下颌神经颅外段的应用解剖

目的：为下颌神经手术提供形态学基础。方法：解剖观测２１例（男１３，女８）４２侧成人标本。结果：下颌神经（颅外段）主干长（出卵圆孔至分支处的距离）为１．３±０．４ｃｍ；宽度４．９±１．３ｍｍ，厚度１．９±０．６ｍｍ。还测量了下颌神经各分支起始处的长、宽和厚度。结论：本文结果为切断下颌神经后股和颊神经下（长）支的手术提供了形态学资料。     

家兔面神经颅外段的显微解剖

目的　探讨家兔面神经颅外段的主干及分支特点。 方法　健康家兔15只,在显微镜下解剖家兔面神经,并对其形态特点进行观测。 结果　家兔面神经出茎乳孔后分出耳后支、二腹肌支、茎突舌骨肌支及面神经主干。兔面神经主干在面部的分支有颞支、颧支、颊支、下颌缘支和颈支,其中颧支与颊支关系密切,走行过程中合成一干,然后在口角后缘分离。 结论　家兔面神经颧支与颊支在耳廓下缘前部位到口角后缘之间,分支少,神经干较粗,便于进行面神经缺损修复动物模型的建立。     

面神经下颌缘支的应用解剖

目的了解面神经下颌缘支的正常层次解剖位置,为涉及面侧区和颌下区的美容外科手术提供临床应用解剖学资料。方法解剖33具（共66例）成人尸体标本的头颈部标本,观察了面神经下颌缘支的分支类型、走行、与面动脉的位置关系以及穿出腮腺处和与面动脉的交叉处的体表位置。结果面神经下颌缘支为1-2支,以单干型居多,约占58%,大多行于下颌骨下缘上方约占44%,行于骨下缘下方者占5%。未发现面神经下颌缘支不与面动脉交叉,位置在均下颌角下缘上、下方约0.5-1 cm范围内。面神经下颌缘支经过面动脉的浅面和深面者分别占89%和6%;面神经下颌缘支穿出腮腺处的体表位置分别在下颌角上方和下颌支后缘前方1 cm交点附近,面神经下颌缘支与面动脉交处距下颌支后缘约4 cm,距下颌骨下缘约1 cm。结论面神经下颌缘支的毗邻和行程关系较为复杂,了解其与周围结构的重要位置关系,可以减少美容外科手术因神经损伤造成下唇及口角功能障碍的发生。     

面神经颊支和下颌缘支的解剖及临床应用研究进展

临床上吻合血管神经的游离肌肉移植或跨面神经移植整复面瘫时,都需要解剖健侧面神经的分支,其中常解剖的是颊支和下颌缘支。两组分支分别由面神经主干发出,并浅出腮腺缘,在走行过程中,其走行层次以及颊支与腮腺导管、下颌缘支与下颌骨下缘和面动脉关系都有一定的规律性。本文就面神经颊支和下颌缘支的解剖学及临床应用方面的进展作一综述,以指导临床手术,避免损伤神经分支引起继发性的功能障碍。1面神经颊支有学者[1￣3]在腮腺手术中观察到颊支有1￣2支,多数学者[4￣8]观察颊支有1￣4支,以2￣3支为主,占75%￣86.6%,可能与临床手术时术野暴露…     

面神经颊支的应用解剖

目的：观测分析面神经颊支的分支类型及其与腮腺管之间的解剖关系，为腮腺区手术提供解剖学基础。方法：60例成人头部标本，观测面神经颊支的分支类型、行程、神经与腮腺管的位置关系。结果：面神经颊支以双干型多见(58．3％)，三干型次之(28．3％)。神经多行于腮腺管浅面(73．3％)。腮腺管走行在颊支之问的占61．7％，导管距上颊支垂直距离约4．86mm；腮腺管走行在神经下方者占11．7％，距下颊支的垂直距离约1．71mm；腮腺管走行在神经上方者占26．7％，距上颊支的垂直距离约2．56mm。结论：面神经颊支多行于腮腺管浅层，与腮腺管关系十分密切，腮腺区手术时循颊支向后追踪面神经是比较安全、有效的方法，容易掌握。     

颊肌粘膜瓣的应用解剖

目的：为颌面外科设计颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭裂和口咽部肿瘤术后创面提供形态学依据。方法：采用５２侧成人头颈矢状断标本，借助解剖显微镜解剖和观察了颊肌粘膜瓣的神经和血管来源、行径、分支和分布特点。结果：颊肌粘膜瓣的感觉神经是颊神经，运动神经为面神经的颊支，其在第２、３磨牙相对的颊区与颊神经交通。颊肌粘膜瓣主要有三条动脉：颊动脉、面动脉和上牙槽后动脉的颊侧分支；其静脉较动脉丰富，向后注入翼丛，向前回流至面前静脉。并对颊肌和粘膜进行了测量，所得数据经统计学处理。结论：颊肌粘膜瓣是修复腭裂和口咽部肿瘤术后创面理想的粘膜瓣，临床可根据需要设计瓣的范围。在瓣的蒂部应掌握适当厚度，以防止瓣的血管和神经损伤。     

沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经在腮腺肿瘤手术中的临床意义

目的分析沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经方法切除腮腺肿瘤的手术效果。方法回顾性分折2002~2010年我科施行腮腺肿瘤切除术43例。腮腺浅叶切除31例,腮腺全切除12例。全部病例均采用下颌缘支逆行法解剖面神经。结果全组术后随访10～60个月,无肿瘤复发病例。2例术后腮腺瘘,14～23 d痊愈。无永久性面瘫、术后出血、感染等并发症。结论沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经的腮腺肿瘤手术方法解剖标志清楚,容易寻找,可有效降低面瘫的发生,有一定的临床应用价值。     

颈横和锁骨上神经移植修复面神经缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为颈横和锁骨上神经移植修复面神经缺损提供形态学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧成人标本上 ,观测颈丛皮神经的行程、长度、横径和血供情况。结果 :颈横神经和锁骨上内侧、中间和外侧神经的长度分别为 ( 6.9± 1.0 )cm、( 8.9± 1.7)cm、( 8.2± 1.5 )cm和 ( 7.3± 1.7)cm ;横径分别为 ( 1.8± 0 .5 )mm、( 2 .0± 0 .5 )mm、( 1.9± 0 .9)mm、( 1.8± 0 .4)mm。颈横和锁骨上神经的血供主要来源于甲状腺上动脉、颈升动脉和颈横动脉的肌皮支。结论 :颈横和锁骨上神经可作为面神经移植的一个合适而易得的理想供体 ,行自体神经游离移植或吻合血管神经移植用以修复各种原因所致的面神经缺损。     

大鼠面神经切断及修复后面神经核内胆碱乙酰转移酶的变化

为了研究面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶在神经损伤及修复后的动态变化 ,用免疫组织化学方法 ,观察了成年大鼠面神经外周切断和即刻端端吻合后面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶阳性神经元的数量和免疫反应强度的时程变化。结果证明 ,面神经切断后 ,损伤侧面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶阳性神经元的数量和免疫反应强度均明显下降 ,术后第 7d下降至最低。面神经切断后立即行端端吻合 ,术后 7d内手术侧面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶阳性神经元的数量和免疫反应强度的下降规律与面神经单纯切断组相同。面神经吻合后 ,术侧面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶阳性神经元的数量和免疫反应强度的回升最早出现在吻合后第 14 d,术后 3 5 d手术侧面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶阳性神经元的数量恢复至正常。上述结果提示 ,面神经吻合并不能阻止损伤侧面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶免疫阳性产物的下降 ;伴随着面神经再支配的发生 ,面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶免疫阳性产物逐渐恢复正常     

骨性面神经管的应用解剖

对31例成人分离颞骨的骨性面神经管的迷路段、水平段、垂直段进行了观察,并测量了其长度以及与前庭窗、颈静脉窝、蜗窗和锥隆起之间的距离,探讨了其与临床的关系。     

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in Koreans

The marginal mandibular branch (MMB) has a particular risk of injury during surgical procedures in the submandibular region, especially over the lower border of the mandible. The facial nerve has been described in many studies, but the MMB is dealt with generally as a branch of the facial nerve. The purpose of this study was to document the anatomy of the MMB by correlation with anatomical landmarks. Eighty‐five facial halves were examined for this study. The MMB was classified according to the number of branches and their connections with other branches, and by its relationship with landmarks of the gonion, facial artery, and retromandibular vein. The MMB showed one (28%), two (52%), three (18%), or four branches (2%) where it exited the parotid gland. Classification was based on connection with other branches. Type I (60%) did not communicate with other branches. Type II (40%) communicated with the buccal or cervical branches, or with another branch of the MMB. The cervicofacial division coursed along the lateral aspect of the retromandibular vein in 83% of specimens. The MMB passed the facial artery superficially (42%), passed it deeply in 4%, and ran on both sides of it in 54% of the facial halves. The distribution of the MMB formed a quadrilateral with angles +19.8 mm, ?8.1 mm, +30.0 mm, and ?15.3 mm measured from two sides on the inferior border of the mandible. These topographical data should help to decrease the incidence of injuries during surgery on the submandibular regions in Koreans. Clin. Anat. 22:207–214, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A method for locating the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in the neck

In order to avoid injury to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve during surgery in the face and neck, a simple method for locating this branch was devised. The anatomical relations between the marginal mandibular nerve and both the facial artery and vein were analyzed in 19 dissection preparations. The following distances were considered: (1) the angle of the mandible to the intersection point nerve-vein; (2) mandibular angle to the facial artery; (3) inferior mandibular margin to the intersection point nerve-vein; (4) facial artery to the intersection point projection nerve-vein; (5) facial artery to the intersection point projection nerve-vein on the inferior mandibular margin; and (6) facial vein to the facial artery. These data are useful for an easier localization of the marginal mandibular nerve in the submandibular region. All reference points employed are easily detected in a living subject.     

面神经下颌缘支的走行层次及分段定位

目的 了解面神经下颌缘支的走行层次及分段定位,为防止面侧区颌面部下部手术中造成面神经下颌缘支损伤提供解剖学依据.方法 参照设定的坐标系,观测28具成人尸体(即56侧)面神经下颌缘支的走行层次和位置.结果 面神经下颌缘支主要穿行于腮腺和咬肌筋膜内,全长可分为降段、弓段和升段3段,与下颌后静脉及面动脉交叉处的坐标值分别是(-6.4±1.5)mm和(9.8 ±1.3)mm、(28.8±4.1)mm 和(11.6±1.6)mm.结论 采用分段定位的方法能更准确显示面神经下颌缘支的位置,以满足颌面部外科手术的需要.     

肝细胞生长因子对新生大鼠受损面神经运动神经元的营养作用

目的：观察肝细胞生长因子(Hepptocyte growth factor,HGF)对出生后早期大鼠受损面神经的神经营养作用。方法：对生后1d内的新生大鼠实施面神经切断,对其近侧断端施以HGF治疗,切片经甲紫染色,分别统计术后2、4、7d面神经核内的生存神经元数。结果：术后4、7dHGF治疗组的神经元生存率明显高于对照组。结论：HGF对新生大鼠受损的面运动神经元有保护作用。     

腮腺区面神经的解剖及临床意义

目的:为腮腺区手术提供解剖学基础。方法:在25具50侧经防腐处理的完整头部标本上观测面神经干的长度、横径以及各个分支再分支前长度和各个分支的解剖特点。结果:颞支横径为(1.1±0.2)mm,分支有(1.7±0.8)支;颧支横径为(1.8±0.3)mm,分支有(1.6±0.6)支,位置恒定;颊支有上下颊支型、融为一支型和一支再分型3种类型,上下颊支多位于距腮腺导管上下0.5cm以内的浅层;下颌缘支横径为(1.2±0.4)mm;颈支横径为(0.9±0.2)mm,走行长度为(2.3±0.3)cm,分支有(1.1±0.4)支。结论:面神经与腮腺区关系密切,腮腺区手术时循颊支向后追踪面神经是比较安全有效的方法。     

Surgical Anatomy of the Marginal Mandibular Nerve: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The high number of marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) anatomical variants have a well-known clinical significance due to the risk of nerve injury in several surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to find and systematize the available anatomical data concerning this nerve. The PubMed and Scopus databases were investigated in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. All studies reporting extractable data on the origin, course, splitting, anastomosis and relationship of the MMN with the mandible or the facial vessels were included. We included 28 studies analyzing 1861 halves. The MMN had one (PP = 35% 95% CI:18–54%), two (PP =35% 95% CI:18–54%), three (PP = 18% 95% CI:0–35%), or four branches (PP = 2% 95% CI:0–8%). Anastomosis with the great auricular nerve, transverse cervical nerve, mental nerve, and other branches of the facial nerve were defined. The origin of the MMN in relation to the parotid and the mandible was variable. The MMN nearly always crossed the anterior facial vein laterally (PP = 38% 95% CI:9–72% if single, PP = 57% 95% CI:22–90% when multiple); its relation with other vessels was less constant. At least one branch of the MMN was found below the inferior border of the mandible (IBM), with a PP of 39% (95% CI:30–50%). The MMN has high anatomical variability and it is more often represented by one or two branches; its origin is frequently described at the parotid apex and above the IBM, although in its course at least one branch often runs below the IBM. Its most frequent anastomosis is with the buccal branch of the facial nerve. Clin. Anat., 33:739–750, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大鼠面神经完全切断后面神经核内OMgp的表达

目的:通过建立大鼠面神经完全切断损伤模型,观察面神经损伤后脑干内OMgp表达的变化。方法:对36只大鼠分别行左侧面神经茎乳孔切断术,于术后1、3、5、7、14、21d取大鼠脑干含面神经核团部分,应用免疫组织化学方法检测面神经核中OMgp的变化及其对面神经元凋亡的影响。结果:OMgp分布于正常SD大鼠面神经各亚核,面神经损伤后OMgp与假手术对照侧相比较均下降,免疫组织化学方法显示5～14d下降明显并显示神经元细胞凋亡增加,图像分析OMgp灰度值与假手术对照侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:OMgp对神经网络的重建有重要意义,同时在面神经损伤中发挥重要作用。     

舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合的应用解剖学研究

目的:为舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合提供解剖学依据。方法:①在21例防腐固定的成人头颈部标本上,测量面神经干及其颞骨内乳突段、鼓室段长度;面神经干分叉处至舌下神经颈部的最短距离。②3例新鲜标本取舌下神经及面神经干行组织学检测,测定其神经束数目和横切面积。③2例标本摹拟术式设计。结果:舌下神经干在寰椎水平为单束形式,横切面积为(8.5±0.3)mm2;面神经干在出茎乳孔处为单束形式,横切面积为(5.1±0.2)mm2;面神经干的长度为(15.7±2.0)mm,颞骨内面神经乳突段的长度为(14.6±1.5)mm、鼓室段的长度为(9.6±1.2)mm;面神经干分叉处至舌下神经颈部的最短距离为(17.2±2.3)mm。结论:舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合治疗面瘫具有可行性。