基于枕大池重建理念手术治疗成人Chiari畸形Ⅰ型的临床疗效

成人Chiari畸形Ⅰ型是最常见的颅颈交界区畸形,通常伴有枕大池的消失以重建枕大池为目的行减压手术,延颈髓直接减压的同时恢复了颅颈交界区的正常脑脊液循环,从而使脊髓空洞好转,临床症状缓解。本研究中53例成人Chiari畸形I型患者术前均经临床及影像学评估,基于枕大池重建理念选择性应用后颅窝减压并硬膜成形术(PFDD)或PFDD+小脑扁桃体部分切除/热凝术,术后疗效确切,并发症较少。     

有限小骨窗后颅凹减压显微术式治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形

目的 探讨采用有限小骨窗后颅凹减压显微术式治疗Chiari I型畸形的疗效. 方法 成都军区总医院神经外科自2004年至2008年采用有限小骨窗后颅凹减压显微术式治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形患者29例.标准手术程序包括有限小骨窗枕颈减压,硬膜扩大成形、硬膜下探查术、硬膜扩大修补等.按照Tator标准评价患者手术治疗的预后情况. 结果 本组患者手术效果评价优23例(79.3%),良6例(20.7%).远期随访患者15例,患者脊髓空洞进一步缩窄9例,复发1例.结论有限小骨窗后颅凹减压显微术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形创伤小,疗效显著.     

不同手术方式治疗Chiari Ⅰ畸形合并脊髓空洞的临床研究

目的通过同顾性比较枕大孔区减压硬膜成形术及枕大孔区减压环枕筋膜松解术对Chiari Ⅰ畸形合并脊髓空洞的治疗,明确两种不同术式治疗ChiariⅠ畸形合并脊髓空洞的疗效. 方法2002年1月至2004年4月对收治的62例ChiariⅠ畸形合并空洞患者行枕大孔区减压,其中46例患者剪开硬脑膜行硬膜成形术（硬膜成形组）,16例患者未剪开硬膜仅做环枕筋膜松解（筋膜松解组）.结果两组患者无一例死亡,硬膜成形组患者术后1年临床改善39例（84.78%）,脊髓空洞缩小30例,筋膜松解组临床改善9例（56.25%）,x^2=5.528,P=0.019,脊髓空洞缩小7例. 结论枕大孔区减压硬膜成形术是治疗ChiariⅠ畸形合并脊髓空洞症较为合理的术式,疗效优于枕大孔区减压环枕筋膜松解术.     

两种不同手术方法治疗合并脊髓空洞的ChiariⅠ畸形的效果比较

目的探讨合并脊髓空洞的ChiariⅠ畸形的手术治疗方法。方法 2007年1月至2009年12月,收治的ChiariⅠ畸形合并脊髓空洞的19例患者作为观察组,在显微镜下进行小脑扁桃体下疝切除+脊髓中央管口松解+枕下减压扩大硬脑膜修补术治疗。同时搜集2002年1月至2006年12月收治的ChiariⅠ畸形合并脊髓空洞的21例患者作为对照组,单纯采用枕下减压扩大硬脑膜修补术治疗,分析两组的临床效果。结果观察组症状缓解优良率为100.0%(19/19),对照组为52.4%(11/21),两组相较,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论应用显微手术进行小脑扁桃体下疝切除+脊髓中央管口松解+枕下减压扩大硬脑膜修补术治疗ChiariⅠ畸形合并脊髓空洞临床效果好,值得推广。     

后颅窝内减压治疗Chiari 畸形Ⅰ型并脊髓空洞中期疗效评价

目的 评价后颅窝内减压(后颅窝减压+后颅窝颅骨成形术)治疗Chiari 畸形Ⅰ型并脊髓空洞疾病的中期临床疗效.方法 采用后颅窝内减压术治疗40 例符合标准的Chiari 畸形Ⅰ型并脊髓空洞.观察手术时间、切口愈合情况,分析相关并发症.采用远期生活质量评估(KPS)和美国Lawton 和Brody1996 年制定的日常生...     

寰枕部骨与膜双减压整复治疗ChiariⅠ畸形的研究

目的分析寰枕部骨、膜双减压整复治疗ChiariⅠ畸形的临床疗效。方法对郑州大学人民医院神经外科2016-06—2018-06收治的56例ChiariⅠ畸形患者进行回顾性分析,所有患者采用寰枕部骨、膜双减压整复手术,采用Tator评价标准作为术后疗效评估指标,术后复查MRI检测颅颈交界区解剖变化,应用术中超声辅助检测硬膜内层脑脊液流速作为预后指标。结果 56例患者术后MRI显示枕大池重建满意,小脑扁桃体上移复位,脊髓空洞缩小。术中5例患者超声提示脑脊液流速3 cm/s,术后近期效果稳定,随访1 a后3例症状改善显著,2例症状改善一般,脑脊液流速≥3 cm/s,术后症状缓解时间明显缩短。所有患者末次随访依据Tator评价标准提示,优54例,良2例。结论寰枕部骨、膜双减压整复治疗ChiariⅠ畸形通过纠正后颅窝解剖狭小畸形,恢复解剖结构,改善脑脊液循环途径,是治疗ChiariⅠ型畸形的一种临床有效、可靠的新型手术方案。术中超声可作为判断预后的一种检测方法。     

后颅窝减压加广泛型小脑延髓裂蛛网膜切除治疗Chiari I型畸形

综合文献报道,Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者的手术治疗有后颅窝骨性减压,骨性减压加硬脑膜外层切开减压,部分作者同时行脊髓空洞分流术等术式.我们根据临床体会,采用了骨性后颅窝减压加膜性减压并行扩大小脑延髓裂蛛网膜切除、蛛网膜粘连带切除术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者21例,取得满意疗效,现报道如下.     

Chiari畸形Ⅰ型手术疗效的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响Chiari畸形Ⅰ型(CM-Ⅰ)患者手术疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月兰州大学第二医院神经外科收治的77例CM-Ⅰ患者的临床资料。采用后颅窝骨性减压+硬膜扩大成形术治疗25例, 后入路固定术治疗52例。采用芝加哥Chiari畸形预后量表(CCOS)评分评估患者术后的短期疗效(出院时)、长期疗效(术后≥3个月)及疗效改善程度(即长期疗效较短期疗效提高的程度)。通过单因素分析和多元线性回归模型分析CM-Ⅰ手术疗效的影响因素。结果首发症状不同的患者出院CCOS评分存在差异(P=0.008)。术前不伴肢体无力、括约肌功能异常、小脑性共济失调、行走不稳, 无脊柱侧弯, 手术风险分级标准(NNIS)评分低的患者, 出院CCOS评分更高, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。术前伴有枕部疼痛、无扁平颅底、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)麻醉分级Ⅰ级的患者, 术后≥3个月的CCOS评分更高, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。年龄为18～40岁, 术前伴有肢体无力, 合并寰枢椎脱位、寰枕融合, 不合并扁平颅底, 行后入路固定术的患者, CCOS评...     

22例Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症的疗效分析

目的探讨后颅窝减压术合并枕大池重建术治疗Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析22例Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症患者的临床资料。结果手术后1周内症状消失或改善的19例;随访术后6个月~2年,症状消失或改善的14例;其中脊髓空洞症减小或消失10例。结论后颅窝减压合并枕大池重建术是临床治疗Chiari畸形Ⅰ型合并脊髓空洞症安全有效的手术方法。     

手术治疗ChiariⅠ型畸形的效果分析

目的比较单纯后颅窝减压术和后颅窝减压+硬膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除术治疗ChiariⅠ型畸形的临床效果。方法选择我科2008-08—2015-09收治的67例ChiariⅠ型畸形患者进行回顾性分析,其中行单纯后颅窝减压术治疗组27例,后颅窝减压+硬膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除术治疗组40例。结果术后随访12~48个月,单纯后颅窝减压组和后颅窝减压+硬膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除组在头痛及颈肩部不适的改善率分别为81.25%、76.00%(P0.05);肢体感觉障碍的好转率分别为33.33%、65.71%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);脊髓空洞缩小率分别为33.33%、67.86%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症发生率比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论后颅窝减压+硬膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除组总体效果较显著,但在缓解头痛及颈肩部不适方面与单纯后颅窝减压术无明显差异,应根据临床特点选择个体化治疗方案。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.