Ministernotomy for minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting

Background Through a ministernotomy ＂J shaped approach, left internal mammary artery （LIMA） bypass grafting to the left anterior descending artery （LAD） can be performed safely off-pump. To achieve a complete revascularization, percutaneous coronary interventions （PCI） with drug eluting stent implantation to other coronary arteries was used. We reported outcomes of the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease with minimally invasive coronary artery bypass （MICAB） and PCI. Methods Between January 2009 and Dec 2012, 14 patients （11 males, 3 females, mean age was 64.8 _ 10.1 years. Two-vessel disease account for 35.7% （5/14） of these patients, three-vessel disease 64.2% （9/14） （Table 1）. All patients underwent a minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting via mini-sternotomy ＂J＂ shaped approach. Seven patients were followed by PCI, 7 for obtuse marginal circumflex, 5 for right coronary artery （RCA）. Angiographic assessment of graft patency was performed in all patients during the PCI procedure. The clinical follow-up period lasts from 11-24 months. Results The in-hospital mortality was 0%. There was neither conversion to a full median sternotomy nor intraoperative complications. Ventilation time was 6.6 ＋_ 4.1 h. Blood loss ranged 341 ＋_ 78.8 mL. ICU stay ranged 22.3 _ 12.8 h. Hospital postoperative stay lasted for 6.5 ＋ 1.6 days. Prior to PCI patients showed 100% patent left internal mammary artery. One patient had mediastinitis （Tables 2-3）. Rate of freedom from cardiac reintervention during the follow-up period was 92.8% （13/14）. Conclusions The inferior J-shaped sternotomy is simple, reproducible, and the safest technique for performing minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery. MICAB ＋ PCI is also safe, feasible and efficacious.     

Hybrid minimally invasive coronary artery revascularization

Background Hybrid coronary revascularization(HCR) is an alternative coronary revascularization strategy that combines a minimally invasive, survival advantage of the left internal mammary artery(LIMA)-left anterior descending(LAD) coronary artery bypass with less-invasive percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)to non-LAD coronary lesions by using drug-eluting stents. We report our experience of hybrid minimally invasive approach in 15 patients. Methods From December 2012 to October 2013, 15 patients underwent revascularization of the left anterior descending artery through minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting(MIDCAB). All patients by endoscopic assist beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting. Seven patients were scheduled for a hybrid procedure. Percutaneous coronary intervention of non- LAD was performed 3 to 5 days preoperatively. Demographic data, perioperative outcome, and annual follow-up were obtained from all the patients. Results In-hospital mortality was 6.67%. The rate of conversion to full median sternotomy was 13.3%. Ventilation time was 6.9 ± 5.1 h. Blood loss volume was 241 ± 67.8 mL. ICU stay was21.3 ± 10.8 h. Hospital postoperative stay lasted for 7.5 ± 1.3 days. Prior to PCI patients showed 100% patent LIMA(Tables 3 and 4). A mean follow-up was 8.5 months. One year graft patency rate was 100%(8 / 8patients for 254-slice tomography). Two patients required reintervention. Conclusions Minimally invasive hybrid coronary revascularization is a safe, feasible and efficacious approach with good results and should be performed in selected patients by surgeons with experience in minimally invasive bypass surgery plus collaboration with cardiologists. eluting stents.     

cOptical coherence tomography application as guiding in percutaneous coronary intervention procedure one year follow up survey

Background Optical coherence tomography （OCT） is increasingly used in the process of percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, but there is still lack of data about the significance of OCT in the process of PCI. The study aimed to investigate the long term value of OCT in the procedure of PCI. Methods One hundred sixty-five patients with coronary artery disease and implanted drug eluting stents were enrolled in the retrospective study. OCT was performed after stent implantation to detect the complications in 82 patients, who were named as OCT group. And the other 83 patients without OCT application served the control group. Incidence of the angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, revascularization and cardiac sudden death was observed in the two groups during one year follow-up. Results At one year clinical follow-up, the incidences of angina and revascularization in OCT group were significantly lower than those in control group （angina： 3.66% vs. 18.07%, P 〈 0.05; revascularization： 2.44% vs. 12.04%, P 〈 0.05）, the incidence of acute myocardial infarction was not significantly different （2.44% vs. 4.82%, P 〉 0.05）. Conclusions OCT is a feasible technique for guidance of coronary interventions, and its application during PCI procedure can improve the clinical outcome.     

Effects of Late Reperfusion on Left Ventricular Function and Its Relationship With Viable Myocardium After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With or Without Diabetes

Objectives To compare the different effects of late successful reperfusion with PCI on left ventricular function and its relationship with viable myocardium after acute anterior wall myocardial infarction in patients with or without diabetes. Methods A total of 125 consecutive subjects with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction were selected, and divided into diabetes mellitus （DM） group （ n = 43） and Non-DM group （ n = 82） according to WHO diabetes diagnosis criteria. All patients received successful PCI at 12 ± 8 days from onset. Ischemic viable myocardium was detected with low-dose dobutamine echocardiography, and left ventricular function and wall motion abnormality were also assessed with echocardiography before PCI. The data of clinical manifestations and angiograms before and after PCI were analyzed. Levels of creatinine kinase-MB （CK-MB）, and troponin T （TnT） before PCI, 6 hours and 24 hours after PCI were assessed. All patients received clinic and echocardiography follow-up for 6 months. Results Higher rate of TIMI 2 flow, and lower rate of TIMI 3 flow in DM group were demonstrated immediately after PCI, and the rate of serum CK-MB and/or TnT levels were higher in DM group, compared with Non-DM group（P 〈 0.05）. 63% of DM patients and 56% of non-DM patients had viable myocardium before PCI（ P 〉 0. 05）. There were no significant differences of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end diastolic volume index （LVEDVI）, left ventricular end systolic volume index （LVESVI）, and wall motion score （WMS） between two groups at baseline before PCI（P 〉 0.05）. After six months, WMS was decreased and LVEF was increased in Non-DM group, but the WMS and the LVEF did not changed, and the LVEDVI was increased in DM group compared with baseline; the LVEDVI, LVESVI, LVEF, and WMS were significantly different between two groups （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0. 01 ）. Conclusions Compared with non-diabetics, delayed successful revascularization with PCI in diabetics patient with acute myocardial infarction has less benefitial effect on the improvement of late phase left ventricular function, and it may be because the insufficient reperfusion or reperfusion injury to myocardium but not the viable myocardium contributing to the poor result. （S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 196 -203）     

心绞痛患者PCI术前大剂量阿托伐他汀对围手术期心肌损伤的影响

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）是所有采用经皮穿刺方法减轻冠状动脉狭窄的各种心导管技术的总称,早期PCI术主要是指经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术（percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA）.自从1977年Gruzentig在瑞士完成世界上第一例PTCA后,心血管造影的临床应用日趋广泛,成为临床上判断冠状动脉病变部位和程度的＂金标准＂.     

Increasing Uric Acid Concentration in Elderly With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Objectives Plasma uric acid （UA） concentration was suspected to elevate in elderly with ischemic cardiomyopathy （ICM）. Methods We analyzed the data of 235 elderly aged 60 years and older with coronary heart disease： silent myocardial ischemia or angina pectoris confirmed by angiography. Among these patients, 154 had ICM defined as left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVDd） male 〉 55 mm, female 〉 50 mm （mean. 63.51 ± 7.70 mm） measured by echocardiography. Difference in UA was analyzed between patients with and without ICM. Results There was significant increase of UA in ICM compared with non-ICM （432.82 ± 143.05 umol/L vs 361. 06 ± 137.35 umol/L, P 〈 0. 05 ） ; and UA was positively related to LVDd （ r = 0. 25, P 〈 0. 05 ）. Conclusions There was significant increase of UA in elderly with ICM due to longterm silent myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris. Moreover, UA was positively related to LVDd. （ S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 212 -215）     

心血管疾病戒烟干预中国专家共识

吸烟是心血管疾病的独立危险因素,并且也是患者唯一能够自我控制的致病因素。许多心血管医生已经认识到吸烟的危害和戒烟干预的重要性,但尚缺乏相应的戒烟知识和戒烟技巧。本共识通过全面总结吸烟的危害和戒烟的益处,     

冠脉CTA在评估冠状动脉和桥血管病变中的应用

64排螺旋CT的问世,开创了心血管疾病无创诊断的新纪元.2005年11月西门子公司正式将双源CT （Dual Source CT,DSCT）,这一划时代的影像学诊断产品展现在世人面前,使得冠脉CT （CTA）在冠状动脉检查中的应用越来越广泛.冠脉CTA已成为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（coronary heart disease,CHD）患者常规的影像学检查方法之一.     

Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention： A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background Clopidogrel is beneficial after acute coronary syndrome. Recent studies suggest the superiority of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel. The enhanced platelet inhibition with prasugrel lead to a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to high risk acute coronary syndrome scheduled for PCI. However, prasugrel showed signs of increased bleeding potential. We performed a meta-analysis to assess clinical safety and efficacy of prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrials. gov, proceedings of major US and European cardiology meetings, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases 2000-2010 and reviews, reference lists of relevant articles. The search strategy paired the term "prasugrel" "clopidogrel" with the following: "acute coronary syndrome" "percutaneous coronary intervention" We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind trials that evaluated clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Two reviewers independently assessed the trials. Differences were resolved by consensus. Results A total of 2 trials with 14512 patients were available for analysis. Overall, prasugrel appeared significantly superior to clopidogrel for the risk of MACE (OR = 0.820.74-0.90, P ﹤0.0001), stent thrombosis (OR = 0.470.35-0.62, P 0.00001), death(OR = 0.850.78-0.93, P = 0.0003), and myocardial infarction (OR = 0.760.68-0.85, P﹤0.00001), without any significant difference in stroke (P = 0.85). However, major bleeding associated with non coronary artery bypass grafting Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction related to prasugrel (OR = 1.321.03-1.67, P = 0.03). Conclusions Prasugrel is superior to clopidogrel for acute coronary syndrome, while causing more bleedings.     

冠脉搭桥术后肺炎克雷伯杆菌所致院内感染二例

近年来获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌所致的重症感染国内外时有报道[1-3],而外科术后由肺炎克雷伯杆菌导致的院内感染,也逐渐引起我们的关注.现将2例术后重症感染者报道如下.     

再议aVR导联的临床应用意义

<正>aVR导联在体表心电图(electrocardiograph,ECG)中的地位长时间以来没有受到足够的重视,aVR导联大多仅用于窦性心律的判别上,将aVR导联P波的倒置作为窦性心律诊断的必备条件之一。近年来,人们逐渐注意到了aVR导联在急性冠状动脉综合征、心律失常、心室肥厚和肺动脉高压等方面的诊断或鉴别价值。本文就aVR导联近年来在临床中的应用价值作一介绍。     

心房纤维化及重构与房颤发展的新视点

房颤的发生源于心脏电生理改变和心房结构重塑的共同作用。心房纤维化是一个有害的过程,会引起细胞外基质沉积与降解失衡及成纤维细胞的过度增值等。早期研究显示,心室纤维化会引起心室壁进行性硬化,进而引起心室功能不全和充血性心力衰竭。但随后的研究突出显示了心房纤维化与房颤的关系,与瓣膜病、高血压和老龄化的关系。     

入院即刻血糖与急性冠脉综合征

入院即刻血糖可能反映机体在应激性刺激过程中产生的应激反应的强烈程度。入院即刻血糖的水平与体内炎症反应强度、血容量、血小板聚集及黏附等存在相关性。对入院即刻血糖的研究可以为评估急性冠脉综合征（acute coroary syndrome,ACS）患者的预后提供新的指标。现就入院即刻血糖的特性与急性冠脉综合征的关系作一综述。     

以肠梗阻为首要表现的胆囊十二指肠瘘1例

病例：患者女,86岁,因＂间断腹痛、呕吐5 d＂于2010年12月23日就诊于我院消化内科。患者入院前5 d无明显诱因下出现上腹部疼痛,呈间断性发作,伴恶心、呕吐胃内容物,1~2次/d,约50 ml/次。患者发病期间无排便、排气,无发热、呕血,小便正常。门诊行腹部立位平片示,肠梗阻（见图1）。患者既往有胆囊结石病史20余年,曾于2010年9月28日行上腹部CT检查示,胆囊结石,胆囊壁增厚（见图2）。遂以肠梗阻、慢性胆囊炎收治入院。     

A Comparative Study on Post-intervention Use of Tirofiban or Enoxaparin in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of post procedure use of platelet glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲ a receptor in- hibitor （PGI） or low molecular weight heparin （LMWH） in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS） undergoing dual anti-platelet loading therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods This was a prospective randomized grouping controlled study in 174 patients with ACS received aspirin 300 mg plus clopidogrel 600mg loading before PCI. After procedure, patients were randomized to intravenous tirofiban for 12 -24 hours （tirofiban group） or subcutaneous enoxaparin for 5 days （enoxaparin group）. Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in both groups were investigated. Results Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in tirofiban group were 8.0% , 3.4% , 6.8% , 3.4% , and 3.4% , respectively. In enoxaparin group, aforementioned event rates were 7%, 2. 3%, 6. 0%, 2. 3%, and 5.8%, respectively. No statistical significance was found between two groups. Conclusions In the setting of dual anti-platelet medication loading and PCI for the treatment of ACS, it is effective to use tirofiban or enoxaparin for aggressive post procedure antithrombotic therapy. It comes with a very low major bleeding complication rate. Use of GPI for 12 to 24 hours was comparable to use of LMWH for 5 days in efficacy and safety.     

急性冠脉综合征抗血小板治疗新进展

急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndromes,ACS）是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破溃,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征。     

医师提供人文医学服务探究——不同医学模式的医疗服务差异性分析

近些年来,社会上呼唤人文医学或人文医生的声音很响,似乎而今的医疗服务使社会大众难于接受。对此,我们复习研究了许多相关文献,从远古时代的神灵主义医学模式发展到今天的生物一心理一社会医学模式各时段的医疗服务。这一文献复习始于朱宗涵教授于2001年在北京地区会议上讲话时提出的“人文医学”这一概念。     

海捷亚对原发性高血压的降压疗效及对左心室肥厚的影响

近年来,大量流行病学研究证明,高血压并发左心室肥厚（LVH）是增加心力衰竭、心肌梗死、心律失常、猝死等心血管事件的独立危险因素。研究证实,有效的抗高血压治疗是预防心血管事件的主要措施。对单一抗高血压药治疗未能达到目标降压的高血压患者主张联合用药或用复方制剂。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗出血并发症的治疗进展

冠状动脉疾病（CAD）是心内科的常见病,近年来对于该疾病的治疗有了迅速的发展,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）作为一种有效治疗CAD的手段日益应用广泛,使得缺血事件大大降低,但出血并发症却不断增加。现对PCI患者出血、贫血和输血等情况作一综述。     

Situation of antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome

Background Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. The study examines the situation of antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients(more than 60 years old) with non-valvular atrial fibrillation(NVAF) and acute coronary syndrome(ACS) / percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods This study enrolled 381 elderly patients [mean age(69.95 ± 8.41) years; 289 males, 92 females]with NVAF and ACS / PCI between January 2006 and September 2013. According to clinical data, these patients were categorized into 4 groups: triple therapy(TT) group, dual antiplatelet therapy(DAT) group,vitamin K antagonist(VKA) plus single antiplatelet therapy(SAT) group and VKA group. According to score of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED, all the patients were divided into 4 combinations. Statistical methods were used to analyze the situation of antithrombotic therapy and potential associations between the different combinations. Results 38 patients(9.97%) received TT and 300 patients(78.74%) received DAT. TT was received in 20 patients with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2 and HAS-BLED ≥3, and 16 patients with CHA2DS2-VASc≥2 and HAS-BLED 3. Conclusions Elderly patients who suffered NVAF and ACS / PCI were with high risk of stroke and low risk of bleeding. Majority of these patients received DAT instead of TT.