not observed during ageing.     

Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile and hyaluronic acid on repair of collagenase-induced injury of the rabbit Achilles tendon

Collagenase was injected into the Achilles tendon of both hind legs of 10 clinically normal adult male New Zealand white rabbits. One month after induction of the injury, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) or hyaluronic acid (HA) was injected into the tendon core of the right hind leg of each rabbit, the left hind leg being left untreated. The treatment effects were evaluated by electron microscopy and analysis of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of samples at 2 and 6 months post-treatment. At 2 months, collagen fibrils in tendons from both hind legs were relatively small in diameter, irregularly arranged, and interspersed with abundant active tenocytes as compared with those in normal tendon uninjured by collagenase. In the matrix, the amount of HA increased, but chondroitin-6-sulphate was eliminated. At 6 months, BAPN-treated tendons had small-diameter, regularly arranged collagen fibrils. HA-treated tendons, on the other hand, had large diameters, as well as regularly arranged collagen fibrils by comparison with non-treated tendon. The results suggest that HA, unlike BAPN, promoted healing.     

跟腱内侧小切口经皮编织改良Kessler缝合治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂

文题释义：跟腱断裂：即跟腱组织的断裂，一般是由间接暴力或直接暴力所引起，以跟腱局部明显肿胀、疼痛、跖屈无力、不能踮脚站立、跛行为主要表现。体格检查可触及跟腱断裂处凹陷，无法完成单足提踵功能，Thompson试验(+)。超声检查和MRI检查可进一步明确诊断跟腱断裂部位。 跟腱缝合方法：由于肌腱愈合的机制特点，术后极有可能产生粘连，故在缝合材料和缝合方式方面有特殊性。跟腱断端的微创治疗方法主要包括卵圆钳辅助穿针修复术、带线锚钉修复术、Achillon吻合器修复术以及内镜下修复术等，缝合方法主要包括Bunnell缝合、Kessler缝合及Krackow缝合。 背景：传统开放缝合术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂可以明显降低腓肠神经损伤以及跟腱再次断裂的风险，但却增加了切口相关并发症以及组织粘连等问题。虽然Krackow缝合法强度更大，但难以做到小切口微创手术，以及过多的锁扣加强缝合可能会影响跟腱血供。而经皮编织改良 Kessler缝合法不仅缝合处光滑平整，相对牢固，而且张力较强，跟腱功能恢复好，还可以做到微创。 目的：通过与开放缝合术对比，探讨跟腱内侧小切口经皮编织改良Kessler缝合治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。 方法：回顾性分析内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院手足显微外科于2015年6月至2018年6月期间诊治的72例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者临床资料，根据手术方式的不同将患者分为开放组和腱内侧微创组(n=36)，分别采用常规开放改良Kessler缝合手术治疗和跟腱内侧小切口经皮编织改良Kessler缝合术治疗，对比两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、切口长度、伤口愈合情况、并发症发生情况以及临床疗效。 结果与结论：①与开放组相比，腱内侧微创组的手术时间和住院时间更短、术中出血量更少、切口长度更短(P < 0.05)；②腱内侧微创组患者治疗后6个月的ATRS评分和AOFAS评分明显高于开放组(P < 0.05)，但两组患者治疗后1年的ATRS评分和AOFAS评分却无明显差别(P ˃ 0.05)；③两组患者治疗后1年的临床疗效优良率差异无显著性意义(P ˃ 0.05)；④腱内侧微创组的总体并发症发生率明显低于开放组(P < 0.05)，其中主要为切口相关并发症；⑤结果表明，与开放改良Kessler缝合术相比，跟腱内侧小切口经皮编织改良Kessler缝合具有操作简单、价格低廉、围术期指标突出、术后切口并发症发生率低、短期疗效显著等优点。 ORCID: 0000-0003-2610-5380(王小龙) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

An unusual cause of Achilles tendon xanthoma

Tendinous xanthomas are often thought to be pathognomonic for familial hypercholesterolemia. In this report, we present the case of a young man with a normal lipid profile and Achilles tendon xanthoma. Biochemical and genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in this patient. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease associated with xanthoma in tendons and the brain as well as progressive neurologic deficits. Unfortunately, this rare form of reversible dementia is thought to be underdiagnosed. Early diagnosis and treatment of this disease with chenodeoxycholic acid is essential and has been shown to greatly improve the patient's symptoms and prognosis.     

同种异体肌腱移植修复跟腱断裂

背景：对于跟腱断裂,临床传统修复方法是应用踝周自体肌腱移位修复,自体肌腱取材有限,供区损伤,以牺牲正常的动力和稳定结构为代价;而同种异体肌腱移植具有来源丰富,取材方便,不破坏宿主正常结构,保持其原有生物结构特性等优点。 目的：评价同种异体肌腱移植修复跟腱断裂的临床效果。 方法：2008年8月至 2011年6月收治30例急性、陈旧性跟腱断裂患者,4例陈旧损伤有2-5 cm不等缺损,应用同种异体肌腱移植修复缺损,移植后短腿石膏固定患肢,4周后拆除石膏行功能锻炼。按Arner-lindholm疗效评定标准评价临床治疗结果。 结果与结论：住院时间平均12.5 d。移植后25例获得随访,随访1-3年,未见再断裂病例。按Arner-lindholm评定标准,25例中优20例,良3例,可2例,优良率为92%。患者踝关节功能恢复正常,3 例跟腱与邻近组织粘连, 影响踝关节背伸, 足部蹬力无明显下降。2例考虑排异反应,经对症处理痊愈。1例出现少许皮缘坏死、切口感染,扩创换药,行邻近转移皮瓣覆盖后痊愈。所有患者出院时切口均愈合。结果显示,同种异体肌腱移植修复跟腱断裂效果满意,是一种值得推荐的治疗选择。但远期疗效需要进一步观察。