As2O3诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡依赖H2O2途径

目的：探讨三氧化二砷（arsenic trioxide，As₂O₃）对人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）阳性宫颈癌HeLa细胞和HPV阴性胰腺癌AsPC-1细胞的 凋亡诱导作用与细胞内H₂O₂水平的关系。方法：采用不同浓度的As 2O3处理HeLa细胞和AsPC-1细胞不同时段，显微镜下观察细胞的凋亡，噻唑蓝（MTT）法 测定细胞生长抑制情况；不同浓度的As₂O₃处理细胞2、5、8、12、24 h后，用DCFH-DA 标记检测细胞内的H₂O₂水平。结果：2 μmol/L As₂O₃处理HeLa 细胞48 h后细胞的生长受到明显抑制，表现出细胞凋亡的特征，随着As₂O₃浓度的增加 和作用时间的延长效果更加明显。而 1 μmol/L As₂O₃处理AsPC-1细胞24 h 即呈 现明显 的生长抑制和凋亡特征。As₂O₃处理HeLa细胞2 h细胞内H₂O₂的水平比对照组升高(1 0 μmol/L组达51.30%)，持续到8 h达到高峰（升高84.19%），12 h后下降，24 h水平与 对照组接近，并有明显的剂量依赖性。As₂O₃处理AsPC-1细胞2 h后，细胞内H₂O₂的 水平也明显升高（10 μmol/L组达79%），持续到5 h达到高峰（增高169%），且该细胞内H₂O₂水平升高比HeLa细胞更明显，12 h之后的变化情况与HeLa细胞类似。结论:As₂O₃诱导HeLa细胞和AsPC-1细胞凋亡与细胞内的H₂O₂水平改变有关,而与HPV的感染无明显相关性。H₂O₂积累是As₂O₃诱导细胞凋亡途径中的早期事件,H₂O₂可能在As₂O₃诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡途径中扮演类似第二信使的作用。     

木犀草素对H2O2氧化损伤的血管内皮细胞的影响

目的： 探讨木犀草素（luteolin）对氧化损伤的血管内皮细胞（endothelial cells）的影响。方法： 体外培养内皮细胞，将细胞分为7组，即空白对照组（control）、溶剂对照组（DMSO）、氧化损伤组（H₂O₂）、氧化损伤加入槲皮素对照组(quercetin+H₂O₂)、氧化损伤加入木犀草素低、中、高浓度组(luteolin-L+H₂O₂、luteolin-M+H₂O₂、luteolin-H+H₂O₂)。将750 μmol/L H₂O₂作用于加入槲皮素及不同浓度木犀草素预培养24h的内皮细胞，继续培养18h（半胱氨酸蛋白酶表达测定时间为14h），然后观察木犀草素对细胞培养液内乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、一氧化氮（NO）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞活力的影响, 并对细胞进行流式细胞和免疫组化分析，观察该药对细胞凋亡和半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）表达的影响。 结果： 木犀草素呈剂量依赖性降低H₂O₂对内皮细胞生长抑制率，降低MDA、LDH量，增加培养液中 NO^-₂/NO^-₃含量，并显著抑制半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3阳性表达，减少细胞凋亡数量，各指标差异显著（P<0.01）。结论： 木犀草素可拮抗和修复过氧化氢诱导的血管内皮细胞的损伤，其作用可能与抗氧化、促进NO释放，抑制caspase-3表达有关。     

VEGF诱导血管内皮细胞产生H2O2及其促增殖作用

目的： 研究VEGF诱导血管内皮细胞产生细胞外H₂O₂及其在VEGF促血管内皮细胞增殖功能中的作用。方法: ① 以H₂DCFDA为H₂O₂指示剂，检测 500 μg/L VEGF刺激下，血管内皮细胞H₂O₂的产生；② 以MTT法检测3×10⁶ U/L过氧化氢酶（CAT），及外源性加入5-20 mmol/L H₂O₂对VEGF促增殖功能的影响。结果: ① 在VEGF刺激血管内皮细胞 15 min 后，细胞内开始出现逐渐增强的荧光，且随时间逐渐增强，至 45 min 左右最强，随后逐渐减弱；而同时加入过氧化氢酶组的细胞则仅有微弱荧光产生，且荧光强度不随时间变化；② 3×10⁶ U/L过氧化氢酶对VEGF的促增殖功能有明显的抑制作用（P<0.01）；③ 外源性加入5-10 mmol/L H₂O₂ 时对血管内皮细胞有明显促增殖作用（P<0.01），但其对VEGF的促增殖功能却有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）。结论: VEGF可刺激血管内皮细胞产生细胞外H₂O₂，在促细胞增殖中可能具有重要作用。而外源性H₂O₂对VEGF的生理功能可能具有抑制作用。     

热休克蛋白参与PI3K/Akt 介导H2O2 预处理的抗凋亡作用

目的: 探讨热休克蛋白(HSP)是否参与PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的H₂O₂预处理的抗细胞凋亡作用。方法: 利用PC12细胞建立H₂O₂预处理对抗高浓度H₂O₂诱导细胞凋亡的实验模型,分组如下:(1)空白对照组;(2) 损伤组;(3)预处理＋损伤组; (4)LY294002＋预处理＋损伤组;(5) LY294002组;(6) quercetin＋预处理＋损伤组;(7) 17-AAG＋预处理＋损伤组;(8) 溶剂对照组。应用Hoechst 33258染色观察细胞凋亡形态,碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,比色法测定caspase-3的活性,免疫印迹法(Western blotting)测定HSP的表达水平。结果: 100 μmol/L H₂O₂预处理PC12细胞90 min可显著地抑制300 μmol/L H₂O₂引起的细胞凋亡,使caspase-3的活性降低,同时上调HSP70和HSP90的表达。HSP70和HSP90的抑制剂quercetin和17-AAG拮抗H₂O₂预处理的抗细胞凋亡作用。 PI3K抑制剂LY294002不仅拮抗了H₂O₂预处理抗细胞凋亡的作用,并且抑制H₂O₂预处理对HSP70和HSP90的表达上调。结论: PI3K/Akt通路、HSP70和HSP90均参与H₂O₂预处理诱导的细胞保护作用。并且HSP70和HSP90参与PI3K/Akt信号通路介导H₂O₂预处理的抗细胞凋亡作用。     

丹参单体通过下调粘着斑激酶诱导H2O2刺激的肝星状细胞凋亡

目的: 研究丹参单体IH764-3对H₂O₂刺激的肝星状细胞(HSCs)凋亡的诱导作用以及此过程中粘着斑激酶(FAK)的变化。方法: 通过直接细胞计数法测定HSCs增殖;光学显微镜及透射电镜技术观察凋亡细胞的形态学改变,并应用膜联蛋白(Annexin-V)/碘化丙啶(PI)联合标记法检测HSCs的凋亡率;运用RT-PCR方法观察FAKmRNA表达。结果: H₂O₂具有刺激HSCs增殖的作用;丹参单体IH764-3能够诱导H₂O₂刺激的HSCs凋亡,并呈剂量依赖关系:10mg/L、20mg/L、30mg/L及40mg/LIH764-3干预48h后各组凋亡率分别为6.35%、9.28%、15.10%、19.69%,而H₂O₂组为2.30%;30mg/LIH764-3干预HSCs不同时间(12h、24h、48h)的凋亡率分别是6.73%、10.34%、15.10%,呈时间依赖关系;RT-PCR分析表明FAK基因表达强度在加入IH764-3后2h即明显下调,10mg/L,20mg/L,30mg/L及40mg/L组分别比H₂O₂组低了68.71%、71.00%、86.72%、95.16%。结论: 丹参单体IH764-3可以诱导H₂O₂刺激的HSCs凋亡,下调FAKmRNA表达是其诱导HSCs凋亡的机制之一。     

自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤在H2O2引起的神经胶质瘤U251细胞损伤中的作用

目的: 探讨自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)在H₂O₂诱导的神经胶质瘤U251细胞损伤过程中的作用。方法: 实验分为4组:正常对照组、10 mmol/L 3-MA组、1 mmol/L H₂O₂组、1 mmol/L H₂O₂ +10 mmol/L 3-MA组。MTT法检测各组的U251细胞增殖率;MDC染色检测细胞自噬空泡的变化;Hoechst 33342染色检测细胞核染色质凝聚变化;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。结果: 与对照组相比,单独应用3-MA对U251细胞无明显影响。H₂O₂作用组U251细胞增殖率明显降低,细胞内出现自噬空泡,细胞核染色质凝聚,细胞凋亡率增加。3-MA与H₂O₂联合作用于U251细胞时,与单独应用H₂O₂组相比,抑制了H₂O₂引起的胞内自噬空泡的积聚,但细胞凋亡率明显增加。结论: 自噬抑制剂3-MA能够一定程度地抑制H₂O₂诱导的U251细胞自噬,但促进了细胞凋亡,表明自噬在H₂O₂诱导的神经胶质瘤U251细胞损伤过程中很可能起到保护性作用。     

慢性低O2高CO2大鼠神经细胞凋亡与脑MDA、NOS的水平变化

目的：探讨慢性低O₂高CO₂脑神经细胞凋亡与MDA、NOS关系。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组（C组）和低O₂高CO₂4周组（E组），采用原位末端标记（TUNEL）、流式细胞技术检测凋亡细胞，并测脑组织MDA、NOS水平。结果：①E组脑MDA、NOS水平高于C组（P<0.01）；②E组大脑皮质、海马、丘脑等部位见神经细胞凋亡；神经细胞凋亡百分率为11.51%，并与MDA和NOS水平呈正相关（r=0.652, P<0.05和r=0.716, P<0.05）。结论：慢性低O₂高CO₂时氧自由基和一氧化氮生成增加是神经细胞凋亡形成的重要机制之一。     

远志皂苷元对H2O2诱导的大鼠海马神经元损伤的影响及其机制

目的: 观察远志皂苷元(senegenin, Sen)对过氧化氢(H₂O₂)诱导的SD大鼠海马神经元损伤的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法: SD大鼠海马神经元培养至第6 d,随机分为正常组、H₂O₂组、Sen+ H₂O₂ 组和Sen组,药物干预后检测细胞存活率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,并用 Hoechst 33258染色观察细胞核形态变化,荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)检测神经元凋亡相关基因 bcl-2和bax 的表达,进一步采用Western blotting观察Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达,酶荧光活性检测试剂盒测定caspase-3的活性改变。结果: 与正常组相比,H₂O₂组细胞存活率降低。与H₂O₂组相比,20 μmol/L Sen+ H₂O₂ 组细胞存活率升高,SOD活性升高,MDA含量下降,并且远志皂苷元能够上调bcl-2 mRNA表达、下调bax mRNA表达,降低caspase-3活性,Western blotting结果进一步表明Bcl-2蛋白表达升高,Bax蛋白表达下降,各指标均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论: 远志皂苷元对H₂O₂处理的海马神经元有一定保护作用,其机制可能与远志皂苷元增强海马神经元抗氧化能力、调节细胞凋亡相关蛋白从而抑制凋亡有关。     

STI571及As2O3诱导K562细胞凋亡机制的研究

目的：探讨比较STI571和As₂O₃诱导K562细胞凋亡及抑制其生长的可能机制，为进一步揭示慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）的发病机制及STI571和As₂O₃的临床应用提供理论依据。方法：采用细胞培养、台盼蓝染色、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、Western blot等方法研究STI571和As₂O₃分别对K562细胞的生长抑制和诱导凋亡的作用，检测两种药物在诱导K562细胞凋亡的过程中某些凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果：STI571和As₂O₃均可抑制K562细胞的增殖、诱导其凋亡。两种药物均可下调Bcl-XL的表达，并裂解caspase-3。As₂O₃作用浓度为2 μmol/L时其下调Bcl-XL的作用与1 μmol/L时没有明显的差别，但是其裂解caspase-3的作用较后者更加明显。结论：STI571作为凋亡诱导剂，可通过抑制Bcl-XL的表达从而激活caspase-3，诱导K562细胞凋亡；As₂O₃诱导K562细胞凋亡过程中伴有caspase-3的激活，但其作用并非完全是通过下调Bcl-XL蛋白水平而实现的。     

预适应对氧化应激中HepG2细胞保护作用的初步探讨

目的：建立HepG2细胞预适应、氧化应激模 型。方法:应用不同浓度H₂O₂作用于HepG2细胞，分别用吖啶橙和溴 化乙锭（AO/EB）双染色法、MTT比色法及PI染色流式细胞术检测细胞活力及凋亡情况。结果:各组细胞经AO/EB双染色之后呈现不同的染色状态：对照组细胞为正常 梭形，呈均匀绿色荧光染色；预适应组可见少量绿色浓染细胞；氧化应激组可见大量绿色或 红色浓染凋亡细胞；预适应后氧化应激组凋亡细胞明显少于氧化应激组。预适应组MTT比色 法测定细胞生存活力比较：对照组>预适应组>预适应后氧化应激组>氧化应激组（P<0.05）。PI染色流式细胞术测细胞凋亡率比较：氧化应激组>预适应后氧化应激组>预适应组> 对照组（P<0.05）。结论:不同浓度H₂O₂作用于HepG2细胞发 生预适应和氧化应激现象，应用小剂量H₂O₂作用于细胞可以保护细胞免受更大浓度H₂ O₂带来的损伤。     

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces proinflammatory endothelial phenotype

The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is up-regulated in atherosclerotic arteries; however, its effects on the endothelium are not well characterized. Using microdissected coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs) and cultured primary CAECs, we demonstrated endothelial mRNA expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and H2O2 significantly increased endothelial expression of BMP-2 but not BMP-4. In organ culture, BMP-2 substantially decreased relaxation of rat carotid arteries to acetylcholine and increased production of reactive oxygen species, events inhibited by pharmacologically blocking protein kinase C (PKC) or NAD(P)H oxidase. BMP-2 activated nuclear factor-kappaB in CAECs, and BMP-2 and BMP-4 substantially increased adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells, which was reduced by pharmacologically inhibiting p42/44 MAP kinase pathway (also by siRNA down-regulating ERK-1/2) or PKC. Incubation of rat carotid arteries with BMP-2 ex vivo also increased adhesion of mononuclear cells to the endothelium, requiring p42/44 MAP kinase and PKC. Western blotting showed that in CAECs and carotid arteries BMP-2 elicited phosphorylation of p42/44 MAP kinase, which was reduced by blocking MAP kinase kinase and PKC. Collectively, expression of BMP-2 is regulated by proinflammatory stimuli, and increased levels of BMP-2 induce endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and endothelial activation. Thus, the proinflammatory effects of BMP-2 may play a role in vascular pathophysiology.     

Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules in vivo. Increased endothelial ICAM-2 expression in lymphoid malignancies.

The authors have compared the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, ELAM-1) in hyperplastic, nonmalignant, and malignant lymph nodes. The authors demonstrate that the reactivity with ICAM-1 MAb is stronger in the high endothelial venules (HEV) and other smaller vessels (SV) in lymphomas compared with hyperplastic lymph nodes. Similarly, the reactivity of an ICAM-2 MAb (6D5) was shown to be higher in malignant lymph nodes compared with nonmalignant ones. ICAM-2 MAb stained both the HEV and SV. VCAM-1 MAb reacted strongly with germinal centers and its endothelial reactivity was higher in the lymphoma nodes. ELAM-1 MAb stained only faintly some endothelial cells in malignant tissue. These data suggest that besides the known regulatable endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the expression of ICAM-2 can be modified.     

Human lymphocytes stimulate prostacyclin synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Involvement of endothelial cPLA2

Prostacyclin (PGI2) contributes to the maintenance of a nonadhesive luminal surface in blood vessels due to its anti-platelet and vasodilatory properties. Here, we sought to determine whether peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) may regulate the PGI2 production of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cell-cell contact between HUVEC and lymphocytes markedly enhanced PGI2 synthesis as a function of the number of lymphocytes added. This stimulated synthesis was totally suppressed when lymphocytes and HUVEC were separated by a microporous insert. It was not due to prostaglandin H synthase up-regulation. The pretreatment of lymphocytes with the PGI2 synthase inhibitor tranylcypromine partially inhibited PGI2 synthesis (47%), suggesting a transcellular metabolism of the endothelial prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 by the lymphocyte PGI2 synthase. Experiments using [14C]arachidonate-labeled lymphocytes coincubated with unlabeled HUVEC, and [14C]arachidonate-labeled HUVEC coincubated with unlabeled lymphocytes showed that the arachidonic acid used for PGI2 synthesis was totally of endothelial origin. Furthermore, the PGI2 synthesis was strongly inhibited by the cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, MAFP and totally suppressed by the combination of the calcium chelators, BAPTA and EGTA. Collectively, these results suggest that lymphocytes trigger an outside-in signaling in endothelial cells involving cPLA2 activation. Overall, the switch-on for PGI2 synthesis induced by lymphocytes might serve as a protection against atherothrombogenesis.     

罗格列酮减轻2型糖尿病大鼠血管内皮功能受损

目的观察2型糖尿病大鼠血清内皮素(ET)和一氧化氮(NO)水平、主动脉病理变化、在主动脉的内皮型一氧化氮合酶(e NOS)蛋白和mRNA表达及罗格列酮的干预作用。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组、高脂组、糖尿病组和罗格列酮组,每组20只。制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型后,罗格列酮治疗组4 mg/kg·d灌胃给药,于治疗6周和12周时检测血糖、ET、NO及光镜下主动脉的病理变化;用Western blot和real-time PCR检测主动脉的e NOS蛋白和mRNA表达。结果 1)与对照组比较,高脂组、糖尿病组及罗格列酮治疗组ET升高,NO降低(P0.01)。12周时糖尿病组较高脂组和罗格列酮治疗组ET升高,NO降低(P0.05)。糖尿病组NO水平在12周时比6周时明显下降(P0.05)。2)12周时高脂组、糖尿病组和罗格列酮组大鼠主动脉出现不同程度病理改变。3)6周和12周时,与对照组比较,高脂组、糖尿病组和罗格列酮组主动脉e NOS的蛋白和mRNA表达下调(P0.01);糖尿病组较罗格列酮组主动脉e NOS的蛋白表达下调(P0.01)。结论罗格列酮可以缓解糖尿病组大鼠血管内皮功能受损。     

Initiation sites for Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells

Intracellular Ca²⁺ signals in response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-producing agents often present themselves as Ca²⁺ oscillations and propagating Ca²⁺ waves originating at discrete initiation sites. We studied the spatial organization of the Ca²⁺ signal in single CPAE endothelial cells stimulated with adenosine triphosphate. The long, thin processes presented a higher agonist sensitivity and, for the same agonist concentration, a faster rise in cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration and rate of wave propagation than the cell body. Ca²⁺ waves originated preferentially in one of these processes and then invaded the cell body. Removal of external Ca²⁺ induced a progressive inhibition up to blockade of the response in the process but not in the cell body. These findings suggest that CPAE cells contain many individual store units, each of which has the inherent ability to set the stage for Ca²⁺ release. A diffusing messenger originating from the initiation zone then coordinates the events leading to Ca²⁺ release in the individual store units to produce a Ca²⁺ wave.     

Persistence of PAR-2 vasodilation despite endothelial dysfunction in BPH/2 hypertensive mice

This study investigated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by acetylcholine, bradykinin and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) to characterise endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive mice (BPH/2). We hypothesised that PAR-2 induced vasodilation would be preserved in BPH/2 despite the presence of hypertension and impaired vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and bradykinin. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate and locomotor activity were assessed in conscious mice over 24-h periods by radiotelemetry. Relaxation responses of small mesenteric arteries to acetylcholine, bradykinin and the PAR-2 agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fly), were assessed using wire myographs. MAP and heart rate of BPH/2 were 15 and 18%, respectively, higher than in controls (BPN/3). BPH/2 also exhibited increased locomotor activity. Maximal relaxations of arteries by acetylcholine and bradykinin in BPH/2 were reduced by 25–50% relative to BPN/3. In contrast, relaxation responses to 2fly were only slightly (6%), albeit significantly, reduced. Sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations were not different between strains. Treatment of BPH/2 arteries with inhibitors of calcium-activated K⁺ channels was sufficient to block persistent 2fly- and residual ACh- and bradykinin-induced relaxations, whereas NO synthase inhibitor failed to inhibit these relaxations. In BPH/2 mice, vascular smooth muscle relaxation by PAR-2 is well preserved despite the presence of hypertension and impaired vasodilation responses to acetylcholine and bradykinin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

锌指蛋白基因抑制氧损伤诱导的内皮细胞E-选择素的表达

目的：探讨外源性锌指蛋白基因A20对氧损伤诱导的内皮细胞E-选择素表达的影响。方法：DOTAP脂质体介导peDNA3．1EHA20质粒转染人脐静脉内皮细胞，经G418筛选，免疫荧光检测A20基因的表达，原位杂交、免疫组化分别检测过氧化氢诱导的内皮细胞E-选择素表达。结果：A20基因在经G418筛选后的内皮细胞中得到高效表达，过氧化氢能诱导人内皮细胞E-选择素高表达，而A20基因能抑制80％以上过氧化氢诱导的内皮细胞E-选择素表达，两者间相差显著。结论：A20基因能够显著抑制过氧化氢诱导的内皮细胞活化，有助于氧损伤的治疗。     

Investigation of interleukin 2 receptors on human endothelial cells.

We have demonstrated that both recombinant and purified IL-2 exert a direct effect on quiescent human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, causing the cells to enter the cell cycle and proliferate (Hicks et al., 1989). In this study we have identified IL-2 receptors (R) on both human umbilical vein (HUVEC) and neonatal foreskin (HCEC) endothelial cells. The techniques used to identify the receptors included proliferation studies, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results indicate that both HUVEC and HCEC possess low numbers of receptors since both cell types proliferate in response to IL-2. The number of receptors on the cell surface vary according to passage number and culture conditions. Immunofluorescent studies show discrete areas of staining on the cell membrane. These combined results suggest that human vascular endothelial cells possess IL-2R.     

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells

We have investigated the role of recombinant human interleukin-1 (rIL-1) and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF-) on PLA₂ activity, protein synthesis and eicosanoid production in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Cellular PLA₂ activity increased 4-fold and production of PGE₂ increased 3-fold at 1–2 hrs in the presence of 10 units/ml rIL-1. PLA₂ activity increased 3-fold at 30 min and PGE₂ production increased 2-fold with 5×10^–9 M rTNF-. The data show that endothelial cells respond more rapidly to rIL-1 (2–6 hr) and rTNF- (30 min) than do chondrocytes and synovial cells (6–16 hrs), suggesting endothelial cells may play a primary role in initiating the inflammatory response.