鼻内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤13例

目的：了解鼻内镜技术用于经蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤的可行性。方法：对13例垂体大腺瘤患者采用鼻内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除术式。结果：肿瘤全切除9例(69．2％)，大部切除3例(23．1％)，手术失败1例(7．7％)。术后1周内视力、视野明显改善10例(76．9％)，其中7例接近或完全恢复正常。除2例短暂脑脊液漏外，无其他严重并发症及死亡病例发生。结论：鼻内镜用于经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除垂体大腺瘤可获得满意的临床效果，但应注意避免术中出血、解剖变异、鞍旁组织向鞍内膨出、复发性垂体大腺瘤及术后不适当的瘤腔处理对鼻内镜手术操作及疗效的影响。     

内镜眶上锁孔与经鼻蝶联合入路的解剖学研究

目的 研究框上锁孔入路及经鼻－蝶窦入路的内镜局部解剖学并测量有关解剖数据，探讨二者联合应用于治疗巨大鞍山区占位性病变的可行性，为颅底外科手术提供相关形态学参考数据。方法 测量100例成人颅骨标本额骨颧突距同侧和对侧前后床突的距离和角度。通过25例成人尸头，模拟内镜眶上“锁孔”入路和经鼻－蝶窦入路，观察所能达到 解剖部位，测量相关的解剖数据。结果 眶上锁孔入路可以从前方和上方达到鞍区及斜坡上段，清晰地显露垂体、垂体柄、视交叉、颈内动脉、基底动脉等结构；经鼻－蝶窦入路可从下方显露垂体及鞍膈等鞍区结构。结论 内镜眶上锁孔与经鼻－蝶窦联合入路是一种微创外科手术，二者联合应用可完成巨大鞍区占位性病变的外科治疗。     

头颈外科

900257 经鼻腔、蝶窦至海绵窦手术人路的解剖学基础/周敬德∥西安医科大学学报.-1989,10(3).-202～204 1987年,M.Loyo首次报道经鼻腔、蝶窦而入海绵窦,处理海绵窦内血管疾患的新手术入路。本文作者用30个(60侧)尸头及51个干颅骨(102侧)做了蝶窦的外科解剖观察,除     

经蝶窦入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的内镜解剖学研究

目的研究经蝶窦入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的内镜解剖学特点。方法在11具动脉灌注染料的成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路,在内镜下观察颈内动脉海绵窦段的走行特点及颈内动脉海绵窦段分支情况。结果颈内动脉海绵窦段分为5段——后垂直段、后曲、水平段、前曲和前垂直段,有3个动脉分支——脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉和McConnell背囊动脉,其在蝶窦外侧壁上形成颈内动脉隆突,与视神经隆突形成视神经-颈动脉隐窝,是内镜手术中确定颈内动脉及视神经的标志。结论颈内动脉海绵窦段是扩大经蝶窦手术入路中最重要的解剖结构。内镜下扩大经蝶窦手术可清晰显示海绵窦内的颈内动脉及其分支血管和神经等重要的组织结构,是处理海绵窦内侧壁病变的良好手术方式。了解颈内动脉相关解剖对临床手术具有重要的参考价值。     

鼻内镜下扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦入路治疗鞍周病变的解剖研究和临床应用

目的:通过扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦入路的内镜解剖学研究和初步临床应用,为扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦手术适应证及范围提供理论依据。方法: 在4具(8侧)已经染料动脉灌注的成人尸头上模拟扩大经鼻腔蝶窦     

鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁的应用解剖学研究

目的:通过经鼻内镜行蝶窦外侧壁尸头解剖,为临床鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁相关手术提供解剖学参考.方法:选取经10%甲醛防腐处理的国人成人湿性尸头10具(20侧),鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术入路,暴露蝶窦腔,在0°和30°鼻内镜下确认蝶窦外侧壁骨性隆起,观察视神经和颈内动脉与毗邻结构的关系,以直尺、量角器等测量工具分别测量视神经管和颈内动脉骨性隆起与鼻小柱、鞍底中线的距离和角度.结果:鼻内镜下可见蝶窦外侧壁上视神经管与颈内动脉骨性隆起呈"八"字形关系,向蝶窦腔凸入的程度及两者间距离因人而异,沿颈内动脉追踪可暴露海绵窦外侧壁;测得视神经管眶口内壁中点、颈内动脉骨性隆起前端到鼻小柱的平均距离分别为(75.33±5.59)mm和(81.02±5.29)mm,到鞍底中线的平均距离分别为(5.81±1.52)mm和(5.53±1.47)mm;视神经管眶口内壁中点到鼻小柱连线与鼻底的夹角平均为(53.4±4.1)°.结论:以鼻小柱及鞍底中线为参考点,在鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术径路进行的蝶窦外侧壁解剖学形态观察和相关测量数据可为临床医生提供相应指导.     

内镜辅助显微镜切除垂体瘤126例报告

目的探讨内镜辅助显微镜经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤手术。方法126例垂体瘤病人内镜下单鼻孔入路,直达蝶窦前壁蝶嵴,打开蝶窦前壁、鞍底,显微镜下切开硬脑膜,切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全部切除80例,次全切除26例,大部分切除20例。术后视力和内分泌症状明显改善95例,无脑脊液漏及脑膜炎发生。72例获随访,随访时间6个月至2年,鼻腔干燥3例,未发现鼻中隔穿孔、萎缩性鼻炎、嗅觉减退、鼻中隔粘连等并发症。结论内镜经鼻腔直达蝶窦入路辅助显微镜切除垂体瘤,视野清晰,损伤小,术后恢复快,鼻腔功能恢复好。     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路翼腭窝解剖学研究

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝的解剖学研究,为临床内镜下翼腭窝手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10具新鲜尸头采用内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝进行解剖,观测手术径路中重要标志及穿经血管神经结构,并观测翼腭窝内结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果：①翼腭窝及其周围结构解剖关系复杂,颌内动脉及其分支变异较大;②蝶腭孔、眶下管、圆孔和翼管是翼腭窝重要骨性标志,同时翼腭窝可作为进入颞下窝和蝶窦的通路。结论：①熟知翼腭窝及其周围恒定的解剖标志可保持方向感,提高手术安全性;②鼻内镜下经鼻腔外侧壁入路可充分暴露翼腭窝,视野清晰,术中对重要神经血管控制较好,可根据病变范围变通手术径路;③经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路可进入翼腭窝临近区域,处理临近区域病变。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘并鼻腔大出血的血管栓塞及蝶窦肌浆填塞术

目的 :探讨颈动脉海绵窦瘘伴鼻腔大出血的治疗途径。方法 :1例经影像学诊断为鞍区肿瘤侵入到海绵窦和蝶窦的患者 ,在行经鼻入路手术时因损伤颈动脉导致颈动脉海绵窦瘘而相继引起二次鼻腔大出血 ,给予数字血管减影和血管内栓塞以及经鼻内镜蝶窦内肌浆填塞等处理。结果 :患者成功治愈 ,经术后 8个月的随访表明局部肌浆存活 ,愈合良好 ,未再发生出血。结论 :颈动脉海绵窦瘘引起的鼻腔大出血在经过紧急处理后 ,血管内栓塞和经鼻内镜行蝶窦内肌浆填塞为一种可供选择和有效的治疗方法。     

内镜经鼻蝶入路切除累及鞍外垂体瘤的疗效分析

目的　探讨内镜经鼻蝶入路切除累及鞍外的垂体肿瘤的疗效及并发症。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月～2016年1月中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的24例采用内镜经单鼻孔鼻蝶入路手术治疗的累及鞍外的垂体瘤患者临床资料,其中伴甲介型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤2例,蝶窦气化正常的垂体腺瘤22例。结果　24例患者中,肿瘤全切除18例（75%）,次全切除5例（20.8%）,短暂性尿崩症18例,永久性尿崩症3例,颅内感染1例,鼻-鼻窦炎2例,鼻出血2例。2例甲介型蝶窦垂体腺瘤达到全切除,无手术并发症。结论　内镜经鼻蝶入路可以更好的辨认蝶鞍区解剖标志,是鞍区肿瘤累及鞍旁及鞍上时可行的手术入路,同时蝶窦气化不良不应被视为此手术入路的绝对禁忌证。     

Endoscopic anatomy of the parasellar region

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus and adjoining parasellar regions and their relationships to the sphenoid sinus. METHODS: An endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland and posterior skull base was performed on three fresh frozen cadaver heads (six sides). Neural and vascular anatomic landmarks of the cavernous sinus and parasellar regions were identified and correlated with sphenoid surface anatomy. RESULTS: The posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus presents several surface landmarks allowing the identification of the sella, carotid artery, and optic nerve. Identification of the optic-carotid recess allows reflection of the internal carotid artery medially and access to the cavernous sinus. Further lateral dissection allows for easy identification of the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and abducens nerves. The ophthalmic artery then can be followed from its origin on the internal carotid artery coursing anteriorly into the orbit. The optic chiasm also can be easily identified superiorly. Posteriorly, careful dissection allows access to the basilar artery along the clivus. CONCLUSION: As endoscopic surgeons continue to expand their procedures to involve areas of the skull base outside the paranasal sinuses, knowledge of the endoscopic anatomy of the sella, parasellar, and adjacent areas is paramount. Critical landmarks are readily evident in the sphenoid sinus providing good access to neural and vascular structures of this region of the skull base.     

鼻内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤13例

目的:探讨鼻内镜扩大经蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤的可行性。方法:回顾性分析2000～2003年 间通过鼻内镜扩大经蝶手术入路治疗的13例巨大垂体腺瘤的临床资料。结果:所有患者术中镜下全部切除肿 瘤,术后10例患者给予放射治疗;术后影像学检查显示肿瘤有残余者6例,平均随访12个月肿瘤无复发或继续 生长。术后发生短暂性尿崩症6例,脑脊液鼻漏2例及急性腺垂体功能低下者1例;无死亡及颅内感染,无鼻腔 通气障碍、鼻腔粘连、鼻中隔穿孔等并发症。结论:扩大经蝶手术是治疗巨大垂体腺瘤的一种可行、安全、有效的 方法,但应掌握熟练的经蝶手术技术;术后应给予放射或药物辅助治疗。     

Extradural Extranasal Combined Transmaxillary Transsphenoidal Approach to the Cavernous Sinus: A Minimally Invasive Microsurgical Model

The authors have previously described an extradural transmaxillary approach to the anterior compartment of the cavernous sinus. In an effort to expand the surgical access to that area without necessitating a craniotomy or wide transfacial dissection, they present a modification of the transmaxillary approach to the sellar region and cavernous sinus. Methods: The approach was developed on 12 fresh and 12 embalmed cadaveric specimen, and 2 dry skulls. The initial sublabial incision is followed by a maxillotomy to expose the course of the infraorbital nerve (terminal branch of maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve) on the roof of the maxillary sinus. The route of the infraorbital nerve is traced to the pterygopalatine fossa as a guide to the foramen rotundum. Superomedial drilling of the foramen rotundum is then performed to reveal the contents of the superior orbital fissure. After the nerves are safely identified in the superior orbital fissure, medial enlargement of the window into the cavernous sinus is made possible by drilling the lateral and posterior wall and septum of the sphenoid sinus. Results: The combined transmaxillary transsphenoidal approach offers an excellent exposure of the sellar and infrasellar region. The approach offers clear visualization of the ipsilateral loop of the carotid artery, the pituitary fossa, and the cranial nerves of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. Mean operative reach is 38 mm from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the ipsilateral carotid loop and 56 mm to the contralateral loop. The width of the operative window is 26 mm at the base within the cavernous sinus. Conclusion: The model offers a minimally invasive approach that avoids the need for craniotomy or violating the nasal cavity. It may be safely employed to access vascular as well as invasive lesions of the sellar and infrasellar region. The approach offers excellent visualization of the ipsilateral intracavernous carotid artery with both proximal and distal control, as well as cranial nerves III, IV, VI, V2, the hypophyseal region, and the medial aspect of the contralateral cavernous sinus.     

Cavernous carotid injury during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: case presentations and guidelines for optimal management

BACKGROUND: Surgery in the parasellar and paranasal regions is technically challenging because of the complex anatomic relationships between the sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus, optic nerve, and internal carotid artery. Normal anatomic variations and pathological changes can lead to disastrous outcomes including carotid artery injury. METHODS: We present two cases of carotid injury managed at our institution. The first case involves an elective endoscopic biopsy of a clival tumor encasing a friable carotid artery. The second case features a patient transferred emergently to our medical center when brisk bleeding was encountered during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Both carotid injuries were managed via balloon embolization with close interaction between otolaryngology and interventional radiology. We review pertinent anatomic and surgical considerations as a backdrop to a treatment algorithm for cavernous carotid hemorrhage secondary to FESS complication. RESULTS: The treatment algorithm prevented mortality and minimized morbidity in the two cases considered. CONCLUSION: Through rare, injury to the cavernous carotid during FESS can be managed successfully given efficient hemostasis and seamless cooperation among emergency room physicians, otolaryngologists, and interventional radiologists.     

经鼻内镜手术治疗硬脑膜外来源的海绵窦区肿瘤

目的探讨经鼻内镜切除硬脑膜外来源的海绵窦肿瘤的可行性,并介绍手术入路选择、海绵窦重要结构保护和出血控制。方法硬脑膜外侵犯海绵窦的肿瘤39例,其中为垂体腺瘤17例、鼻咽纤维血管瘤5例、神经鞘膜瘤6例、脊索瘤6例、腺样囊性癌2例、软骨瘤2例、纤维肉瘤1例。根据肿瘤原发的部位和范围,分别选择内镜下经鼻中隔经蝶、扩大鼻中隔经蝶、扩大上颌窦后壁、翼突根和鼻外上颌骨等入路切除肿瘤。结果33例肿瘤获得全切（全切率84．6％）;6例肿瘤获得次全切（次全切率15．4％）,无致残和致死性手术并发症。结论只要选择手术入路恰当,手术中保护海绵窦重要结构,采取合理的措施控制海绵窦出血,经鼻内镜切除硬脑膜外来源的海绵窦肿瘤是可行的。     

Approaches to sella turcica in endoscopic pituitary surgery

Recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery suggested the potential for its surgical application to pituitary surgery. A number of institutions have reported the advantage of endoscope use in pituitary surgery, which is now widely accepted, but approaches to the sella vary in the literature. We retrospectively studied sella approaches in endoscopic pituitary surgery as rhinologists. Subjects included 6 cases of pituitary adenoma and 2 cases of Rathke's cleft cyst. A both-nostril transnasal transsphenoidal approach, our standard technique, was used in 6 cases. This approach consisted of elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps, resection of the vomer and sphenoid anterior wall, and opening of the sellar floor. Elevated mucoperiosteal flaps were used to close of the sella after tumor resection. All tumors were removed and no significant postoperative complications occurred. We found the both-nostril transnasal approach to be easy and time-saving and provided surgeon with a broad surgical field necessary to treat large tumors and accidental cases. Postoperative observation of the sella was easy for wide opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. In our experience with reoperation, we quickly accessed the sella and easily removed tumors in the second operation. Our technique therefore has an advance in treatment of recurrence. The both-nostril transnasal approach involves the same procedures as median drainage of the sphenoid sinus, so our technique may have advantages in preventing mucocele of the sphenoid sinus as a late complication of transsphenoidal surgery. The transnasal transsphenoidal approach via both nostrils is preferable rhinologically.     

Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors--intranasal procedures

We have been performing intranasal procedures and postoperative nasal treatments in patients undergoing microscopic transseptal pituitary surgery for the past twenty years. This surgery is safe and minimally invasive and has become the standard procedure for removing pituitary adenomas. Recent advances in optical technology have increased the use of endoscopy in endonasal sinus surgery. Several methods for endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery have been reported. Here, we report the results for 31 patients (34 operations) who were treated with endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery. This technique enables the area of surgery to be visualized without requiring a sublabial incision or septal ablation to be performed. Five of the cases were for recurrences after microscopic surgery. A transsphenoidal surgical approach via a unilateral nasal cavity was used in 32 cases. For the remaining two cases, a transsphenoidal surgical approach via bilateral nasal cavities was used in 1 case, and a transethmoidal-transsphenoidal surgical approach via a unilateral nasal cavity was used in 1 case. Excellent results comparable to those of microscopic transseptal surgery were obtained. Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery was found to have the following advantages: low-invasiveness, a wide and clear surgical view, and a relatively short operating time in the nose and sinus, especially for recurrent cases. This endoscopic procedure should therefore be considered as the first choice for pituitary surgery.     

侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的治疗进展

 海绵窦是位于鞍旁一对重要的硬脑膜窦,有颈内动脉和一些脑神经通过。垂体瘤是颅内常见肿瘤,其在人群中发病率颇高。侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤因累及海绵窦内重要血管、神经而导致其目前临床治疗效果欠佳。本文总结侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的治疗进展,特别是显微手术及内镜手术在切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤中的应用,以及药物治疗和放射治疗的多学科综合治疗进展。展望侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤未来治疗方向。     

内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理颅内外沟通性肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路在颅内外沟通性肿瘤手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2016年5月至2018年1月在天津市环湖医院采用内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路进行手术治疗的7例颅内外沟通性肿瘤患者的临床资料。7例患者中男4例,女3例,年龄27~65岁,中位年龄48岁。7例患者中2例复发侵袭性垂体瘤,3例颅底脑膜瘤,1例斜坡软骨肉瘤,1例复发鼻咽癌。病变广泛累及鼻腔、鼻窦、双侧海绵窦、鞍区、鞍上、上斜坡、颞叶、翼腭窝、颞下窝以及颅内重要血管。7例患者均采用全身麻醉下内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路肿瘤切除治疗,观察手术全切情况、术中术后并发症情况以及术后疗效。所有患者术后随访6~12个月,采用格拉斯哥预后分级(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评估患者预后。结果 7例患者中肿瘤全切5例,大部切除2例。术中未出现并发症。术后发生严重并发症2例:其中1例脑脊液鼻漏并颅内感染,经腰大池引流和鞘内注射药物治疗后治愈;1例动眼神经麻痹,随访期间内未恢复。术后其他并发症包括滑车神经功能障碍1例次,耳鸣1例次,面部麻木2例次,随访中部分神经功能恢复。术中术后无死亡病例。7例患者术后随访均无肿瘤复发,且7例患者GOS评分均达Ⅳ~Ⅴ级。结论内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理复杂性颅内外沟通性肿瘤可一期切除肿瘤,手术并发症较少,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

CT仿真内镜对蝶窦三维解剖的显示及在垂体瘤经蝶窦手术的应用

目的 探讨CT仿真内镜(CT virtual endoscopy,CTVE)显示蝶窦三维解剖的情况及在垂体瘤经蝶窦手术中的应用.方法 根据术前CT扫描数据重建蝶窦CTVE图像,并用于指导128例垂体瘤经蝶窦手术的术前计划及术中定位.结果 CTVE能显示蝶窦三维解剖结构,接近术中所见.在128例患者中,通过传输函数(tr...