Management of bladder function after outpatient surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to test a treatment algorithm for management of bladder function after outpatient general or local anesthesia. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-four outpatients, stratified into risk categories for urinary retention, were studied. Patients in category 1 were low-risk patients (n = 227) having non-pelvic surgery and randomly assigned to receive 10 ml/kg or 2 ml/kg of intravenous fluid intraoperatively. They were discharged when otherwise ready, without being required to void. Patients in category 2 (n = 40), also presumed to be low risk, had gynecologic surgery. High-risk patients included 31 patients having hernia or anal surgery (category 3), and 31 patients with a history of retention (category 4). Bladder volumes were monitored by ultrasound in those in categories 2-4, and patients were required to void (or be catheterized) before discharge. The incidence of retention and urinary tract symptoms after surgery were determined for all categories. RESULT: Urinary retention affected 0.5% of category 1 patients and none of category 2 patients. Median time to void after discharge was 75 min (interquartile range 120) in category 1 patients (n = 27) discharged without voiding. Fluids administered did not alter incidence of retention or time to void. Retention occurred in 5% of high-risk patients before discharge and recurred in 25% after discharge. CONCLUSION: In reliable patients at low risk for retention, voiding before discharge appears unnecessary. In high-risk patients, continued observation until the bladder is emptied is indicated to avoid prolonged overdistention of the bladder.     

Ambulatory surgery patients may be discharged before voiding after short-acting spinal and epidural anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Voiding before discharge is usually required after outpatient epidural or spinal anesthesia because of concern about bladder overdistention and dysfunction. Shorter duration spinal and epidural anesthesia may allow return of bladder function before overdistention occurs in low-risk patients (those younger than age 70, not having hernia, rectal, or urologic surgery, and without a history of voiding difficulty), and predischarge voiding may not be necessary. METHODS: After institutional review board approval and informed consent, 201 low-risk ambulatory patients were prospectively studied in either a standard or accelerated pathway after undergoing spinal or epidural anesthesia with procaine, lidocaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or less than 7 mg bupivacaine; epinephrine was not used in any anesthetic. Standard pathway patients (n = 70) were required to void before discharge. Accelerated pathway (n = 131) patients were not required to void. (After randomization of an initial 163 patients to one of the two tracks, 38 additional patients were assigned to the accelerated pathway.) If accelerated pathway patients voided, they were discharged when all other discharge criteria were met. If they did not spontaneously void after block resolution, a bladder ultrasound (BUS) was performed. If the BUS indicated a urine volume of less than 400 ml, the patients were discharged and instructed to return to the emergency department if they were unable to void within 8 h of discharge. If the BUS indicated a urine volume of greater than 400 ml, the patients were reassessed in 1 h and were discharged if they could void spontaneously. If they could not void spontaneously, they were catheterized to facilitate discharge. All patients were contacted the next day to assess the return of normal bladder function. RESULTS: All standard pathway patients voided without difficulty, and were discharged in 153 +/- 49 (SD) min. 62 patients in the accelerated pathway voided spontaneously after resolution of their block and were discharged in 127 +/- 41 min. 46 patients were discharged with a BUS less than 400 ml in 120 +/- 42 min. 23 patients had a BUS greater than 400 ml: of these, 20 patients voided within an hour and were discharged in 162 +/- 45 min. Three were catheterized after 1 h, and were discharged in 186 +/- 61 min. Mean discharge time for all patients in the accelerated pathway was 22 min shorter than the standard pathway (P = 0.002). No patients had difficulty voiding or returned to the hospital for urinary problems. None reported new urologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Delay of discharge after outpatient spinal or epidural anesthesia with short-duration drugs for low-risk procedures is not necessary, and may result in prolonged discharge times.     

Ambulatory Surgery Patients May Be Discharged before Voiding after Short-acting Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia

Background: Voiding before discharge is usually required after outpatient epidural or spinal anesthesia because of concern about bladder overdistention and dysfunction. Shorter duration spinal and epidural anesthesia may allow return of bladder function before overdistention occurs in low-risk patients (those younger than age 70, not having hernia, rectal, or urologic surgery, and without a history of voiding difficulty), and predischarge voiding may not be necessary.

Methods: After institutional review board approval and informed consent, 201 low-risk ambulatory patients were prospectively studied in either a standard or accelerated pathway after undergoing spinal or epidural anesthesia with procaine, lidocaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or less than 7 mg bupivacaine; epinephrine was not used in any anesthetic. Standard pathway patients (n = 70) were required to void before discharge. Accelerated pathway (n = 131) patients were not required to void. (After randomization of an initial 163 patients to one of the two tracks, 38 additional patients were assigned to the accelerated pathway.) If accelerated pathway patients voided, they were discharged when all other discharge criteria were met. If they did not spontaneously void after block resolution, a bladder ultrasound (BUS) was performed. If the BUS indicated a urine volume of less than 400 ml, the patients were discharged and instructed to return to the emergency department if they were unable to void within 8 h of discharge. If the BUS indicated a urine volume of greater than 400 ml, the patients were reassessed in 1 h and were discharged if they could void spontaneously. If they could not void spontaneously, they were catheterized to facilitate discharge. All patients were contacted the next day to assess the return of normal bladder function.

Results: All standard pathway patients voided without difficulty, and were discharged in 153 +/- 49 (SD) min. 62 patients in the accelerated pathway voided spontaneously after resolution of their block and were discharged in 127 +/- 41 min. 46 patients were discharged with a BUS less than 400 ml in 120 +/- 42 min. 23 patients had a BUS greater than 400 ml: of these, 20 patients voided within an hour and were discharged in 162 +/- 45 min. Three were catheterized after 1 h, and were discharged in 186 +/- 61 min. Mean discharge time for all patients in the accelerated pathway was 22 min shorter than the standard pathway (P = 0.002). No patients had difficulty voiding or returned to the hospital for urinary problems. None reported new urologic symptoms.     

Management of Bladder Function after Outpatient Surgery

Background: This study was designed to test a treatment algorithm for management of bladder function after outpatient general or local anesthesia.

Methods: Three hundred twenty-four outpatients, stratified into risk categories for urinary retention, were studied. Patients in category 1 were low-risk patients (n = 227) having non-pelvic surgery and randomly assigned to receive 10 ml/kg or 2 ml/kg of intravenous fluid intraoperatively. They were discharged when otherwise ready, without being required to void. Patients in category 2 (n = 40), also presumed to be low risk, had gynecologic surgery. High-risk patients included 31 patients having hernia or anal surgery (category 3), and 31 patients with a history of retention (category 4). Bladder volumes were monitored by ultrasound in those in categories 2-4, and patients were required to void (or be catheterized) before discharge. The incidence of retention and urinary tract symptoms after surgery were determined for all categories.

Results: Urinary retention affected 0.5% of category 1 patients and none of category 2 patients. Median time to void after discharge was 75 min (interquartile range 120) in category 1 patients (n = 27) discharged without voiding. Fluids administered did not alter incidence of retention or time to void. Retention occurred in 5% of high-risk patients before discharge and recurred in 25% after discharge.     

脊柱麻醉下股骨头置换术后尿液潴留发病率及风险因素

目的探讨经椎管麻醉进行人工股骨头置换术,术后发生尿液潴留的几率及可能的风险因素。 方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2018年4月期间,在海南省人民医院使用椎管麻醉(硬膜外麻醉、蛛网膜下腔麻醉)下行初次股骨头置换术共164个患者,168例股骨头置换的资料。纳入标准：年龄大于18岁,言语表达清晰。排除标准：拒绝参与者;术前间断插尿管者,目前仍留置尿管者;透析患者;既往前列腺、尿道及肾脏的手术病史者;骨肿瘤患者。患者术前均可自行排尿,均未留置尿管。所有的患者都详细记录身体质量指数(BMI)、性别、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级、手术时间、术后口服止痛药物,尿失禁与多尿症病史,术后尿液排泄与潴留情况(包括尿液的颜色、体积、腹部症状,体征,并使用膀胱超声确认膀胱中的剩余尿量)。使用卡方检验分析分类变量,使用t检验分析连续变量。 结果最终纳入161名患者,5名患者要求麻醉后留置尿管而被排除,38名患者术后出现了尿液潴留,需使用尿管进行导尿。共计有17个病人留置导尿管3～5 d,5位患者因拒绝导尿而出现尿路感染,使用尿管导尿的患者有3例最后发生了尿路感染。术后尿液潴留与既往潴留病史(t ＝8.935,P <0.05)及术中的输液量(t ＝6.213,P<0.05)呈正比例相关。未发现留置尿管与BMI指数,性别,ASA分级,手术时间、术后口服止痛药物,尿失禁与多尿症病史存在明显的相关性(P >0.05)。 结论椎管麻醉下进行人工股骨头置换术,既往尿液潴留病史及手术过程中输入较多的液体量是术后发生尿液潴留的高风险因素。     

Postoperative urinary retention

In 359 patients 371 operations were performed under general or regional anesthesia, and these were followed up with regard to anesthesiological technique, postoperative course and voiding of the bladder. Patients under 15 years of age, with severe incontinence or with a bladder catheter were excluded from the study. The surgical specialties were general surgery, orthopaedics, gynecology, ENT and ophthalmology. If any patient had not urinated by 6-10 h postoperatively and was found to have a full bladder on palpation, urinary retention was diagnosed. There were 75 patients (20%) who had urinary retention, significantly fewer women than men (p less than 0.025), and men under 35 years old had significantly less retention than older men (p less than 0.0025). The anesthesiological technique is an important factor in postoperative urinary retention: spinal anesthesia with tetracaine and adrenaline caused significantly more retention than spinal anesthesia with lidocaine 5% (p less than 0.005), and more than epidural or general anesthesia (p less than 0.005). No significant difference concerning urinary retention was found regarding surgical specialty, emergency operations, morphine or adrenaline added to tetracaine for spinal anesthesia, amount of local anesthetics used for epidural anesthesia or between spinal anesthesia with lidocaine 5% and epidural anesthesia with mepivacaine. Once urinary retention is diagnosed, conservative (privacy, relaxation exercises, getting up) or medical treatment (propyphenazone + hexahydroadiphenine (Spasmocibalgin), carbamoyl choline chloride) should be given. Catheterization should be performed only as a last resort.     

Management of temporary urinary retention after arthroscopic knee surgery in low-dose spinal anesthesia: development of a simple algorithm

Introduction

In practice, trauma and orthopedic surgery during spinal anesthesia are often performed with routine urethral catheterization of the bladder to prevent an overdistention of the bladder. However, use of a catheter has inherent risks. Ultrasound examination of the bladder (Bladderscan^®) can precisely determine the bladder volume. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify parameters indicative of urinary retention after low-dose spinal anesthesia and to develop a simple algorithm for patient care.

Materials and methods

This prospective pilot study approved by the Ethics Committee enrolled 45 patients after obtaining their written informed consent. Patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgery received low-dose spinal anesthesia with 1.4 ml 0.5% bupivacaine at level L3/L4. Bladder volume was measured by urinary bladder scanning at baseline, at the end of surgery and up to 4 h later. The incidence of spontaneous urination versus catheterization was assessed and the relative risk for catheterization was calculated. Mann–Whitney test, χ² test with Fischer Exact test and the relative odds ratio were performed as appropriate. *P < 0.05.

Results

Seventy percent of the patients were able to void spontaneously; in 30%, a Foley catheter had to be inserted because bladder volume exceeded 500 ml and/or urination was insufficient (P < 0.01). Bladder volume differed independently of the fluid infused. Additionally, patients with a bladder volume >300 ml postoperatively had a 6.5-fold greater likelihood for urinary retention.

Conclusion

In the management of patients with short-lasting spinal anesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery we recommend monitoring bladder volume by Bladderscan^® instead of routine catheterization. Anesthesiologists or nurses under protocol should assess bladder volume preoperatively and at the end of surgery. If bladder volume is >300 ml, catheterization should be performed in the OR. Patients with a bladder volume of <300 ml at the end of surgery may be transferred to the ward or recovery room. In these patients, bladder volume must be checked at least every 60 min for a maximum of 3 h or until spontaneous voiding is possible or bladder volume is >500 ml.

     

Incidence and Risk Factors for Postoperative Urinary Retention in Total Hip Arthroplasty Performed Under Spinal Anesthesia

Background

The objective of this study is to determine the risk factors for postoperative urinary retention (POUR) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) under spinal anesthesia.

吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系

目的 评价吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系.方法 择期行膝关节镜手术的患者60例,年龄20～56岁,体重49～76 kg,性别不限,ASA Ⅰ级,随机分为3组(n=20),对照组(C组)硬膜外腔注射生理盐水5 ml;M1,2组硬膜外腔分别注射吗啡1和3 mg.采用Micro Maxx便携式超声仪测量患者膀胱尿量,记录术后产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量和首次排尿时间;于麻醉前和术后记录视觉模拟评分(VAS评分);记录术后尿潴留(膀胱尿量≥600 ml且30min内不能自行排尿)、恶心呕吐及瘙痒的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高,VAS评分降低,M1,2组首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05或0.01);与M1组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高、首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,术后瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05),VAS评分和镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 吗啡硬膜外剂量与患者术后尿潴留的发生有关,呈剂量依赖性,1 mg为推荐剂量.     

Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: the role of epidural fentanyl in peripartum urinary retention

BACKGROUND: Urinary bladder function is impaired during labor and delivery, predisposing to urinary retention. The effect of low-dose epidural opioid on bladder function remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that adding low-dose fentanyl to epidural ropivacaine for patient-controlled labor analgesia does not promote urinary retention. METHODS: Laboring women who requested patient-controlled epidural analgesia were randomly assigned in a double blind study to 0.2% ropivacaine (R-group, n=100) or 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 microg/mL (RF-group, n=98). Urinary bladder distension was assessed clinically every hour. The post-void residual urine volume was measured by ultrasonography. Urine volume exceeding 100 mL was drained by catheterization. Bladder volume of > or =300 mL, as determined by catheterization was considered as evidence of urinary retention. RESULTS: Thirty percent of the patients in each group developed urinary retention during labor. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. There was an excellent correlation between bladder volume as estimated by ultrasonography and that by catheterization: catheterization volume=0.93 x ultrasound volume + 25; r(2)=0.83. The bias (mean error) was -1+/-99 mL and the precision (average absolute error) between the ultrasound estimate and actual bladder volume determined by catheterization was 58+/-79 mL. CONCLUSION: Addition of fentanyl to patient-controlled epidural analgesia did not increase the risk of urinary retention. Ultrasound measurements were effective and reliable in assessing urinary bladder volumes during labor.     

Urodynamic evaluation of surgical outcome in patients with urinary retention due to central lumbar disc prolapse

AIMS: To investigate whether acute urinary retention due to central lumbar disc prolapse is reversible after emergency spinal surgery. METHODS: Eight patients (two males, six females) with a mean age of 31.5 years (range, 18-42 years) with urinary retention due to lumbar disc prolapse were studied. An emergency surgery was performed within 48 hours (mean, 42 hours) after the onset of urinary retention. Urodynamic study was performed before and after the operation. RESULTS: All patients had acontractile detrusor without bladder sensation and four of seven patients had inactive external sphincter on electromyogram at presentation. Two patients were unable to void up to 1 and 5 months after surgery and were then lost for follow-up. The remaining six patients could void with straining or changing their voiding postures (bending forward), postoperatively. A follow-up urodynamic study was performed in all patients from 1 month to 6 years postoperatively. All patients demonstrated acontractile detrusor on cystometrogram. On external sphincter electromyogram, four patients had normal activities. The remaining four patients recovered electromyographic activities, but two of them had denervation motor unit potentials and two had low activities. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder function was irreversible after spinal surgery, whereas urethral function showed a better recovery in patients with acute urinary retention due to central lumbar disc prolapse. However, most of our patients could empty their bladder only by straining or changing their voiding postures postoperatively.     

Bladder management after total joint arthroplasty

This study was undertaken to determine the impact of an indwelling Foley catheter on bladder dysfunction and incidence of urinary tract infections after total joint arthroplasty. A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted assigning use of an indwelling Foley catheter (group 1) or intermittent catheterization (group 2) for 48 hours following operation. Postoperative cultures were obtained on days 2 and 5, and the number of intermittent catheterization events and void and catheterization volumes were recorded. Concurrent cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted. One hundred nineteen of 174 consecutive patients having elective primary total joint arthroplasty completed the study. Five of 62 patients (8%) in group 1 and 7 of 57 patients (12%) in group 2 developed urinary tract infections (NS, P = .45). Twenty patients (35%) in group 2 and 12 (19%) in group 1 required straight catheterization for inability to void 48 hours after surgery (P = .05). Seventeen patients (35%) in group 2 and eight patients (16%) in group 1 required straight catheterization after epidural analgesia was discontinued (P = .024). Bladder management by indwelling Foley catheter saved more than 150 minutes of direct nursing contact per patient and $3,000 in total hospital costs. Indwelling Foley catheters reduced the frequency of postoperative urinary retention, were less labor intensive than intermittent straight catheterization, and were not associated with an increased risk of urinary infection. In the setting of epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for total joint arthroplasty, management by indwelling catheter is a cost-effective strategy to facilitate postoperative return of normal bladder function.     

Non-invasive measurement of bladder volume as an indication for bladder catheterization after orthopaedic surgery and its effect on urinary tract infections.

A non-invasive ultrasound imaging technique (BladderScan) was used prospectively in an attempt to reduce the need for catheterization of the urinary bladder and the incidence of urinary tract infections after orthopaedic surgery. Over a 4-month period, in which 1920 patients were included, catheterization was performed if there was no spontaneous diuresis by 8 h after surgery. A total of 31% of these patients were catheterized, and 18 patients developed urinary tract infections. In a subsequent 4-month period, there were 2196 patients, catheterization was performed only if the bladder volume was more than 800 mL 8 h after surgery. The rate of catheterization decreased to 16%, and five patients developed urinary tract infections. In our patients, measuring bladder volume reduced the need for a urinary catheter and the likelihood of urinary infection.     

The effect of spinal bupivacaine in combination with either epidural clonidine and/or 0.5% bupivacaine administered at the incision site on postoperative outcome in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy

Spinal anesthesia has numerous advantages over general anesthesia for patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy and microdisk surgery. In this study, we evaluated the addition of epidural clonidine and/or bupivacaine, injected at the incision site, on postoperative outcome variables in patients undergoing lower spine procedures using spinal anesthesia. One hundred twenty patients having lumbar spine surgery received bupivacaine spinal anesthesia supplemented by 150 microg of epidural clonidine with or without incisional bupivacaine, epidural placebo plus incisional bupivacaine, or placebo with incisional saline. Demographic data, intraoperative hemodynamics, blood loss, pain, nausea, urinary retention, hospital discharge, and other variables were compared by using either analysis of variance or chi(2) analysis. Demographics were similar. IV fluids, blood loss, incidence of intraoperative bradycardia, and hypotension were not different among groups. Postanesthesia care unit pain scores were lower and demand for analgesics was less in patients who received both the clonidine and subcutaneous bupivacaine. Patients who received epidural clonidine also had improved postoperative hemodynamics. Hospital discharge, urinary retention, and other variables were not different. We conclude that epidural clonidine as a supplement to spinal anesthesia produced no perioperative complications and improved postoperative pain and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing lower spine procedures. IMPLICATIONS: Spinal anesthesia with supplemental epidural clonidine in combination with incision site subcutaneous bupivacaine was evaluated both intra- and postoperatively and compared with spinal anesthesia alone for lower lumbar spine procedures. Both epidural clonidine and subcutaneous incisional bupivacaine, added to spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery, improves pain relief and reduces the need for postoperative opioids with their associated side effects.     

Urinary catheterization in labour with high-dose vs mobile epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Dense perineal block from epidural analgesia increases the riskof urinary catheterization in labour. Mobile epidurals usinglow-dose local anaesthetic in combination with opioid preservematernal mobility and may reduce the risk of bladder dysfunction.We conducted a three-arm randomized controlled trial to comparehigh-dose epidural pain relief with two mobile epidural techniques. Methods: A total of 1054 primparous women were randomized to receivehigh-dose bupivacaine, epidural analgesia (Control), combinedspinal epidural (CSE), or low-dose infusion (LDI). The requirementfor urinary catheterization during labour and postpartum wasrecorded. Both end points were pre-specified secondary trialoutcomes. Women were evaluated by postnatal interview, whentheir bladder function had returned to normal. Results: Relative to Control, more women who received mobile epiduraltechniques maintained the ability to void urine spontaneouslyat any time (Control 11%, CSE 31% and LDI 32%) and throughoutlabour (Control 3.7%, CSE 13% and LDI 14%), for both mobiletechniques P<0.01. There was no difference in the requirementfor catheterization after delivery. Women in the CSE group reporteda more rapid return of normal voiding sensation, relative tohigh-dose Control (P=0.02). Conclusions: Relative to conventional high-dose block, mobile epidural techniquesencourage the retention of normal bladder function and reducethe risk of urinary catheterization in labour.     

Walking reduces the post-void residual volume in parturients with epidural analgesia for labor: a randomized-controlled study

Background: The post-void residual volume is higher among parturients who received epidural analgesia than those who received no or alternative analgesia.
Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled, non-blinded study was performed in a tertiary referral center labor suite. The post-void residual volume was measured by a transabdominal ultrasound following a voiding attempt. Healthy parturients with low-dose epidural analgesia in active labor were randomized either to walk to the toilet or to use a bedpan for voiding. The primary outcome measure (post-void residual volume in labor) was compared between the study groups.
Results: The toilet group ( n =34) and the bedpan group ( n =28) demonstrated similar post-void residual volumes (212 ± 100 vs. 168 ± 93 ml, P =0.289). Twenty patients (59%) randomized to the toilet group were unable to walk and actually voided in a bedpan. A secondary analysis was performed analyzing the groups as treated. The post-void residual volume was significantly lower in the actual toilet group ( n =14, 63 ± 24 ml) vs. the bedpan group ( n =48, 229 ± 200 ml), P =0.0052. Thirteen (93%) women who walked to the toilet managed to void before the ultrasound measurement vs. 20/48 (42%) using the bedpan, P =0.001. Fewer women who managed to walk to the toilet required urinary bladder catheterization during the labor than women who used the bedpan (6/14, 43% vs. 36/48, 75%) P =0.028.
Conclusion: Women who were randomized to walk to the bathroom with epidural analgesia and were able to do so during labor had a significantly reduced post-void residual volume and a reduced requirement for urinary catheterization.     

Post-void residual volume in labor: a prospective study comparing parturients with and without epidural analgesia

BACKGROUND: This prospective, non-randomized study compared post-void residual volume in laboring and postpartum women with or without epidural analgesia. METHODS: The study was conducted over 1 year with institutional review board approval. Parturients were recruited in early labor and self-selected to either the study (with epidural) or control (without epidural) group. Post-void residual volume was compared between groups, using transabdominal ultrasound during labor, and on postpartum day 1 and 2. Main outcome measure was intrapartum residual bladder volume. RESULTS: Thirty patients were recruited to each group. During labor, residual bladder volume was significantly larger in the epidural group compared with the non-epidural group [median (range)] 240 (12-640), ml vs. 45 (13-250) ml, respectively, P < 0.001], but was similar on postpartum day 1 and 2. Twenty-five (83%) women with epidural analgesia required bladder catheterization during labor vs. one (3.3%) without (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The greater post-void residual volume and increased inability to void in parturients with epidurals suggests that epidural analgesia plays a role in intrapartum urinary retention.     

腰硬联合麻醉复合丙泊酚用于腔镜下腹股沟斜疝手术的临床观察

目的探讨腰硬联合麻醉复合丙泊酚用于腹股沟斜疝手术的可行性。方法抽取80例于2011年10月-2013年10月在我院行腔镜下腹股沟斜疝手术的患者,美国麻醉师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,随机分成两组：腰硬联合麻醉复合丙泊酚组,40例（治疗组）,腰硬联合麻醉复合芬太尼、氟哌利多组,40例（对照组）,对比分析两组的治疗效果和不良反应的发生率。结果治疗组的术中MAP、HR、SpO2较术前有明显下降,与同期的对照组数据比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,从不良反应来看,治疗组的不良反应发生率明显低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论腰硬联合麻醉复合丙泊酚可以安全有效地用于腔镜下腹股沟斜疝手术,同时优于芬太尼、氟哌利多,值得在临床上推广。     

Post meningocele repair urinary ascites in a neonate--a rare presentation

A full-term female neonate with a large lumbosacral meningocele developed sudden abdominal distension and urinary retention after meningocele repair. An erect abdominal radiograph showed homogeneously opacified areas with a paucity of intestinal gas. Abdominal ultrasound revealed ascites with multiple internal echoes. With a provisional diagnosis of hollow viscus perforation, an emergency laparotomy was performed, which failed to reveal any leak from the urinary tract. However, fluid analysis confirmed the diagnosis of urinary ascites. The patient developed repeated episodes of urinary retention after catheter removal. She was started on clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) to ensure adequate bladder drainage. At 6 months of follow-up, ultrasound of the urinary tract, voiding cystourethrogram, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine were all within normal limits. The CIC was discontinued, and the patient was observed. At present, she is voiding normally with a good stream. Failure to establish normal micturition after meningocele repair and CIC requirements suggested a neurogenic cause. Bladder rupture, secondary to spinal shock resulting in bladder atonia, could not be ruled out. The perforation (leading to urinary ascites) could be owing to bladder atonia and spinal shock rather than detrusor sphincter dyssynergia.     

Predictive factors of early postoperative urinary retention in the postanesthesia care unit

Urinary retention is a common postoperative complication associated with bladder overdistension and the risk of permanent detrusor damage. The goal of this study was to determine predictive factors of early postoperative urinary retention in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). We prospectively collected, in 313 adult patients, variables including age, gender, previous history of urinary tract symptoms, type of surgery and anesthesia, intraoperative administration of anticholinergics, amount of intraoperative fluids, IV morphine titration, and bladder volume on entry to the PACU. For each patient, bladder volume was measured by ultrasound on entry and before discharge from the PACU. Urinary retention was defined as a bladder volume larger than 600 mL with an inability to void within 30 min. Predictive factors were identified by multivariate analysis. The incidence of urinary retention in the PACU was 16%. In the multivariate analysis only the amount of intraoperative fluids (>or=750 mL; P = 0.02; odds ratio = 2.3), age (>or=50 yr; P = 0.008; odds ratio = 2.4), and bladder volume on entry to PACU (>or=270 mL; P = 0.0001; odds ratio = 4.8) were found to independently increase the risk of urinary retention. Considering the clinical impact of undiagnosed postoperative urinary retention, these results suggest systematic evaluation of bladder volume with a portable ultrasound device in the PACU, especially in patients with risk factors. IMPLICATIONS: In this observational study, the ultrasound monitoring of bladder volume in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) revealed that postoperative urinary retention occurred with an incidence of 16%. Age (>or=50 yr), amount of intraoperative fluid volume (>or=750 mL), and bladder volume on entry to PACU (>or=270 mL) were independent predictive factors for this complication.