经静脉联合经胆道超声造影在肝门部胆管癌分型诊断中的价值

目的 探讨经静脉联合经胆道超声造影在肝门部胆管癌分型诊断中的价值.方法 回顾分析30例经增强CT或增强MRI诊断为肝门部胆管癌患者的常规超声、经静脉超声造影与经胆道超声造影表现,比较常规超声、经静脉超声造影、经胆道超声造影、经静脉联合经胆道超声造影对肝门部胆管癌的分型诊断准确率.结果 30例患者中,常规超声、经静脉超声造影、经胆道超声造影、经静脉联合经胆道超声造影的分型诊断准确率分别为73.3％ (22/30)、90.0％(27/30)、86.7％(26/30)及96.7％(29/30).其中,经静脉联合经胆道超声造影的分型准确率优于常规超声(P =0.011),经静脉超声造影或经胆道超声造影单独与常规超声比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.095和0.197).结论 经静脉联合经胆道超声造影能够全面评估肝门部胆管癌胆管腔内腔外病变情况,提高超声对肝门部胆管癌分型诊断的准确率.     

超声三维成像与磁共振胰胆管造影对肝门部胆管癌分型诊断的比较研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨三维超声反转模式成像技术在肝门部胆管癌Bismuth分型诊断中的可行性和准确性。方法纳入48例经手术确诊的肝门部胆管癌患者资料进行回顾性研究。所有患者接受了三维超声、磁共振胰胆管造影（magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP）检查,以手术分型结果作为金标准,比较两种方法对肝门胆管癌进行Bismuth分型的诊断效能。结果48例肝门部胆管癌患者中,按照手术结果进行Bismuth分型,Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型13例,Ⅲa型8例,Ⅲb型11例,Ⅳ型8例。其中,39例行根治性切除,9例行姑息性切除。三维超声分型的准确率为85．4％（41／48）,低估分型百分率为10．4％（5／48）,高估分型百分率为4．2％（2／48）;MRCP分型的准确率为87．4％（42／48）,低估分型和高估分型百分率均为6．3％（3／48）。三维超声分型准确率与MRCP之间差异无统计学意义（Х^2=0．597,P=0．440）。对三维超声和MRCP低估和高估分型的百分率分别进行检验,差异均无统计学意义（P=0．714,P=1．000）。结论三维超声用于评估肝门部胆管癌Bismuth分型是可行的,其对肝门部胆管癌的Bismuth分型诊断效能与MRCP相近,可作为一种新的补充诊断方法。     

三维超声对肝门胆管癌分型诊断的临床初步应用

目的 初步探讨三维超声在肝门胆管癌分型诊断中的应用价值.方法 对20例临床确诊的肝门胆管癌患者,分别运用二维和三维超声进行分型,使用表面光滑模式和最小回声模式对肝门部肿瘤及肝内胆道树三维重建.以手术及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)确定的分型结果作为金标准,比较三维和二维超声对肝门胆管癌分型诊断的准确率.结果 本组20例患者中11例经手术证实,包括Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型各1例,Ⅲa、Ⅲb型各2例,Ⅳ型5例,9例经MRCP证实,均为Ⅳ型.20例均成功重建出肝门部肿瘤及邻近胆道树的空间结构.二维超声分型诊断正确13例,诊断错误7例,其中手术证实4例,MRCP证实3例,包括1例Ⅱ型误诊为Ⅰ型,1例Ⅲa型及1例Ⅲb型误诊为Ⅳ型,3例Ⅳ型误诊为Ⅲa型,1例Ⅳ型误诊为Ⅲb型.三维超声分型诊断正确19例,1例Ⅲb型经手术证实误诊为Ⅳ型.三维和二维超声对肝门胆管癌分型诊断的准确率分别为95.0%(19/20)、65.0%(13/20),三维超声对肝门胆管癌分型诊断准确率高于二维超声(χ2 =3.91,P＜0.05).结论 三维超声成像能够提供更加丰富的信息,对了解肝门胆管癌与胆道树的空间位置关系、明确肝门胆管癌的分型具有一定价值.     

超声造影在肝门胆管癌分型中的应用

目的:探讨超声造影在肝门胆管癌分型中的应用价值.方法:对36例肝门胆管癌的诊疗资料予以回顾性分析.按Bismuth分型,先由2位阅片者分别就超声造影对肿瘤分型作出判断并作Kappa统计.然后,2位阅片者共同阅片并取得一致意见后与临床诊断相比较.结果:2位阅片者之间判断一致性良好,Kappa值为0.802.对照临床结果,超声造影分型准确度为86.1%(31/36),Kappa值0.808.结论:超声造影用于肝门胆管癌分型是可行的,可为术前制定手术方案提供准确的参考依据.     

超声在肝门部胆管癌术前评估中的价值

目的:分析肝门部胆管癌的超声表现,探讨超声在肝门部胆管癌术前评估中的价值.方法:对经病理、手术确诊的45例肝门部胆管癌超声声像图进行回顾性分析.结果:超声显示肝门区肿物34例(75.6%),其中乳头型8例(23.5%),团块型17例(50.0%),弥散型9例(26.5%);按Bismuth分型判断胆管受累范围,34例中,29例(85.3%)与术中分型相符.超声对门静脉、肝动脉侵袭和肝脏转移诊断符合率分别为80%、40%、50%.结论:超声对肝门部胆管癌进行术前评估是可行的,对指导临床制定手术方案具有重要的应用价值.     

胆管超声造影的临床价值初探

目的 探讨胆管超声造影在评价梗阻性胆道疾病中的可行性.方法 20例梗阻性黄疸患者(结石4例,术后胆道狭窄2例,肿瘤性病变14例)行经皮经肝胆道引流术置管引流,并经引流管注射SonoVue和泛影葡胺行胆管造影.以手术或经皮经肝胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)为金标准,分析各类病变的胆管超声造影(ultrasonic cholangiography,USC)表现和诊断的准确性.结果 ①20例均成功观察到超声造影剂在胆道内分布,19例显示了三级以上胆管.胆管内造影剂清晰显影持续时间可达6 min以上.未发生明确的并发症及造影后不适.②与手术及PTC对照,USC正确显示了其中18例的梗阻部位,USC对梗阻部位诊断的准确性为90.0%(18/20),对梗阻原因诊断的准确性为85.0%(17/20).结论 USC安全可行,能够清晰显示胆管树形态,对肝内胆管的显示率与PTC接近,作为一种新的胆管造影方法,在评估胆道梗阻性病变的部位和原因方面有一定价值,但需要进一步的研究证实.     

磁共振胰胆管成像在肝门部胆管癌分型中的诊断价值

目的分析不同类型的肝门部胆管癌的磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)表现,以提高对术前分型的认识。方法参照Bismuth分型法,分析18例经手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的MRCP表现。进行术前分型,并与手术探查结果对照。结果MRCP分型:BismuthⅠ型5例,Ⅱ型3例,ⅢA型2例,ⅢB型6例,Ⅳ型2例。与手术结果对照,MRCP对肝门部胆管癌术前分型准确性达94.4%。结论MRCP可对肝门部胆管癌进行较准确的术前Bismuth分型,对制定手术方案具有重要参考价值。     

肝外胆管疾病的超声诊断及漏误诊原因探讨

目的 探讨肝外胆管疾病的超声诊断价值及漏误诊原因.方法 对经内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、外科手术、病理确诊的685例肝外胆管疾病进行回顾性分析,分析肝外胆管疾病超声诊断漏误诊原因.结果 685例肝外胆管疾病,超声诊断诊断符合率89.34%.其中肝外胆管结石符合率88.64%(468/528),肝外胆管癌88.16%(67/76),胆道蛔虫92.59%(50/54),胆总管囊状扩张100%(27/27),漏误诊73例.结论 超声对肝外胆管疾病具有较高的诊断价值.     

超声造影检测移植肝肝门部胆管微循环的可行性研究

目的 探讨超声造影检测肝门部胆管微循环的可行性及其方法.方法 16例疑为移植肝胆道并发症者行肝门部胆管壁超声造影检查,按SonoVue用量不同(1.5 ml/次及2.4 ml/次)分为两组.比较两组的造影图像质量,图象质量分为优、一般、差三级.其中2例行二次肝移植者,以病肝标本为对照,了解术前常规超声及超声造影对肝门部胆管壁的显示是否准确.结果 16例胆管壁超声造影图像质量优良者8例(50%),一般者6例(37.5%),差者2例(12.5%).1.5 ml/次与2.4 ml/次剂量组间图像质量差异无统计学意义(P=0.78),两组图像质量优良及一般者均为7例(87.5%).2例肝门部胆管常规超声、超声造影图像与病肝标本对比表明,常规超声能准确显示肝门部胆管壁,超声造影则能检测出胆管壁内造影剂灌注状况.结论 肝门部胆管壁超声造影图象质量可满足诊断要求,能反映胆管壁微循环灌注.造影时每次注入1.5 ml SonoVue即可达到与2.4 ml相当的造影效果.     

胆管内超声造影在经皮经肝胆道引流术中的应用价值

目的 探讨胆管内超声造影在超声引导下经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTCD)中的应用价值.方法 100例因梗阻性黄疸行超声引导下PTCD的患者中,64例患者经PTCD胆道引流管注入超声造影剂(SonoVue)行胆管内超声造影检查,观察引流管是否位于胆管腔内及引流管末端位置,并与常规超声比较.在胆管内超声造影指导下,判断肝门部梗阻患者需要留置的PTCD胆道引流管数目.所有患者均行X线胆道造影或CT胆道造影证实.结果 胆管内超声造影判断引流管是否在胆管腔内的准确率和引流管末端的显示率均为100%(64/64),均优于常规超声的89.1%(57/64)和54.7%(35/64),差异有统计学意义(P=0.013和χ2=37.495,P<0.001).35例肝门部梗阻患者中的17例患者根据胆管内超声造影的结果留置了2条以上的胆道引流管,以达到充分引流效果.结论 胆管内超声造影技术弥补了常规超声的不足,可以在PTCD术中常规应用.     

Ultrasonically guided cholangiography and bile drainage

Ultrasonically guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (UG-PTC), bile drainage (UG-PTBD) and gallbladder drainage procedure (UG-PTGBD), developed by us, were performed in 47, 183 and 36 patients, respectively. In 47 patients UG-PTC was successfully performed 51 times without complications. By UG-PTBD 220 intubations were carried out successfully and four attempts failed (1.8%). The main complication was that the catheter slipped out from the bile duct. It was experienced 27 times (12.3%) in 23 patients (12.4%) from two to 47 days after intubation. UG-PTGBD was successfully performed 36 times. Bleeding from the catheter was experienced in four patients. However, other complications such as cholascos were not experienced. Due to the development of ultrasonic diagnosis and the UG-PTBD procedure, the indications for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) are now limited. For differentiation of jaundice, ultrasonic examination takes over from PTC. For preparation of PTBD, thin needle cholangiography is no longer necessary because UG-PTBD is a single-step procedure without the need for cholangiography. Therefore, the indication for PTC is limited to patients with partial dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts without jaundice, for example when only the left hepatic duct is dilated due to hepatolithiasis.     

胆管癌栓经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术的诊断价值

目的：分析胆管癌栓经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术（Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography，PTC）的影像特点，以提高胆管癌栓的诊断水平。资料与方法：回顾性分析27例经病理或临床证实为胆管癌栓的PTC图像特点。患者年龄（49.81±7.27）岁。27例患者均在超声或DSA引导下选择单侧或双侧穿刺入路行PTC，留置内引流管或外引流管，引流3~5 d后复查PTC以观察影像变化情况。结果：27例胆管癌栓均于胆管腔内可见充盈缺损影，26例充盈缺损及相应水平胆管呈“膨胀性”改变。24例癌栓近端胆管呈软藤样扩张，3例呈枯树枝样改变，癌栓远端胆管均无扩张。9例充盈缺损的轮廓完全显示，其余18例部分显示。21例引流前后所见充盈缺损范围基本一致，6例引流后充盈缺损范围较前缩小。根据其累及范围分为3型：Ⅰ型2例，Ⅱ型22例，Ⅲ型3例。结论：胆管癌栓有特异性的PTC表现，PTC对胆管癌栓的诊断有重要价值。     

Diffuse intrahepatic bile duct abscesses — Diagnosed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Multiple intrahepatic abscesses are associated with a very high mortality rate. We believe that percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is the definitive diagnostic procedure in this condition. Two patients with biliary duct obstruction who developed hepatic abscesses are presented. The value of early diagnosis by PTC is stressed.     

Cholangiocarcinoma: Ultrasound features and correlation of tumor position with survival

Cholangiography is the definitive imaging modality for assessing Cholangiocarcinoma. This study was designed to evaluate the ultrasound (US) features of cholangiocarcinomas and assess the accuracy of US in mapping tumor site when compared to cholangiography. Findings were correlated with patient survival. Thirty-one patients with an US diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma underwent cholangiography. The US diagnosis was correct in 29 of 31 cases. Complete agreement with cholangiography occurred in 23 (78%) cases. In six patients, there was discrepancy over the precise tumor location. US diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma had a high predictive value (0.94) and proved an accurate method of mapping tumor site. Lesions arising in the hilar region carried a worse prognosis (50% were dead within 80 days).     

The role of sonography in imaging of the biliary tract

Sonography is the recommended initial imaging test in the evaluation of patients presenting with right upper quadrant pain or jaundice. Dependent upon clinical circumstances, the differential diagnosis includes choledocholithiasis, biliary stricture, or tumor. Sonography is very sensitive in detection of mechanical biliary obstruction and stone disease, although less sensitive for detection of obstructing tumors, including pancreatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.In patients with sonographically documented cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy with operative clearance of the biliary stone disease is usually performed. In patients with clinically suspected biliary stone disease, without initial sonographic documentation of choledocholithiasis, endoscopic ultrasound or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the next logical imaging step. Endoscopic ultrasound documentation of choledocholithiasis in a postcholecystectomy patient should lead to retrograde cholangiography, sphincterotomy, and clearance of the ductal calculi by endoscopic catheter techniques.In patients with clinical and sonographic findings suggestive of malignant biliary obstruction, a multipass contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination to detect and stage possible pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, or periductal neoplasm is usually recommended. Assessment of tumor resectability and staging can be performed by CT or a combination of CT and endoscopic ultrasound, the latter often combined with fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspected periductal tumor.In patients whose CT scan suggests hepatic hilar or central intrahepatic biliary tumor, percutaneous cholangiography and transhepatic biliary stent placement is usually followed by brushing or fluoroscopically directed fine needle aspiration biopsy for tissue diagnosis.Sonography is the imaging procedure of choice for biliary tract intervention, including cholecystostomy, guidance for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and drainage of peribiliary abscesses.     

Transhepatic hilar approach for Bismuth types III and IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma with long-term outcomes

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of the transhepatic hilar approach and conventional approach for surgical treatment of Bismuth types III and IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 82 patients who underwent surgical resection of Bismuth types III and IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma from 2008 to 2016. The transhepatic hilar approach and conventional approach was used in 36 (43.9%) and 46 (56.1%) patients, respectively. Postoperative complications and overall survival were compared between the two approaches.ResultsSimilar clinical features were observed between the patients treated by the conventional approach and those treated by the transhepatic hilar approach. The transhepatic hilar approach was associated with less intraoperative bleeding and a lower percentage of Clavien grade 0 to II complications than the conventional approach. However, the transhepatic hilar approach was associated with a higher R0 resection rate and better overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that using the transhepatic hilar approach, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center classification, and R0 resection were independent risk factors for patient survival.ConclusionThe transhepatic hilar approach might be the better choice for surgical resection of Bismuth types III and IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma because it is associated with lower mortality and improved survival.     

超声对肝门部胆管癌的术前评估

目的：分析肝门部胆管癌的超声表现,探讨肝门部胆管癌术前超声评估的可行性。材料和方法：３０例经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌,术前均行彩超检查,并对其超声表现进行分析。结果：超声显示肝门区肿物２６例（８７％）,其中结节型１３型（５０％）,弥散型８例（３１％）,乳头型５例（１９％）。按Ｂｉｓｍｕｔｈ分型判断胆管受累范围,２６例中,２４例（９２％）与术中分型相符。超声对门静脉侵袭、肝动脉侵袭和肝脏转移诊断     

Three-dimensional spiral CT cholangiography with minimum intensity projection in patients with suspected obstructive biliary disease: comparison with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Background: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of spiral computed tomographic (CT) cholangiography with minimum intensity projection (minIP) in the diagnosis of patients with suspected biliary obstruction. Methods: Nine consecutive patients with obstructive biliary disease were enrolled in this study. Spiral CT data (3-mm slice thickness, pitch 1∼2:1) obtained 65 s after the start of contrast medium injection (150 mL Ultravist 370, 3 mL/s) were reconstructed at 1-mm intervals. Three-dimensional (3D) CT cholangiography with minIP (3D CTC) was generated with a Siemens software package. The quality of 3D CTC in its ability to demonstrate the anatomic detail, the level of obstruction, and the presence or absence of isolated hepatic segments was evaluated using percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography as a gold standard. Results: In all patients, 3D CTC demonstrated dilated intrahepatic ducts up to tertiary branches. 3D CTC correctly diagnosed the level of biliary obstruction and demonstrated isolated segments in all patients. In determining the cause of biliary obstruction, one patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma was misdiagnosed as having biliary invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: 3D CTC with minIP can determine the level and cause of biliary obstruction. 3D CTC can be obtained from regular thin-section helical CT data and may be a strong competitor against diagnostic magnetic resonance cholangiography because of its superior resolution and information on adjacent soft tissues and the duct itself. Received: 7 July 2000/Accepted: 23 August 2000     

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and biliary drainage after liver transplantation: A five-year experience

Evaluation of the biliary tract by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is often required in liver transplant patients with an abnormal postoperative course. Indications for PTC include failure of liver enzyme levels to return to normal postoperatively, an elevation of serum bilirubin or liver enzyme levels, suspected bile leak, biliary obstructive symptoms, cholangitis, and sepsis.Over a 5-year period 625 liver transplants in 477 patients were performed at the University Health Center of Pittsburgh. Fifty-three patients (56 transplants) underwent 70 PTCs. Complications diagnosed by PTC included biliary strictures, bile leaks, bilomas, liver abscesses, stones, and problems associated with internal biliary stents.Thirty-two percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage procedures were performed. Ten transplantation patients underwent balloon dilatation of postoperative biliary strictures. Interventional radiologic techniques were important in treating other complications and avoiding additional surgery in many of these patients.