HPLC法测定氯法拉滨有关物质及含量的方法学研究

目的建立有一种可以有效测定氯法拉滨有关物质与含量的高效液相色谱法,并进行质量方法学研究。方法色谱柱采用岛津C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(10∶90),检测波长为263 nm,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温35℃,进样量20μL。结果氯法拉滨进样量在0.502 8~4.022 4μg范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 5);检测限(S/N=3)为2 ng,定量限(S/N=10)为5 ng。结论本方法准确,重现性好,可有效地检测氯法拉滨的有关物质和含量,并为氯法拉滨的检查及质量方法学研究提供了准确可靠的依据。     

氯法拉滨大鼠血药浓度检测及药动学研究

目的:建立氯法拉滨血药浓度HPLC检测法,研究其在大鼠体内的血浆药动学。方法:色谱条件为Agilent ODS Hypersil C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,紫外检测波长263 nm,流动相为乙腈-水(16∶84),乙酸调pH=4.0,流速1.2 mL/min;氯法拉滨30 mg/kg静脉注射,于给药后0.17、0.33、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0、8.0 h取血,测血药浓度。结果:氯法拉滨与血浆组分分离完全,在0.05～20.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(线性方程y=21.758x-0.9155,r=0.999910)。氯法拉滨高、中、低三个浓度的回收率为95%～105%,日内、日间精密度均小于10%。氯法拉滨大鼠体内药动学符合二室模型,主要药动学参数为A=14.20±2.45,B=1.81±0.51,CL=(2.91±0.47)L.h-1.kg-1,AUC(0-t)=(10.22±1.88)mg.L-1.h,t1/2β=(2.03±0.16)h。结论:HPLC紫外法简便、可靠,能够满足氯法拉滨血药浓度监测及药动学研究需要;氯法拉滨在大鼠体内药动学符合二室模型,消除半衰期约为2 h。     

HPLC法测定氯法拉滨原料药中有关物质的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定氯法拉滨原料药中有关物质含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODSC18,流动相为乙腈-乙酸铵溶液(10:90),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为262nm,进样量为20μL。对原料药进行专属性试验,以自身对照法测定3批原料药中有关物质的含量。结果:3批原料药在专属性试验中主峰与各杂质峰分离良好,有关物质含量分别为0.26%、0.26%、0.29%。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、重复性好,可用于氯法拉滨有关物质含量的测定。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中氯法拉滨的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中氯法拉滨浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品经甲基叔丁基醚提取处理后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾(HPLC-MS/MS)法进行测定,色谱柱为Thermo C18,流动相为乙腈-水(250∶3,其中含4 mmol·L-1乙酸铵和0.3%甲酸),流速为0.5 mL·min-1,进样量为10μL,内标为克拉屈滨。用于定量氯法拉滨和克拉屈滨的离子反应分别为m/z 304.2→170.0、m/z286.1→170.0。每个样品的分析时间为5 min。结果:氯法拉滨和克拉屈滨的保留时间分别为3.83、3.90 min。氯法拉滨血药浓度在2.5～500 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),日内、日间RSD均<14%,方法回收率为95.64%～99.23%。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、快速、准确,适用于氯法拉滨的血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS 法测定人尿液中氯法拉滨的浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法测定人尿样中氯法拉滨的浓度。方法采用AB SCIEX QTRAP 5500串联质谱仪及Agilent1200高效液相色谱仪进行检测。尿样经甲基叔丁基醚提取处理,以克拉屈滨为内标。色谱柱为ThermoC18柱（150mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈—4mM乙酸铵（含0.3%的甲酸）（250∶3,v/v）;流速为0.5mL·min-1。氯法拉滨和克拉屈滨的MRM扫描离子通道m/z分别为304.2→170.0,286.1→170.0。进样量：10μL。结果氯法拉滨和克拉屈滨分离良好,保留时间分别为3.77min,3.88min。氯法拉滨在2.5~500ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9995）,日内、日间RSD均低于6.39%,准确度（RE）均低于10.17%。结论本法样品预处理简便快捷,检测结果专属性强,灵敏度好,准确度高,适用于氯法拉滨药代动力学的研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中氯法拉滨的浓度

目的 建立一种测定人血浆中氯法拉滨浓度的液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,并用于氯法拉滨的药代动力学研究.方法 血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白,以替米沙坦为内标.色谱柱:Aglient TC-C18柱(150.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-1 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 m...     

毛细管气相色谱法检测氯法拉滨中的残留溶剂

目的:建立毛细管气相色谱法定量检测氯法拉滨原料药中的有机溶剂.方法:色谱柱为OV-101(30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm),柱温采用程序升温,载气为氮气,采用氢离子火焰检测器.结果:在本色谱条件下,测得氯法拉滨中的有机残留溶剂甲醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯的线性关系良好(相关系数均在0.994以上);各组分平均回收率分别为98.1%、97.4%、97.9%、100.3%;最低检测限分别为0.137 2、0.203 8、0.150 7、0.282 9 μg·mL-1.结论:方法灵敏,准确,适用于氯法拉滨中残留溶剂的检测.     

GC法检测氯法拉滨中有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立以气相色谱法检测氯法拉滨原料药中7种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:毛细管柱为AT-1301;载气为氮气;检测器为火焰离子化检测器;柱温采取程序升温,初始温度40℃,以7℃.min-1升至80℃,再以20℃.min-1升至200℃,保持2min;进样口温度250℃;检测器温度280℃;分流直接进样。检测3批氯法拉滨原料药中甲醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、叔丁醇、乙酸乙酯、正庚烷、乙酸的残留量。结果:各有机溶剂均能得到有效分离,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.99941～0.99993),平均回收率为96.5%～102.4%,RSD均小于4.0%,3批样品中7种有机溶剂残留量均符合《中国药典》要求。结论:本方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于氯法拉滨原料药中有机溶剂残留量的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定氯法拉滨中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定氯法拉滨中有机溶剂残留量。方法采用Agilent DB-624弹性石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm),火焰离子化检测器(FID),载气为氮气;进样口温度170℃;检测器温度:300℃;分流比:30∶1;柱压力12 kPa;柱温:程序升温,初始温度40℃,维持1 min,以15℃/min的速率升温至250℃,维持1 min。顶空进样,平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间30 min。以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,外标法测定。结果被测物均能得到很好的分离,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,精密度良好。结论该法简便、准确、灵敏度高,可用于氯法拉滨有机溶剂残留量检测。     

HPLC法测定复方罗布麻片Ⅰ中盐酸异丙嗪和氯氮(艹卓)的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法考察并建立了测定复方罗布麻片Ⅰ中盐酸异丙嗪和氯氮(艹卓)含量的方法.方法:色谱柱为Phenomenex-ODS3柱(250×4.60mm,5μm),甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲溶液(取磷酸二氢胺2.64g,加水1 000mL溶解后,用磷酸调节pH值至3.0)(55:45)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长为250nm,进样量20μL.结果:盐酸异丙嗪的线性范围为5.1～60.8μg/mL(r=1.000 0),氯氮(艹卓)的线性范围为5.2～60.4μg/mL(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为99.5%和101.2%.结论:本法精密度好,结果准确可靠,适用于该复方制剂的质量检验分析.     

Clofarabine

Clofarabine (Clolar; Genzyme), a purine nucleoside antimetabolite, was granted accelerated approval by the US FDA for the treatment of paediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in December 2004. It is the first new drug for paediatric leukaemia to be approved in more than a decade, and the only one to receive approval for paediatric use before adult use.     

Clofarabine

Clofarabine [Clofarex] is a purine nucleoside in development with Bio-envision, the Southern Research Institute and ILEX Oncology as an anticancer agent. Clofarabine's nucleoside structure is such that both the purine and ribose rings are halogenated, which allows it to inhibit DNA synthesis at two critical junctures: DNA polymerase I and RNA reductase. An intravenous infusion and an oral formulation are undergoing clinical development. Clofarabine was originated by the Southern Research Institute. In August 1998 Bioenvision signed a co-development agreement with the Southern Research Institute, under which it obtained the right to manufacture, market and distribute clofarabine worldwide, except Japan and Southeast Asia. In addition, the company appears to have licensed rights from the Institute that cover the development and marketing of other purine nucleoside analogues that have relevance in the treatment of leukaemia and lymphoma. Bioenvision will pay royalties to the Southern Research Institute for sales of clofarabine. Bioenvision extended its option in May 2004 to manufacture, market and distribute clofarabine in Japan and Southeast Asia, and is seeking a co-marketing partner to convert the option into a license agreement following the terms agreed upon between Bioenvision and the Southern Research Institute. Bioenvision and ILEX Products (a wholly owned subsidiary of ILEX Oncology) signed an agreement in February 2004 that converted ILEX's option (agreed in March 2001) to market and distribute clofarabine in the US and Canada. As part of the deal, Bioenvision received a $US3.5 million payment from ILEX in December 2003. In March 2004, Genzyme Corporation announced that it had signed a merger agreement with ILEX Oncology under which ILEX shareholders will receive shares of Genzyme common stock valued at approximately $US1 billion in equity value. Genzyme's business combination with ILEX is expected to be completed by the middle of 2004, Genzyme will, therefore, acquire a considerable boost to its product portfolio. Bioenvision obtained the exclusive option from the Southern Research Institute in September 2003 to manufacture, market and distribute clofarabine in Japan and Southeast Asia. Bioenvision stated it was actively seeking a co-marketing partner to convert this option into a license. Bioenvision announced in June 2003 that it had formed two separate agreements with Ferro Pfanstiehl Laboratories. The agreements cover worldwide development and supply of clofarabine, excluding the US and Canada. Ferro Pfanstiehl has more than 25 years of experience in potent compound manufacturing. The US FDA granted clofarabine fast-track designation for the treatment of refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children in September 2003. Clofarabine has also been granted orphan drug status by the US FDA for the treatment of adult and paediatric patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In December 2001, clofarabine was granted orphan drug status in the EU for the treatment of adult and paediatric patients with ALL. A single-agent phase II study has been completed in patients with acute leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Results of a phase II study of clofarabine in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukaemia in older adults who are not considered suitable for intensive chemotherapy have been very positive, with a 64% response rate in these patients being reported. In May 2004, Bioenvision announced that it had decided to stop enrollment at 25 evaluable patients (initially anticipated to be approximately 37 patients) because of the encouraging interim results. It said the trial would conclude earlier than expected and be completed by the end of June 2004. The pivotal trial will enroll approximately 65 patients with AML considered unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy. Bioenvision currently has phase II trials ongoing in adult and paediatric patients with acute leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In addition, Bioenvision-sponsored phase I/II clinical trials of clofarabine in patients with CLL and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are underway in Europe. In July 2002, ILEX began two US multicentre, open-label, phase II trials in children with relapsed or refractory AML or ALL. Children enrolled in the studies receive an intravenous infusion of clofarabine over 2 hours for five consecutive days every 2-6 weeks. In June 2003, at the 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO-2003), an overall response rate of 28% was reported for clofarabine therapy in heavily pretreated children with acute leukaemia. In September 2003, a multicentre European phase II trial (BIOV-111) was initiated in children with relapsed/refractory ALL. In December 2003, the first of 65 patients received treatment. As part of the global development programme, Bioenvision and ILEX are also conducting a phase II study in adult patients with AML. The companies are planning to investigate the potential use of clofarabine in combination with DNA-damaging agents, because clofarabine has been shown to inhibit DNA repair and may, therefore, potentiate the effects of DNA damaging drugs. A phase I/II trial of clofarabine in combination with cytarabine (Ara-C) in adult patients with first relapse AML, ALL, CML blast crisis and myelodysplastic syndrome was initiated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre in October 2002. Clofarabine has completed US phase I trials, and has reported favourable results in patients with leukaemia and solid tumours, including breast, colorectal and prostate cancers. A phase I/II trial in patients with solid tumours was initiated in July 2002. In addition, ILEX said it intended to develop an oral formulation of clofarabine for the treatment of colorectal cancer.     

氯法拉滨的合成

以鸟苷为原料,经乙酰化、氯代、重氮化后氯代及氨解反应制得关键中间体2-氯-2-,3',5'-三-O-乙酰基腺苷(6).6在盐酸羟胺-乙酸钠-吡啶体系中选择性脱2'-乙酰基,再经三氟甲磺酰化、氟代及脱保护反应制得抗白血病药氯法拉滨,总收率8%.     

氯法拉滨的合成

1-乙酰基-2，3，5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖经重排获得的1，3，5-三-O-苯甲酰基-α-D-呋喃核糖，与硫酰氯、咪唑反应生成易离去基团磺酰咪唑酯，经氟代、溴化得1-溴-2-脱氧-2-氟-3，5-二-D-苯甲酰基-α-D-阿拉伯糖，再与2-氯腺嘌呤缩合后脱保护即可制得抗白血病药氯法拉滨，总收率5％。     

Clofarabine for myelodysplastic syndromes

Introduction: Treatment options in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain limited. The introduction of novel therapies that can improve response rates and survival outcomes in MDS remains a challenge. Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside analog that works primarily via inhibition of DNA biosynthesis and the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme with recent evidence suggesting that at low doses it may affect DNA methylation. It has been successfully used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is under investigation in MDS.

Areas covered: A PubMed search for articles pertaining to clofarabine was conducted and streamlined to only include data on MDS or AML that evolved from MDS. Also included were clofarabine-related response and safety data from presentations at the 52^nd Annual American Society of Hematology Meeting in Orlando, Florida, USA.

Expert opinion: Clinical trials using clofarabine in MDS and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms have produced overall response rates of 31 – 43% including complete responders. Although myelosuppression is an important side effect, clofarabine is generally well tolerated in MDS. Clofarabine is currently available in an intravenous form with an oral formulation presently under investigation, either as a single agent or in combination therapy in MDS. Larger studies may help clarify the viability of clofarabine in the treatment of MDS patients.     

氯法拉滨的合成工艺改进

目的合成标题化合物,并进行工艺改进。方法以1-乙酰基-2,3,5三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖为起始原料,制得1-氯-2-脱氧-2-氟-3,5-二-O-苯甲酰基-α—D-阿拉伯糖（化合物6）。化合物6与2-氯腺嘌呤在四氯化锡作用下发生缩合反应生成氯法拉滨。结果总收率为8．4％,目标化合物的结构经IR、^1H—NMR、MS等方法确证。结论该合成工艺具有原料易得,操作简便,易于工业化生产等特点。     

Clofarabine for myelodysplastic syndromes

INTRODUCTION: Treatment options in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain limited. The introduction of novel therapies that can improve response rates and survival outcomes in MDS remains a challenge. Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside analog that works primarily via inhibition of DNA biosynthesis and the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme with recent evidence suggesting that at low doses it may affect DNA methylation. It has been successfully used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is under investigation in MDS. AREAS COVERED: A PubMed search for articles pertaining to clofarabine was conducted and streamlined to only include data on MDS or AML that evolved from MDS. Also included were clofarabine-related response and safety data from presentations at the 52(nd) Annual American Society of Hematology Meeting in Orlando, Florida, USA. EXPERT OPINION: Clinical trials using clofarabine in MDS and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms have produced overall response rates of 31 - 43% including complete responders. Although myelosuppression is an important side effect, clofarabine is generally well tolerated in MDS. Clofarabine is currently available in an intravenous form with an oral formulation presently under investigation, either as a single agent or in combination therapy in MDS. Larger studies may help clarify the viability of clofarabine in the treatment of MDS patients.     

Clofarabine. Bioenvision/ILEX

Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite under development by Bioenvision (under license from the Southern Research Institute) and ILEX for the potential treatment of solid tumors, acute myelogenous leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and acute lymphoblastic and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In September 2003, Bioenvision initiated a phase II trial in Europe in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in October 2003, ILEX submitted the first part of a rolling NDA to the FDA for the treatment of acute leukemia in children.     

氯法拉宾注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的建立氯法拉宾注射液细菌内毒素检查方法。方法根据中国药典2005年版二部附录收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行实验。结果氯法拉宾注射液稀释4倍以后,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰;3批样品细菌内毒素检查均符合规定。结论细菌内毒素检查方法可用于该产品的质量控制。