唐山农村地区老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者病原学分析

目的分析唐山农村地区老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患者病原学构成并初步分析合并常见基础疾病的病原体构成。方法选择在唐山市3家三级医院住院的唐山市农村地区老年CAP住院患者359例,分析患者痰培养结果,病原学构成,同时分析合并有常见基础疾病的老年CAP患者的病原学特点。结果 359例老年CAP住院治疗患者中,以革兰氏阴性细菌感染占72.9%,伴COPD、脑血管后遗症、糖尿病的老年CAP患者最常见为肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染,支扩中最常见病原体为铜绿假单胞菌。结论老年CAP住院患者以革兰氏阴性菌感染为主,其伴随的基础疾病影响病原学结果。     

绿脓杆菌肺部感染的发病机理

近年来,革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎的发病率明显增加,占原发性肺炎的20%,占继发性院内获得性肺炎的50%～60%。院内获得性肺炎中,以绿脓杆菌及大肠杆菌感染为多。绿脓杆菌感染占17.1%～26.9%,近年有增高。本院1989～1991年6 943例阳性痰标本中585例检出绿脓杆菌。     

社区获得性肺炎细菌学检测及药物敏感性分析

目的了解住院的社区获得性肺炎(C omm un ityacqu iredpneum o-n ia,CAP)主要病原菌及敏感的药物,指导临床合理用药。方法药物敏感性试验采用常规纸片扩散法。结果检出病原菌共118株,其中芏兰氏阴性杆菌71株,占细菌总数60.2%,革兰氏阳性球菌28株,占23.7%;真菌感染19株,占16.1%。结论住院的CAP的病原菌以芏兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主,喹诺酮类抗生素和三代头孢菌素可作为经验治疗的首选。     

社区获得性肺炎住院患者病原体构成分析

目的了解近四年来唐山地区成人社区获得性肺炎住院患者病原谱构成。方法收集在河北联合大学附属医院呼吸内科住院治疗的400例成人社区获得性肺炎患者资料,分析其病原谱构成。1400例成人CAP住院治疗患者中,病原体阳性患者为245人,病原体检出率为61．3％。细菌培养阳性。结果细菌感染患者140人,细菌检出率为35％,其中革兰氏阳性细菌占29．9％,革兰氏阴性细菌占70．1％,最常见致病菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌（9．8％）、肺炎链球菌（6．5％）、铜绿假单胞菌（4．5％）。血清学检测非典型病原体IgM抗体阳性患者50人,检出率为（12．5％）,病毒抗体阳性患者55人,检出率（13．8％）。结论唐山地区成人CAP患者最常见的感染类型为细菌感染、其后依次非典型性病原体感染、病毒感染,其中细菌感染以革兰氏阴性细菌为主。     

老年COPD并社区获得性肺炎常见病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）病人并发社区获得性肺炎常见病原菌及其耐药性的情况，为临床治疗提供参考。方法对我院70例老年COPD并发社区获得性肺炎患者的合格痰标本进行痰培养及药敏试验，对结果进行统计。结果70例患者痰培养阳性者共有40例，共获得致病菌株42株，革兰阴性杆菌占55．0％，其中铜绿假单胞菌最多（22．5％），其次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌。革兰阳性球菌以肺炎链球菌最多（17．5％），其次为溶血性链球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。革兰阴性杆菌对三代头孢霉素耐药严重，对头孢他定、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦或碳青霉烯类的抗生素较敏感。而革兰阳性球菌对青霉素几乎全部耐药，未发现对万古霉素耐药。结论老年COPD患者并发社区获得性肺炎的患者常见致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌多见，且耐药严重，临床选择抗生素时应加以注意。     

成人社区获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染临床特点

正肺炎克雷伯杆菌类为医源性感染的重要病原菌之一,是一种革兰氏阴性条件致病菌,在机体免疫力低下时,可引起呼吸道、泌尿道、消化道及皮肤软组织等多种部位感染。近年来不断有成人社区获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌的报道,为了提高对成人社区获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染的认识,明确社区获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染临床特点,现将首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院2010～2018年社区获得性感染经病原学培养证实为肺炎克雷伯杆菌患者的临床资料整理报道如下。     

AECOPD患者呼吸道感染病原菌及药敏分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期（AECOPD）呼吸道病原菌群的分布及分析药敏试验结果。方法对我院老年呼吸病房及呼吸病特色诊疗中心住院的120例AECOPD患者的痰细菌培养和药敏试验结果进行分析。结果COPD急性加重期感染的病原菌中,革兰氏阴性杆菌占65．69％,以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主;革兰氏阳性球菌占28．43％,以肺炎链球菌、葡萄球菌为主;真菌占5．88％;一种以上病原菌混台感染占5．0％。细菌体外药敏试验发现：亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、哌拉西林、罗米沙星对大部分革兰阴性杆菌有较好敏感性,亚胺培南、头孢毗肟、头孢他啶、万古霉素对大部分革兰阳性球菌有较好敏感性,本组真菌对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑均敏感。结论AECOPD分离的细菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,真菌感染率较高,应引起重视。各病原菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率有上升趋势。     

老年革兰阴性杆菌肺炎43例临床特征分析

革兰阴性杆菌是医院获得性肺炎(HAP)、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的主要致病菌[1].但近年来老年人肺部革兰阴性杆菌感染率在社区获得性肺炎(CAP)感染中也呈上升趋势.本文回顾性探讨老年革兰阴性杆菌肺炎的临床表现特征、病程经过,以期提高对老年革兰阴性杆菌肺炎的认识及治疗水平.     

下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法收集我院2011年1月至12月下呼吸道感染患者1 123例的痰标本分离的病原菌,进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果共分离出385株病原菌。其中革兰氏阴性杆菌287株,占74.5%;革兰氏阳性球菌83株,占21.6%;真菌15株,占3.9%。革兰氏阴性杆菌中前3位依次为：大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌。革兰氏阳性球菌中前3位为：金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌。革兰氏阴性杆菌对抗生素的耐药率高,未发现有耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌。结论革兰氏阴性杆菌是下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,其药敏结果表明耐药性较高。耐甲氧西林菌株（MRS）出现率高,临床医生需根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

枣庄地区肺炎病原菌分析

目的分析不同肺炎的病原菌感染情况,以提高其治疗效果。方法收集2009年5月～2011年11月枣庄市249例住院肺炎患者的临床资料,分析比较社区获得性肺炎(CAP)、医院获得性肺炎(HAP)及医疗机构相关性肺炎(HCAP)的病原菌感染情况。结果共培养出病原菌465株,其中CAP患者共212株,HCAP患者共97株,HAP患者共156株。CAP患者感染居前六位病原菌为肺炎链球菌46株(21.70%),肺炎支原体35株(16.50%),流感嗜血杆菌31株(14.62%),肺炎衣原体16株(7.55%),铜绿假单胞菌9株(4.25%),金黄色葡萄球菌6株(2.83%);HCAP患者前六位病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌31株(31.96%),鲍曼不动杆菌13株(13.40%),白色念珠菌8株(8.25%),肺炎克雷伯菌7株(7.22%),大肠埃希菌6株(6.19%),金黄色葡萄球菌5株(5.15%);HAP患者前六位病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌59株(37.82%),肺炎克雷伯菌46株(29.49%),白色念珠菌7株(4.49%),鲍曼不动杆菌6株(3.85%),金黄色葡萄球菌5株(3.21%),大肠埃希菌5株(3.21%)。结论分析不同类型肺炎的病原菌、合理经验性地使用抗感染药物,有利于提高治愈率、降低病死率、减少医疗费用及耐药性的发生。     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by atypical pathogens in Thai children is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae infections in paediatric patients (aged 2-15 years) with CAP in three academic hospitals using standardised laboratory techniques. The characteristics of atypical pneumonia were also compared with other causes of CAP. METHODS: Diagnosis of current infection was based on a four-fold or more rise in antibody serum samples or persistently high antibody titres together with the presence of mycoplasmal or chlamydial DNA in secretions. RESULTS: Of 245 patients with CAP, 17.5% of cases were caused by atypical pathogens (M. pneumoniae 14.3%, C. pneumoniae 2.8% and co-infection 0.4%). We also found atypical pathogens in young children aged 2-5 years. The clinical and laboratory findings did not distinguish atypical pneumonia from other CAPs. Segmental or lobar consolidation on chest X-rays was more common in atypical pneumonia, while dyspnoea was more prominent in other CAPs. CONCLUSION: Our data show a high prevalence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in Thai children with CAP, including in children aged 2-5 years.     

Etiologies and treatment outcomes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Local epidemiological data on the etiologies of in-patients who are hospitalized with CAP is needed to develop guidelines for clinical practice. This study was conducted to determine the pattern of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients admitted to Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand, between January 2001 and December 2002. Altogether, 254 patients (124 males, 130 females) averaging 56.4 (SD 19.8) years were included. Eighty-six of them (33.8%) presented with severe CAP on initial clinical presentation. The etiologies for the CAP cases were discovered by isolating the organisms from the blood, sputum, pleural fluid, and other sterile sites. Serology for Chlamydia pneunmoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were performed to diagnose current infection. The causative organisms were identified in 145 patients (57.1%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the commonest pathogen, identified in 11.4% of the cases, followed by Burkholderia pseudomallei (11.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.2%). The atypical pathogens, C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae, accounted for 8.7% and 3.9% of the isolates, respectively. Sixteen patients (6.3%) had dual infections; C. pneumoniae was the most frequent coinfecting pathogen. The average length of hospital stay was 12.9 (SD 14.0) days, with 27.9% staying more than 2 weeks. Overall, 83.9% of the patients improved with treatment, 10.2% did not improve and 5.9% died. The most common complications were acute respiratory failure (31.1%) and septic shock (20.9%). We conclude that initial antibiotic use should cover the atypical pathogens, C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae, in hospitalized CAP patients. B. pseudomallei is an endemic pathogen in Northeast Thailand, and should be considered in cases of severe CAP.     

A comparison of moxifloxacin and amoxicillin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in Latin America: results of a multicenter clinical trial

Since community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease with a high morbidity rate, it is important to obtain information concerning its etiology and susceptibility to antibiotics across different geographic areas. This study presents data obtained in 5 Latin American counties in the course of an international clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with either moxifloxacin or amoxicillin administered for 10 days to patients suspected of having CAP caused by a pneumococcal infection. Details are given of the pathogens identified, the patterns of sensitivity to antibiotics observed, and the clinical and microbiological results obtained.A total of 84 patients were studied, of whom 70 (83.3%) were evaluated at the end of the trial to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment received. Gram-positive bacteria were found in samples from 29 patients (80.5%). The pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae in 28 of those cases (77.7%). Gram-negative bacteria were found in 7 patients (19.4%), the most common being Haemophilus influenzae in 3 patients (8.3%). The presence of atypical microorganisms was detected in 18 of the 70 patients (25%), mainly Mycobacterium pneumoniae (n=11), and in 6 cases (8.5%) the infection was mixed. Ten strains of S. pneumoniae (35.7%) were shown to be susceptible to penicillin, 2 (7.1%) were highly resistant, and 16 (57.1%) showed moderate resistance. The clinical success rate at the final visit after treatment was 94.1% for moxifloxacin and 91.7% for amoxicillin. The results of this trial demonstrate a high prevalence of S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin in patients with CAP in Latin America. It also revealed a high incidence of atypical pathogens and mixed infection in 8.6% of patients. This information should be taken into account when establishing protocols for empirical treatment of CAP in Latin America.     

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity.

The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and the impact of age, comorbidity, and severity on microbial etiologies of such pneumonia. Overall, 395 consecutive patients with CAP were studied prospectively during a 15-mo period. Regular microbial investigation included examination of sputum, blood culture, and serology. Sampling of pleural fluid, transthoracic puncture, tracheobronchial aspiration, and protected specimen brush (PSB) sampling were performed in selected patients. The microbial etiology was determined in 182 of 395 (46%) cases, and 227 pathogens were detected. The five most frequent pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (65 patients [29%]), Haemophilus influenzae (25 patients [11%]), Influenza virus A and B (23 patients [10%]), Legionella sp. (17 patients [8%]), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (15 patients [7%]). Gram-negative enteric bacilli (GNEB) accounted for 13 cases (6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 12 cases of pneumonia (5%). Patients aged < 60 yr were at risk for an "atypical" bacterial etiology (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2 to 4.5), especially Mycoplasma pneumoniae (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 1.7 to 16.8). Comorbid pulmonary, hepatic, and central nervous illnesses, as well as current cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse, were all associated with distinct etiologic patterns. Pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit was independently associated with the pathogens S. pneumoniae (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.7), gram-negative enteric bacilli, and P. aeruginosa (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 0.99 to 6.5). Clinical and radiographic features of "typical" pneumonia were neither sensitive nor specific for the differentiation of pneumococcal and nonpneumococcal etiologies. These results support a management approach based on the associations between etiology and age, comorbidity, and severity, instead of the traditional syndromic approach to CAP.     

An Asian study on the prevalence of atypical respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: In many parts of Asia, the inaccessibility and high cost of diagnostic tests have hampered the study of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by atypical respiratory pathogens. OBJECTIVE: This surveillance study examined the frequency of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila in 1756 patients presenting with signs and symptoms of CAP at 12 medical centres in Asia, using standardised laboratory techniques and interpretation criteria in all participating centres. METHODS: Diagnosis of current infection was based on significant changes in antibody titer or persisting high antibody titers, together with the presence of bacterial DNA in respiratory secretions, in the case of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae infections, or bacterial antigen in urine, in the case of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 infection. RESULTS: Using these criteria, results from 1374 patients with paired sera showed that, overall, 23.5% of CAP cases were associated with infection with atypical respiratory pathogens, with M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and L. pneumophila being found in 12.2%, 4.7%, and 6.6% of cases, respectively. Persisting high antibody titers indicative of past exposure to M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and L. pneumophila were seen in 10.2%, 4.8%, and 18.9% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data reflect the overall high prevalence of these atypical pathogens among Asian patients with CAP.     

儿童社区获得性肺炎细菌病原学特点分析研究

目的：探讨儿童社区获得性肺炎（ CAP ）细菌病原学特点及药敏情况,指导临床肺炎诊治。方法系统分析956例住院CAP患儿的临床特征,细菌病原学特点和微生物敏感性试验情况。结果956例CAP患儿痰培养中革兰阴性（ G－）杆菌为653例,占68．3％;革兰阳性（ G＋）球菌为303例,占31．7％。主要有大肠埃希杆菌253例（26．5％）,肺炎克雷伯杆菌166例（17．4％）,流感嗜血杆菌78例（8．2％）,鲍曼不动杆菌53例（5．5％）,铜绿假单胞杆菌41例（4．3％）,肺炎链球菌47例（4．9％）和金黄色葡萄球菌41例（4．3％）。二级医院CAP常见病原为流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、肺炎链球菌;而三级医院则为大肠埃希杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。铜绿假单胞杆菌对泰能和美罗培南均有耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对泰能有一定的耐药率。肺炎链球菌对青霉素、复方磺胺甲恶唑、克林霉素、红霉素及阿奇霉素均耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素全耐药,对复方磺胺甲恶唑、氨苄西林、红霉素、阿奇霉素及四环素也有较高的耐药率。结论儿童CAP病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌并不少见,对抗菌药物耐药率高,需引起重视。     

非典型病原菌致成人社区获得性肺炎患者的临床特点分析

目的 研究非典型病原菌感染在成人住院社区获得性肺炎中的重要地位,并对其临床特点进行分析.方法 收集2005年5月至2008年5月来自国内多中心的153例成人社区获得性肺炎住院患者急性期及恢复期双份血清和急性期痰标本,采用间接免疫荧光法检测肺炎衣原体IgG抗体及嗜肺军团菌IgG、IgA及IgM混合抗体滴度,采用被动凝集法检测肺炎支原体IgG、IgA及IgM混合抗体滴度,同时对153份急性期痰标本进行普通细菌培养.用回顾性分析方法了解非典型病原菌在成人社区获得性肺炎住院患者中的地位.结果 153例血清学检测结果中符合非典型病原菌致社区获得性肺炎诊断标准的52例(34.0%),其中47例为单一非典型病原菌感染,其中肺炎衣原体38例,肺炎支原体4例,嗜肺军团菌5例;5例为2种非典型病原菌混合感染,其中肺炎衣原体+肺炎支原体2例,肺炎衣原体+嗜肺军团菌3例;52例中合并细菌感染者11例.结论 非典型病原菌(肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体及嗜肺军团菌)为成人住院社区获得性肺炎的重要致病菌,以肺炎衣原体为主,同时不能忽视合并细菌感染情况的存在.     

Community-acquired pneumonia in children in Lambarene, Gabon

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounts for more than two million deaths per year in children < 5 years of age. Recognition of pathogens is vital for guiding antibiotic treatment. In Gabon, no epidemiologic data on childhood CAP were available to help guide antibiotic therapy. We conducted a prospective, hospital-based, cross-sectional survey at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambarene, Gabon, to assess the importance of atypical organisms (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and Legionella pneumophila) and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the etiology of CAP in children by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell culture, and serology. Collectively, atypical bacteria accounted for 11% of cases with a special emphasis on B. pertussis, accounting for 6% of cases. Clinical differentiation of atypical from typical pneumonia in children remains challenging. Molecular diagnostic methods offer fast and highly sensitive diagnostic tools and would be able to help guide antimicrobial therapy in rural areas where follow-up is difficult.     

Severe community-acquired pneumonia: an Australian perspective

BACKGROUND: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease with a relatively high mortality. The initial treatment is empirical, based on a broad range of potential pathogens. There are minimal published data describing microbiological causes of pneumonia in Australia. AIMS: To describe the aetiology and characteristics of severe CAP in patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission, to identify factors predicting mortality and to audit current practices of investigation and antibiotic management of these patients from an Australian perspective. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patient case notes was performed for 96 consecutive patients admitted to two ICU with severe CAP. Data recorded included patient demographics, comorbidities, antimicrobial treatment, investigations and outcome (mortality, length of stay). RESULTS: Overall, mortality was 32%. A microbiological diagnosis was made in 46% of patients. The most frequent causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (13 cases), influenza A (9), Haemophilus influenzae (5) and Staphylococcus aureus (4); aerobic Gram-negative bacilli collectively accounted for five cases. Blood cultures were positive in 20% of patients. Seventy patients (73%) required mechanical ventilation and 61 patients (63%) required inotropic support. Laboratory abnormalities including acute renal failure, metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy were frequent. Factors associated with mortality on multivariate analysis were age, antibiotic administration prior to hospital presentation, delay in hospital antibiotic administration of more than 4 h, and presence of multilobar or bilateral consolidation on chest X-ray. CONCLUSIONS: Severe CAP requiring ICU admission was associated with a mortality rate of 32%, despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy including a beta-lactam and a macrolide antibiotic in most cases. Causative organisms identified were similar to those found in previous studies. High rates of viral causes (28% of identified pathogens) were noted. Low rates of legionellosis and other atypical causes were found, most probably due to a lack of systematic testing for these agents.     

北京地区成人社区获得性肺炎非典型病原体流行病学调查

目的　对引起社区获得性肺炎 (CAP)的病原体进行流行病学调查 ,加强对非典型致病原重要性的认识。方法　收集 2 0 0 1年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 6月CAP患者共 10 3例。分别检测患者急性期及恢复期肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、肺炎衣原体血清抗体。应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)分别扩增肺炎支原体P1黏附蛋白基因及肺炎衣原体 16SrRNA基因。应用酶免疫测定 (EIA)方法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原。取患者急性期痰标本进行细菌培养 ,应用常规方法分离鉴定细菌。结果　 10 3例CAP患者 ,病原体检出率为 48.5%。 2 3例 (2 2 .3 % )检出肺炎支原体 ,3例 (2 .9% )检出嗜肺军团菌 ,2例 (1.9% )检出肺炎衣原体。 12例分离出肺炎链球菌 (11.7% )、9例分离出流感嗜血杆菌 (8.7% )、7例分离出肺炎克雷伯菌 (6.8% )。 6例患者存在混合感染 (5.8% ) ,其中 5例为肺炎支原体混合其他病原体。结论　非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在CAP中占据重要地位 ;肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌仍为常见的致病细菌 ;混合感染不容忽视