Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Japanese rural communities]

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a national survey indicated that only 7% of hypertensive patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. There have been no reports of studies investigating all of the prevalence of hypertension, the percentage of subjects who are aware of hypertension, the percentage being treated, and the percentage that are well-controlled (awareness, treatment and control, respectively) among hypertensives in the Japanese general population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hypertension, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensives in a Japanese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of base-line data of the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. SETTING: Twelve rural communities is 8 prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people who participated in the health examination program in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) measured once in the sitting position after a 5-minute rest using oscillometric automatic BP monitors (BP203RV-II; Nippon Colin, Japan), and history of hypertension assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 11,302 subjects (4,415 men and 6,887 women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 55(12) years for men and 55(11) years for women. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP levels were, respectively, 131(21) mmHg and 79(12) mmHg for men and 128(21) mmHg and 76(12) mmHg for women. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) was 37% for men and 33% for women. Percentages for awareness (on medication or present past history), treatment and control (both systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg) were, respectively, 39%, 27% and 10% for men and 46%, 38% and 13% for women. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the study popUlation were hypertensive, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the hypertensives were 43%, 34% and 12%, respectively. Less than half of the hypertensives were well-controlled even when measurement bias was considered. In the rural Japanese population, improvements are required with regard to awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.     

Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity and associated hypertension are major public health concerns globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk of high blood pressure among Nigerian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional school-based study of 885 apparently healthy adolescents was performed. Weight, height and blood pressure (BP) were measured using standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and categorized by age, sex and percentile. Obesity and overweight were defined as: [greater than or equal to] 95th and 85th to < 95th percentiles, respectively, for age, sex and height. Subjects were sub-categorized into age 10-13 years (A) and 14-17 years (B). The odds ratio for pre-hypertensive and hypertensive range BP by age and BMI were generated. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 13.8% and 9.4%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertensive range systolic BP and diastolic BP in obese subjects was 16% compared with 2.3% in normal BMI subjects (P = 0.00), and was 12.1% for females versus 6.4% in males (P = 0.27). The prevalence of hypertensive range diastolic BP was 15.2% in obese subjects versus 3.5% in normal subjects (P = 0.01), and 12% in females versus 1.4% in males (P = 0.00). BMI in group B was significantly associated with pre-hypertensive and hypertensive range systolic BP in overweight (P = 0.01, P = 0.002) and obese subjects (P = 0.00, P = 0.00) and with hypertensive range diastolic BP (P = 0.00) only in obese subjects. The only significant association in group A was between obesity and pre-hypertensive range diastolic BP (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertensive range BP among obese Nigerian adolescents was high. Screening for childhood obesity and hypertension, and long-term follow-up of obese adolescents into adulthood are recommended.     

Hypertension prevalence and age-related changes of blood-pressure in semi-nomadic and urban Oromos of Ethiopia

We evaluated the prevalence of hypertension and the age-related behaviour of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in a wide sample of male and female Ethiopian Oromos living in rural or pre-industrial urbanized settings. Blood pressure (BP) was measured in the sitting position after 5 min rest in 5277 Oromos. In the group, 4928 were semi-nomadic shepherds, while 349 came from a town of 60,000 inhabitants where they were involved in low-technology jobs. The first subgroup was composed of 2482 men and 2446 women. All subjects were divided into 3 age groups: 15–44, 45–64, and 65 years. Body weight (BW) and the Quetelet index (QI) were matched to BP levels using Pearson's method. In semi-nomadic men, SBP was 121.4±8.4 mmHg versus 132.4±10.4 mmHg in urban men (p<0.001). In women, SBP was 120.5±7.9 mmHg versus 128.1±10.1 mmHg (p<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension was 0.40% in the semi-nomadic and 3.15% in the urban population. In the latter, significant increases in BW and QI were found, which were significantly correlated to both SBP and DBP. In semi-nomadic men, a 5.33% increase in SBP and a 5.22% in DBP was found between age groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001 in both). In urban men the increase was 4.77% and 3.41% respectively (p<0.001). In both male populations no difference in SBP and DBP was observed between age groups 2 and 3. In semi-nomadic women however, a progressive rise in SBP (4.84% between age groups 1 and 2,p<0.001; 1.86% between groups 2 and 3,p<0.001) and DBP (4.26% between age groups 1 and 2,p<0.001; 2.72% between groups 2 and 3,p<0.001) was present. Similar differences in SBP and DBP were evident between urban women of age groups 1 and 2. Due to social reasons, women for group 3 were not available in the urban setting. In conclusion, this study shows a very low prevalence of hypertension in a semi-nomadic group and about an 8-fold increase in the urban population. SBP and DBP are significantly higher in the urban setting and in both men and women the increase is related to BW. Moreover, SBP and DBP progressively increase with age in women but not in men.     

成都市城乡居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率分析

目的 了解成都市城乡居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率情况,为高血压防治提供科学依据。方法 2016年8月—2017年2月采用整群随机抽样的方法,对成都市城市及农村社区≥18岁的5 022例居民进行问卷调查及体格检查。结果 成都市城乡居民高血压标化患病率为27.7%。城市高于农村（32.3% vs24.0%,P＜0.001）;男性高于女性（37.7% vs20.0%,P＜0.001）。高血压知晓率、治疗率及控制率分别为64.2%、44.5%、17.7%。城市居民知晓率（68.1％ vs57.7％,P＜0.001）、治疗率（50.5％ vs 33.3％,P＜0.001）、控制率（21.9％ vs 9.7％,P＜0.001）均高于农村居民。男性的知晓率（62.3％ vs 66.6％,P＜0.001）、治疗率（38.2％ vs 50.5％,P＜0.001）、控制率（14.1％vs 21.0％,P＜0.001）均低于女性。logistic多因素分析显示城市居民的危险因素包括,男性（OR = 1.358)、年龄增高（30～39岁:OR = 3.288;40～49岁:OR = 4.641;50～59岁:OR = 8.558;60～69岁:OR = 9.650;70～79岁:OR = 13.330 ;≥80岁:OR = 15.474）、超重（OR = 1.535）、肥胖(OR = 2.459)、高血压家族史(OR = 3.935) 、中心性肥胖(OR = 1.235)、糖尿病(OR = 2.186) 、血脂异常(OR = 1.283)、饮酒(OR = 1.592)。农村居民危险因素包括男性（OR = 1.549）、年龄增高（30～39岁:OR = 4.161;40～49岁:OR = 8.365;50～59岁:OR = 19.122;60～69岁:OR = 25.146;70～79岁:OR = 34.495;≥80岁:OR = 57.136）、超重（OR = 1.980）、肥胖(OR = 3.281)、高血压家族史(OR = 2.837)、年均收入＞20 000元(OR = 2.081)。结论 成都市城乡居民高血压患病率高,而知晓率、治疗率及控制率低。应针对城乡居民差异,采取不同的高血压防控措施。     

Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in relation to blood pressure parameters and hypertension in the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies

Little is known about the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and blood pressure (BP) parameters, including systolic and diastolic BP, pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and hypertension in non-Western populations that have not yet been exposed to foods fortified with vitamins and seldom use vitamin D supplements. A cross-sectional analysis of plasma 25(OH)D levels in association with BP measures was performed for 1460 participants (1055 women and 405 men, aged 40-74 years) of two large cohort studies in Shanghai. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were conducted. Overall, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 55·8?% using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA criteria and 29·9?% using WHO criteria. The median plasma 25(OH)D level in the population was 38·0?nmol/l for men and 33·6?nmol/l for women (P?相似文献   

Association of low-level blood lead and blood pressure in NHANES 1999-2006

This study investigated whether low blood-lead levels (≤10 μg/dL) were associated with blood pressure (BP) outcomes. The authors analyzed data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006 and participants aged 20 years or older. Outcome variables were systolic and diastolic BP measurements, pulse pressure, and hypertension status. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions stratified by race/ethnicity and gender were performed. Blood lead levels (BLL) were significantly correlated with higher systolic BP among black men and women, but not white or Mexican-American participants. BLLs were significantly associated with higher diastolic BPs among white men and women and black men, whereas, a negative association was observed in Mexican-American men that had, also, a wider pulse pressure. Black men in the 90th percentile of blood lead distribution (BLL≥3.50 μg/dL) compared to black men in the 10th percentile of blood lead distribution (BLL≤0.7 μg/dL) had a significant increase of risk of having hypertension (adjusted POR=2.69; 95% CI: 1.08-6.72). In addition, blood cadmium was significantly associated with hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood. This study found that, despite the continuous decline in blood lead in the U.S. population, lead exposure disparities among race and gender still exist.     

Evidence for a Continuing Gap in Rural/Urban Adult Obesity in the Samoan Archipelago

Significant differences in adult obesity prevalence exist between rural and urban settings throughout the world. Here, we estimate and evaluate the prevalence of adult obesity in rural Independent Samoa, rural American Samoa, and urban American Samoa in 2009. Volunteers over the age of 40 years were weighed and measured by convenience sampling in rural Independent Samoa (N = 85), rural American Samoa (N = 124), and urban American Samoa (N = 95) Mean BMI increased from rural Independent Samoa (32.2 males; 33.3 females) to rural American Samoa (33.5 males; 34.9 females) to urban American Samoa (36.9 males; 39.7 females). Differences among groups were statistically significant (P = 0.004, ANOVA). In all locations, women were substantially more obese than men. While obesity is a major health problem in the Samoan archipelago, significant differences exist between rural and urban settings. A substantial rural/urban gap in adult obesity has been in existence since at least the 1970s. However, results of our study, combined with those of previous studies, indicate that the prevalence of obesity in both rural and urban environments has been on the rise since the 1970s.     

Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study.

Rural-urban migration provides an ideal opportunity to examine the effects of environment and genes on blood pressure. The effect of migration on the Yi people of China was studied. The Yi people live in a remote mountain area in southwestern China. In 1989, blood pressure was measured in 14,505 persons (8,241 Yi farmers, 2,575 urban Yi migrants, and 3,689 Han urban residents) aged 15-89 years. Different patterns were seen for men and women. Among the men, Yi farmers had the lowest mean blood pressure, the least rise in blood pressure with age (systolic blood pressure, 0.13 mmHg/year; diastolic blood pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and the lowest prevalence of hypertension (0.66%). In contrast, both Yi migrant men and Han men had higher levels of mean blood pressure, rise in blood pressure with age (Yi migrants: systolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; Han: systolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and prevalence of hypertension (Yi migrants, 4.25%; Han, 4.91%). Among the women, however, mean systolic pressure was higher in Yi farmers than in Yi migrants or in Han. Diastolic pressure was similar among the three groups. However, the Yi farmer women's age-related rise in blood pressure (systolic pressure, 0.06 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.14 mmHg/year) and their prevalence of hypertension (0.33%) were lower than those in the other two groups. Yi migrant women had an intermediate rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.37 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year) and prevalence of hypertension (2.40%). Han women had the greatest rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.56 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year) and the highest prevalence of hypertension (4.76%). For both men and women, the above differences were only partially explained by age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking, and alcohol use. This study, using standardized methods, demonstrates an important effect of migration on rise in blood pressure with age and on the prevalence of hypertension.     

Blood pressure,lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Aborigines and persons of European descent of southeastern Australia

Abstract: Based on a survey in two country towns of southeastern Australia, cardiovascular risk-factor prevalence data from Aborigines and persons of European descent are presented. The mean diastolic blood pressure in 123 Aboriginal males was 83.2 mmHg, compared with 79.2 mmHg in 272 European males (P= 0.005). In 178 Aboriginal females, mean diastolic pressure was 79.2 mmHg, compared with 76.3 mmHg in 281 European females (P = 0.006). Mean plasma total cholesterol was higher in Europeans (both males and females: 5.7 mmol/L) than in Aborigines (in males 5.2 and females 5.0 mmol/L) (male comparison, P = 0.02, female comparison, P < 0.001). The prevalence in participants aged 25 to 64 years of at least one major risk factor (diastolic blood pressure 95 mmHg or higher, plasma cholesterol 6.5 mmol/L or higher, or smoking more than one cigarette daily) was higher in both these samples of Aborigines (94 per cent in males, 89 per cent in females) and Europeans (70 per cent in males, 59 per cent in females) than in the 1989 urban sample of the National Heart Foundation (47 per cent in males, 36 per cent in females). Multivariate analyses showed statistically significant independent contributions of body mass index and the variable ‘ethnicity’ (unidentified genetic and environmental differences between the groups) to blood pressure and other risk factors. The higher cardiovascular mortality of Aborigines may be explained partly by the higher prevalence of risk factors in this group compared with other Australians. Further, the risk-factor profile may be worse among rural compared with urban Europeans.     

我国成年人单纯性收缩期高血压患病率调查

目的评估我国成年人单纯性收缩期高血压的患病率及其人群分布。方法亚洲国际心血管病合作研究(InterASIA)于2000至2001年进行,应用多阶段抽样方法选择15540名35～74岁成年人为代表性样本,分析单纯性收缩期高血压和其他亚型高血压的患病率。应用标准问卷调查高血压病史及其治疗情况。血压值为休息5min后3次坐位血压测量值的平均值。未接受抗高血压治疗的个体通过以下标准确定高血压亚型单纯性收缩期高血压为收缩压≥140mmHg(1mmHg=0133kPa),舒张期血压<90mmHg;单纯性舒张期高血压为收缩压<140mmHg,舒张压≥90mmHg,而收缩期和舒张期联合性高血压为收缩压≥140mmHg,舒张压≥90mmHg。结果15540名35～74岁成年人样本中,76%(1181人)患有单纯性收缩期高血压,74%(1150人)患有收缩期和舒张期联合性高血压,而44%(683人)患有单纯性舒张期高血压。收缩期高血压的患病率随着年龄的增长而增加,且老年女性比老年男性更为常见。南方与北方地区的单纯性收缩期高血压患病率没有明显差异;农村单纯性收缩期高血压患病率高于城市。结论我国收缩期高血压患病率较高,应引起重视。     

延边地区朝鲜族和汉族女性不同类型高血压患病率的流行病学调查

目的:探讨延边地区不同民族女性不同类型高血压患病率与其部分危险因素(吸烟、饮酒、肥胖类型、血脂水平及高血糖)之间的关系。方法:采取随机整群抽样法抽取1859例30～70岁朝鲜族和汉族常住女性居民,测量其身高、体重、腰围及血压,同时采集空腹静脉血测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及血糖(GLU)水平。结果:①朝鲜族女性与汉族女性不同类型高血压患病率比较有统计学意义(P<0.01),高血压、单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)和收缩期高血压合并舒张期高血压(SDH)的患病率随年龄增长而升高,其升高趋势有统计学意义(P<0.001)。②汉族女性周围型肥胖患病率高于朝鲜族女性(P<0.05),而朝鲜族女性中心型肥胖患病率高于汉族女性(P<0.001);汉族女性的吸烟率显著高于朝鲜族女性(P<0.001)。朝鲜族女性高脂血症和高血糖患病率均显著高于汉族女性(P<0.01)。结论:本地区女性高血压患病率与民族、年龄、是否吸烟、肥胖类型和血脂水平密切相关。     

Income,education, and blood pressure in adults in Jamaica,a middle-income developing country

BACKGROUND: At present, little is known about how socioeconomic status (SES) is related to blood pressure (BP) and hypertension in developing countries. This cross-sectional study examined associations between SES and BP in 2082 adults from a peri-urban area of Jamaica, a middle-income developing country. METHODS: Hypertension (systolic BP >/=140 mmHg, diastolic BP >/=90 mmHg or current hypertensive medication use) was estimated based on self-reported medication use and the mean of the second and third of three manual BP measurements. Income and education were self-reported. Linear or logistic regressions were used to estimate multivariate associations between BP or hypertension and SES. RESULTS: Hypertension prevalence was 20% in men and 28% in women. In both men and women, the income distributions of BP and hypertension were non-linear, indicating elevated levels in low as well as in high-income groups. In contrast to the negative relationships typical for industrialized countries, multivariate-adjusted BP and hypertension were highest in the wealthiest women. In men with some high school education, income was positively associated with BP, while there were negative associations in men with lesser education. Unlike women, mean BP were highest in poor men with limited education. Low SES men were also least likely to receive diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status is related to BP and hypertension in Jamaica, although relationships are non-linear. Behavioural and environmental factors that explain elevated BP among both low and high SES adults in developing countries must be identified to develop effective prevention strategies.     

Epidemiology of overweight and obesity in a Greek adult population: the ATTICA Study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of overweight and obesity in a Greek random sample. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: From 2001 to 2002, 1514 men (20 to 87 years old) and 1528 women (20 to 89 years old) were enrolled into the study. Among several sociodemographic, lifestyle, and bioclinical factors, anthropometric characteristics were also recorded. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization classification. RESULTS: The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 53% and 20% in men and 31% and 15% in women (p for gender differences < 0.05). The age-adjusted peak prevalence of obesity was observed in men older than 40 years old and women between 50 and 59 years old (Bonferonni alpha < 0.001). Central obesity prevailed in 36% of men and 43% of women (p for gender differences < 0.001). Obesity varied from 10% in rural to 25% in urban areas, but this difference was explained mainly by differences in occupational status (p = 0.9). Moreover, obese and overweight participants were older, less educated, more frequently sedentary, consumed higher quantities of alcoholic beverages, and were devoted to an unhealthier diet as compared with those of normal weight (all p < 0.05). A positive association was also observed between BMI and diastolic and systolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels (all p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Overweight and obesity seem to be a great health problem in the Greek population, especially in middle-aged and older adults. Unfavorable lifestyle habits, low education, and the classical cardiovascular risk factors were associated with the prevalence of these health conditions.     

中国中年人群高血压患病率及知晓率、治疗率、控制率的演变趋势

目的 了解中年人群高血压患病率及知晓率、治疗率和控制率的演变趋势。方法 利用国家“八五”(1992～1994年)和“九五”(1998年)期间年龄在35～59岁的13组可比人群资料进行分析。结果 高血压的标化患病率有小幅增加,“九五”期间达到24.0％。城市的增幅要大于乡村。高血压知晓率“九五”期间较“八五”期间增加了5.3％,达到42.6％;治疗率“八五”期间27.3％、“九五”期间为31.1％;控制率“九五”期间较“八五”期间增加了近50％,但也只有6.0％。在接受治疗的高血压患者中,不同时期的控制率分别为12.7％、19.9％,为同期整体控制率的3倍多。无论患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率,城乡之间、性别之间都存在差异。结论 不断上升的高血压患病率和低水平的知晓率、治疗率、控制率仍是高血压防治面临的主要现状。必须认真开展有效的措施以降低高血压的患病率,提高治疗率和控制率。     

The prevalence of hypertension in 4,993 rural Zulus

In a study of 4,993 rural Zulus the over-all prevalence of primary hypertension was 8·37% (females 8·78%, males 7·4%). The mean arterial pressure in relation to age and sex was not as high as in urban Zulus. A diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 95 mm Hg was present in 4·99% of the subjects and 1·46% had a diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 110 mm Hg. This study suggests that hypertension is not a major health problem in rural Zulus and that large case-finding and intervention programmes should be confined to the urban Black population of South Africa.     

长沙市城乡社区不同人群高血压相关危险因素、综合干预及规范管理调查

目的获取长沙市城乡社区不同人群高血压相关危险因素、综合干预、规范管理及控制效果基本数据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,9个区县各抽取一个社区（乡镇）,每一社区随机抽取3个居委（村）,每个居委（村）分组随机抽取35-65岁的常住居民30名,其中高血压患者组、高危人群组、健康人群组各10名;总计调查844名。结果超重和肥胖率（BMI≥24≥28）城区平均水平34.4%、7.9%;乡镇平均水平36.0%、12.5%;中心性肥胖率（腰围：女≥80 cm,男≥90 cm）乡镇患者组、城区高危组女性高于男性,性别差异有统计学意义（P≤0.01）。吸烟率城区24.5%-31.3%;乡镇44.6%-53.3%;高血压患者组血压控制优良率城区为31.3%,乡镇为8.4%。城乡社区比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论长沙市城乡居民存在多种高血压相关危险因素,在高血压患者规范管理、生活方式干预、血压控制优良率等方面城区显著好于乡镇（P〈0.01）。全人群的高血压预防需要从健康的生活方式开始,乡镇社区应加速建立居民健康档案,利用各种体检机会筛查高血压患者,做到早期发现、早期采取综合干预措施和规范管理,努力使城乡高血压防控效果达到均衡水平。     

The Emergence of Clinically Abnormal Levels of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Variables Among Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart-Study

Background. The Bogalusa Heart Study, a long-term epidemiologic investigation of the early natural history of atherosclerosis, was conducted for the first time in 1973-1974 on children from birth through the age of 14 in a biracial (black-white) population. Methods. The emergence of clinically recognizable abnormalities (obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) was studied in 1,928 young adults, ages 19-32 years, examined in the 1988-1991 survey. Results. The occurrence of morbid levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors varied by race and gender. The prevalence of severe overweight, body mass index ≥ 31.1 kg/m² for males and ≥ 32.3 kg/m² for females, was much higher for black women (20.1%) than for white women (8.7%), black men (14.0%), or white men (11.7%). The frequency of hypertension [systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg, or treatment for high BP] was greatest for black women (13.9%) versus black men (10.1%), white men (6.2%), or white women (5.0%). Approximately 9.5% of the men and 6% of the women had elevated LDL cholesterol (≥160 mg/dl), while elevated triglycerides (≥250 mg/dl) ranged from 0% in black females to 7.4% in white males. Dyslipoproteinemia related to HDL cholesterol (≤35 mg/dl) was more marked among white men (16%) compared with the other groups (approximately 4%). Correlations for risk factors in a subgroup of 1,587 individuals initially surveyed as children in 1973-1974 were examined as an indication of tracking over a 15-year period. Highly significant correlations were seen for obesity, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. Conclusion. Early identification of adverse levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors defined by clinical experience should help to predict and prevent future cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.     

Association of Suboptimal Health Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban Chinese Workers

Suboptimal health status (SHS) has become a new public health challenge in urban China. Despite indications that SHS may be associated with progression or development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, there are few reports on SHS investigations. To explore the relationship between SHS and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 4,881 workers employed in 21 companies in urban Beijing. Blood pressure, glucose, lipid levels (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol and triglycerides), cortisol, and body mass index were measured. SHS score was derived from data collection in the SHS questionnaire (SHSQ-25). Univariate analysis and linear two-level model were used to analyze the association of SHS with the cardiovascular risk factors. Serum cortisol level was much higher among the SHS high-score group than that among the low SHS score group (204.31 versus 161.33 ng/ml, P < 0.001). In a linear two-level model, we found correlation between SHS and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol among men, and correlation between SHS and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol among women after controlling for age, education background, occupation, smoking, and physical activity. SHS is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease. SHS should be recognized in the health care system, especially in primary care.     

2016-2017年上海市社区糖尿病高危人群筛查结果分析

  目的  描述2016-2017年上海市社区居民糖尿病高危人群筛查的结果,分析糖调节受损及糖尿病患者的危险因素。  方法  选择上海市长宁区和松江区35岁及以上居民进行糖尿病风险评估,对高危人群进行体格检查和血糖检测。  结果  两个社区共完成筛查33 469人,检出糖调节受损者4 555名和糖尿病患者3 412名,检出率分别13.6%和10.2%。高危人群中,随着年龄增加,居民发生糖尿病（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）和糖调节受损（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）的风险均增加;郊区男性患糖尿病的风险低于城区男性（OR=0.873,95%CI:0.771~0.988）,而郊区女性发生糖调节受损的风险高于城区女性（OR=1.249,95%CI:1.131~1.379）;自述有糖调节受损史（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、亲属有2型糖尿病家族史（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、高血压（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、血脂异常（男:P < 0.001;女:P=0.015）、体型超重/肥胖者（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、长期静坐的生活方式的男性（P=0.002）和有多囊卵巢综合征史的女性（P=0.011）出现血糖异常的风险更高,居民的高危因素种类数越多,发生糖尿节受损和糖尿病的风险就越大（P < 0.001）。  结论  上海市社区糖尿病的发现和防治工作形势十分严峻,应继续加强对糖尿病高危人群的监测和干预,以减少糖尿病的发生。     

北京城乡人群1168例血浆同型半胱氨酸分布及相关因素研究

目的：描述北京地区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平分布及特点，分析Hcy与相关因素的关系。方法：以北京地区城乡人群35－64岁男女两性1168人的调查结果为研究样本，对血浆同型半胱氨酸分布特点及与相关因素的关系进行统计学分析。结果：①血浆Hcy几何均数男性为15．4μmol/L，女性为12．2μmol/L，男性高于女性（P＜0．001）。②血浆Hcy分布存在着城乡差别，农村男性（18．0μmol/L）是城市男性（12．0μmol/L）的1．5倍（P＜0．001），农村女性（12．9μmol/L）是城市女性（9．6μmol/L的1．3倍（P＜0．001）。③北京城乡35－64岁人群中高Hcy血症（Hcy≥16μmol/L）的患病率为15．3％。④与相关因素分析显示：城乡、性别、受教育水平和吸烟是高同型半胱氨酸血症 的影响因素。结论：北京地区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的分布存在着年龄、性别和城乡间差别；北京地区人群Hcy水平及高Hcy血症的患病率明显高于西方发达国家，尤其是农村地区；城乡间Hcy水平的差别可能更大程度地反映了环境因素的影响。