3-氯-1,2-丙二醇在大鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄

目的　探讨经口给 3 氯 1,2 丙二醇 (3 MCPD)在大鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄状况。方法　选用健康雄性成年SD大鼠 ,每个时相点 3只动物。采用毛细管GC MS的方法测定大鼠血液、肝脏、肾脏、大脑和睾丸中的 3 MCPD含量以及 3 MCPD经胆汁、粪便和尿液的排泄。结果　一次性经口给药 75mg/kgBW 2h后在血液、睾丸和肾脏中 3 MCPD的浓度分别为 (6 7 4 6± 7 72 ) μg/g ,(78 37± 5 15 ) μg/ g和 (5 6 2 1± 3 6 4 ) μg/ g ;给药 2 4h后这 3种组织中 3 MCPD的含量分别为(1 0 7± 0 97) μg/g ,(4 9 4 3± 2 8 18) μg/ g和 (11 4 1± 2 5 5 ) μg/g。 2 4h内经尿排出的 3 MCPD原形化合物占总给药量的 (9 74± 3 0 5 ) %。结论　研究结果提示 3 MCPD经胃肠道吸收快 ,迅速和广泛地分布于体内各组织中 ,在靶器官中具有蓄积性 ,3 MCPD原形物主要是通过肾脏排出体外。推测3 MCPD主要经过肝脏代谢。     

重复经口暴露氧化铁纳米颗粒在大鼠体内的分布和排泄

目的 探究氧化铁纳米颗粒经口暴露后,在大鼠体内的分布和排泄情况,为评估其安全性提供实验依据。方法 将64只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为溶剂对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,分别灌胃等体积溶剂、50 mg/kg bw、100 mg/kg bw、200 mg/kg bw的氧化铁纳米颗粒悬浊液。灌胃后1、7、14、28天分批处死,检测大鼠的血液指标、生化指标、脏器重量和组织病理,以及血清、组织、尿液和粪便铁含量。结果 与对照组相比,灌胃1天后高剂量组大鼠肝脏脏器系数减小(P<0.05),连续灌胃14天后高剂量组大鼠肾脏脏器系数增大(P<0.05);连续灌胃14天后,中、高剂量组血清铁含量均增加(P<0.05);连续灌胃28天后,中剂量组脑组织和脾脏内铁含量增加(P<0.05);连续灌胃7、14、28天后,剂量组大鼠尿液中铁含量均增加(P<0.05),粪便中铁含量略有增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);组织病理学检查未见上述组织出现明显病理损害。结论 氧化铁纳米颗粒经口暴露后,主要分布于大鼠血清、脾和脑,代谢后主要经尿液排出,少部分经粪便排出。     

请君注意观察尿与尿量的变化

人体新陈代谢产生的废物有很大一部分通过尿液排出体外。人们往往也可以通过排尿量的多少和尿的性状来判断疾病。 一个正常成年人安静时,每分钟流过肾脏的血液量可达1200毫升,相当于每分钟心脏总输出量的1/5～1/4。肾脏通过滤过,再吸收,排泌的三个过程,将血液中过剩的水,无机盐类和代谢产生的废料,以尿的形式排出体外。     

超短柱顶空气相色谱法测定尿中硫氰酸盐

氰化物广泛应用于工农业中，有机氰化物和腈类进入机体后，一部分以原来的形式通过肺排出体外，另一部分被胃肠道和呼吸道吸收进入机体内与高铁血红蛋白形成氰络高铁血红蛋白，在体内逐渐转变为氰化氢同时发生水解，氰与硫结合生成硫氰化物即硫氰酸盐(SCN^-)，最后经肾脏由尿中排泄。因此，尿液中微量的硫氰酸盐是人体吸收乙腈等含氰化合物后的代谢产物。     

谨慎用药 远离肾脏病

通常老百姓得了病就会想到吃药,希望疾病能尽快得到缓解。可是,人们往往容易忽视药物并不是万能且有毒副作用这个道理。事实上,由于用药不慎造成病情加重、身体受到伤害,尤其是肝脏和肾脏受到伤害的事情时有发生。因此,大家一定要谨慎用药。口服药物被服用后不能被血液吸收的残渣都会随粪便排出体外。被血液吸收的成份必然经过肝脏和肾脏经静脉、肌肉注射而进入体内的药物也能进入血管随体内循环系统经过肝脏、肾脏。在体内,肝脏有体内加工厂的称谓,众多药物均能被肝脏转化吸收,这样以来,轻则加重肝脏负     

当心,悄然而至的高尿酸

高尿酸对人体的损伤 尿酸是人体代谢的产物.人体每天合成的尿酸约700毫克,其中80％通过肾脏经尿液排出体外,20％通过胃肠道经粪便排出.当尿酸产生过多或排泄减少,就可能导致血液中尿酸含量升高,形成高尿酸血症.国际上将高尿酸血症的诊断定义为:正常嘌呤饮食状态下,非同日2次空腹血尿酸水平:男性大于420微摩尔/升,女性大于360微摩尔/升.     

金属硫蛋白和黄酮对急性铅中毒大鼠代谢的研究

目的:探讨金属硫蛋白和黄酮对急性高剂量染铅大鼠代谢的影响。方法:25只Wistar大鼠随机分为MT组、黄酮组和依地酸二钠钙组(给予醋酸铅后再分别给予MT、黄酮和依地酸二钠钙)、染铅模型组和对照组。采集血液、股骨、粪便和尿液,分别用原子吸收分光光度法测定铅含量。结果:与对照组比较,染铅模型组大鼠血铅、股骨铅、粪铅及尿铅含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。与染铅模型组比较,MT组、黄酮组和依地酸二钠钙组血铅、股骨铅含量均下降(P<0.05),粪便排铅量明显增加(P<0.05);与依地酸二钠钙组比较,MT组和黄酮组尿液排铅量明显减少(P<0.05)。MT组和黄酮组大鼠血清ALT活力明显低于染铅模型组(P<0.05)。结论:MT和黄酮能够明显促进急性铅中毒大鼠排铅,主要通过粪便途径,且对肝脏有一定的保护作用。     

保护肾脏立即行动

糖尿病在“不知不觉”中损害您的肾脏 肾脏，掌管着人体排泄代谢产物和水分的重要职责，血液流经肾脏，经肾单位过滤后，尿素、肌酐、盐、一些药物或毒物以及身体内新陈代谢的废物共同形成尿液被排出体外。因此，没有肾的正常功能，毒素就无法排出，在体内积聚就会“酿成大祸”。     

中老年人:谨防药物性肾损害

俗语讲:是药三分毒,指的是任何药物,在治疗疾病的同时,都可能产生一些不良反应。不同的是有些药物不良反应重,出现了临床症状:有些则相对比较轻,需要检查血液、尿液才能发现。药物常见的不良反应包括:胃肠道不适以及血液系统、肝脏和肾脏等器官的损害。肾脏是人体的排泄器官,负责将血液内的代谢废物包括药物及其代谢产物排出,是直接接触药物或其代谢产物的器官,因此,肾脏是药物损伤最常见的器官之一。     

铅中毒大鼠排泄物中微量元素硒的初步研究

目的:探讨铅中毒对大鼠全血、粪便和尿液中微量元素铅和硒的影响。方法:Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和铅中毒组。大鼠饮服0.2%醋酸铅水溶液3周,造成实验性铅中毒后,采集全血、粪便和尿液。用原子吸收分光光度法测定铅含量,荧光分光光度法测定硒含量。结果:与对照组相比,铅中毒组大鼠全血、粪便和尿液中铅含量均显著升高(P<0.01),全血和尿液中硒含量亦明显升高(P<0.05),粪便中硒含量明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:铅中毒引起微量元素硒排出,为预防铅中毒,应增加膳食中硒摄入水平。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.