鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合带蒂粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2021年11月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的36例垂体腺瘤的临床资料,术中应用鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底。结果 36例完成鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣制作、复位,其中10例切除肿瘤过程中鞍隔破裂,术中出现脑脊液漏,结合鼻中隔粘膜瓣完成鞍底重建。肿瘤全切除31例,次全切除5例;肿瘤全切除率为86.1%(31/36)。术后无脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。术后随访3～12个月,无鞍底粘膜骨瓣移位,无迟发性脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。结论 鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底,方法简单,可有效预防垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术后脑脊液漏。     

糖尿病/高血糖对脑出血预后的影响：动物实验meta分析

目的 通过提取动物实验相关数据,分析糖尿病／高血糖对脑出血预后的影响。方法 系统检索中国知网、万方、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library和Embase数据库,检索时间截止2021年11月1日。收集关于高血糖／糖尿病与脑出血的动物实验研究。严格按照纳入、排除标准进行筛选,采用随机效应模型或固定效应模型估计合并率及95%可信区间。采用SYRCLE动物实验偏倚风险评估工具进行质量评价。将最终纳入的研究通过Review Manager 5.3软件进行meta分析,以研究糖尿病／高血糖对脑出血预后的影响。结果 共纳入7篇动物实验,meta分析结果显示,在脑出血动物模型中,糖尿病／高血糖组血肿体积大于对照组(SMD=1.2, 95%CI=0.13～2.27, P<0.05)。进一步进行亚组分析,两组的前3 d血肿体积未见明显差异(SMD=0.68, 95%CI=-0.38～1.74, P>0.05);两组的第7天血肿体积存在差异性,糖尿病／高血糖组血肿体积大于对照组(SMD=3.26, 95%CI=0.21～6.31, P<0.05)。糖尿病／高血糖组血肿周围水肿(PHE)大于对照组(MD=1.57, 95%CI=0.71～2.44, P<0.05)。糖尿病／高血糖组神经功能评分大于对照组(SMD=1.06, 95%CI=0.50～1.62, P<0.05)。结论 在动物实验中,糖尿病／高血糖可增加脑出血的血肿体积、PHE,从而影响脑出血预后。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(3): 59-65.]     

淀粉样脑血管病相关脑出血患者血肿增大的影响因素

目的 分析淀粉样脑血管病（CAA）相关脑出血患者住院期间血肿增大的影响因素。方法 分析2016年7月—2023年7月江南大学附属医院收治于神经外科、神经内科、急诊科符合CAA纳入标准的患者242例，将其分为血肿增大组48例和血肿无增大组194例，对影响血肿增大的因素进行Logistic分析。结果 Logistic分析显示高龄（OR：1.064，95%CI：1.018-1.113，P=0.006）、高收缩压（OR：1.063，95%CI：1.015-1.113，P=0.009）、使用三七类药物（OR：5.078，95%CI：2.191-11.766，P＜0.001）、高血钙水平（OR：0.033，95%CI：0.005-0.202，P=0.033）是CAA相关脑出血患者住院期间血肿增大的影响因素。结论 CAA相关脑出血患者血肿增大的影响因素中高龄、高收缩压、使用三七类药物为危险因素，高血钙水平为保护因素。     

血小板相关参数对胶质瘤患者预后的影响

目的 探讨术前血小板相关参数对胶质瘤患者肿瘤复发的预测作用。方法 分析联勤保障部队第九〇九医院2015—2017年收治的93例胶质瘤患者临床病理资料,根据随访期间肿瘤是否复发分为无复发组（n=52）和复发组（n=41）,分析血小板相关参数与胶质瘤分级的相关性,采用ROC曲线分析血小板计数（PLT）、血小板体积分布宽度（PDW）、血小板压积(PCT)、平均血小板体积（MPV）、平均血小板体积/血小板计数（MPV/PLT）对肿瘤复发的预测作用,多因素Cox分析肿瘤复发的影响因素,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线分析这些因素对肿瘤复发的影响。结果 胶质瘤Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者PLT、PCT、高于胶质瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ级患者（t=-2.388、-2.335,均P<0.05）;胶质瘤Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者中MPV、MPV/PLT低于胶质瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ级患者（均P<0.05）;无复发组患者PLT和PCT低于复发组（均P<0.05）;无复发组患者MPV和MPV/PLT高于复发组（均P<0.05）;PLT的ROC曲线下面积（UAC）为0.630（95%CI=0.517~0.743,P=0.032）,阈值为216×10⁹/L;MPV的UAC为0.633（95%CI=0.518~0.747,P=0.029）,阈值为8.65 fL;MPV/PLT的UAC为0.731（95%CI=0.626~0.835,P<0.001）,阈值为0.040;多因素分析结果发现,肿瘤分级（Ⅲ、Ⅳ）、MPV≤8.65 fL、MPV/PLT≤0.040是术后肿瘤复发的危险因素（95%CI分别为1.778~3.530、1.730~4.450、1.811~6.067,均P<0.05）;肿瘤分级（Ⅲ、Ⅳ）预测术后肿瘤复发曲线下面积为0.679（95%CI=0.569~0.789,P=0.003）。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析显示,MPV≤8.65 fL患者术后3年复发率高于MPV>8.65 fL患者（Long Rank=10.990,P=0.001）;MPV/PLT≤0.040患者术后3年复发率高于MPV/PLT>0.040患者（Long Rank=6.289,P=0.012）。结论 胶质瘤患者术前MPV和MPV/PLT与术后肿瘤复发有关,可以用于肿瘤预后预测,具有一定临床意义。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(4): 29-33]     

心理干预对我国康复期精神分裂症患者心理健康状况改善效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价心理干预对我国康复期精神分裂症患者心理健康状况的改善效果，为对我国康复期精神分裂症患者实施有效的心理干预提供参考。方法 检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库和维普数据库，检索时限为建库至2021年12月，收集对我国康复期精神分裂症患者实施心理干预的随机对照试验。评价纳入文献的偏倚风险后，采用RevMan 5.4.1进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入文献13篇，包含1 211例研究对象，其中对照组602例，试验组609例。Meta分析结果显示，接受心理干预后，试验组的症状自评量表（SCL-90）评分（WMD=-15.41，95% CI：-18.67~-12.16，P<0.01）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分（WMD=-9.07，95% CI：-10.38~-7.77，P<0.01）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分（WMD=-7.47，95% CI：-9.85~-5.10，P<0.01）均低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义。结论 在药物治疗的基础上联用心理干预可能有助于改善我国康复期精神分裂症患者心理健康状况。     

社区精神分裂症患者代谢综合征影响因素

背景 精神分裂症患者是罹患代谢综合征的高风险人群。既往关于代谢综合征影响因素的研究主要集中于住院精神分裂症患者,对社区精神分裂症患者的研究较少。目的 探索广州市社区精神分裂症患者不同代谢综合征风险层级的影响因素,为社区精神分裂症患者代谢综合征干预提供参考。方法 于2021年11月,选取广州市精神卫生信息系统在册在管且完成2020年度健康体检的精神分裂症患者3 339例。从信息系统导出患者健康体检资料,采用《中国2型糖尿病防治指南（2020年版）》评估患者是否罹患代谢综合征。根据《精神分裂症患者代谢综合征管理的中国专家共识》,将患者分为高风险组（n=423）、临界组（n=1 524）和代谢综合征组（n=1 392）。采用多元Logistic回归分析社区精神分裂症患者罹患代谢综合征的危险因素。结果 社区精神分裂症患者代谢综合征患病率为41.69%。单因素分析显示,三组在性别（χ²=44.610）、年龄（χ²=55.992）、婚姻状况（χ²=30.755）、病程（χ²=25.913）和体质量指数（χ²=829.265）方面差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。Kruskal-Wallis H检验显示,三组患者腰围（H=920.331）、收缩压（H=436.673）、舒张压（H=393.337）、空腹血糖（H=807.304）、甘油三酯（H=1 134.125）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（H=593.615）水平差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁（OR=1.761,95% CI：1.087~2.853）、超重（OR=2.418,95% CI：1.862~3.140）和肥胖（OR=57.903,95% CI：14.340~233.802）是社区精神分裂症患者成为代谢综合征临界人群的危险因素（P<0.05或0.01）;女性（OR=1.295,95% CI：1.034~1.622）、年龄40~49岁（OR=2.597,95% CI：1.582~4.263）、年龄≥50岁（OR=4.392,95% CI：2.609~7.395）、超重（OR=7.844,95% CI：6.018~10.223）和肥胖（OR=426.785,95% CI：105.724~1 722.839）是社区精神分裂症患者成为代谢综合征人群的危险因素（P<0.05或0.01）。结论 社区精神分裂症患者代谢综合征患病率较高,女性、年长、超重和肥胖是精神分裂症患者罹患代谢综合征的高风险因素。     

新冠肺炎疫情压力与社会适应：忍耐和社会支持的中介作用

目的 考察新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情压力对大学生社会适应的影响，以及忍耐和社会支持在其中的中介作用，并比较忍耐与社会支持中介效应的差异。方法 通过整群随机取样选取3 219名大学生，采用COVID-19疫情压力问卷、社会适应能力诊断量表（SAI）、忍耐问卷（PQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行评定，应用SPSS的Process插件进行中介效应检验。结果 大学生COVID-19疫情压力问卷评分与PQ和SSRS评分均呈正相关（r=0.297、0.229，P均<0.01），与SAI评分呈负相关（r=-0.430，P<0.01），PQ和SSRS评分与SAI评分均呈正相关（r=0.374、0.283，P均<0.01），PQ与SSRS评分呈正相关（r=0.271，P<0.01）。忍耐在COVID-19疫情压力与社会适应之间具有部分中介作用（β=0.049，95% CI：0.039~0.062），社会支持在COVID-19疫情压力与社会适应之间具有部分中介作用（β=0.016，95% CI：0.009~0.025）。结论 COVID-19疫情压力对大学生社会适应具有负性影响，忍耐和社会支持对此负性作用起缓冲作用，且忍耐的中介效应更明显。     

网络认知行为治疗对癌症患者心理痛苦、抑郁、焦虑和生活质量影响的Meta分析

背景 网络认知行为治疗（ICBT）越来越多地应用于缓解癌症患者的焦虑抑郁情绪,但目前尚无ICBT对癌症患者焦虑、抑郁、心理痛苦以及生活质量影响的荟萃分析。目的 运用系统评价的方法,探讨ICBT对缓解癌症患者心理痛苦、抑郁、焦虑症状以及提高生活质量的效果。方法 于2022年3月28日,以PubMed、PsycINFO、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、维普、万方、中国生物医学文献数据库为数据源,系统收集关于癌症患者心理痛苦、抑郁、焦虑、生活质量、且以ICBT为治疗手段的随机对照试验（RCT）。评价纳入文献的偏倚风险后,采用Stata 17.0进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入12项RCT,包括1 686例患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组接受的干预措施相比,ICBT有助于缓解癌症患者的心理痛苦（SMD=-0.547,95% CI：-1.090~-0.145,P<0.01）,但对抑郁（SMD=-0.652,95% CI：-1.734~0.002,P=0.051）、焦虑（SMD=-1.045,95% CI：-3.656~0.101,P=0.088）以及生活质量（SMD=0.234,95% CI：-0.064~0.449,P=0.112）的改善效果不明显。ICBT组脱落率高于对照组（OR=1.795,95% CI：1.358~2.374,P<0.01）。结论 ICBT对癌症患者的心理痛苦有一定的缓解作用,但对抑郁和焦虑症状以及生活质量的改善不明显。     

缺血型烟雾病手术疗效的多中心研究

目的 通过多中心回顾性研究探讨脑血运重建术及不同手术方式在预防脑卒中再发生及神经功能预后的疗效。方法 研究纳入了中南大学湘雅医院、常德市人民医院和湖南省儿童医院462例缺血型烟雾病患者的临床信息、影像学资料和随访资料,进行倾向性评分匹配后采用Kaplan-Meier曲线比较手术与保守治疗后卒中再发生的差异;多因素Cox回归分析筛选手术治疗的影响因素。结果 462例烟雾病患者平均随访时间为33.6个月,242例手术治疗和220例保守治疗患者中分别有31例（12.8%）和63例（28.6%）新发脑卒中,进行倾向性评分匹配后,185例手术治疗和185例保守治疗患者纳入进一步分析。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析显示两者新发脑卒中发生存在差异（P=0.018）;多因素Cox生存分析提示后循环受累（95% CI：2.343~11.375, P<0.001）和脑白质病变（95% CI：1.083~4.828, P=0.030）是手术后卒中再发的危险因素,两种手术方式（联合和间接血运重建术）在卒中再发生预防方面无统计学差异（P=0.777）。结论 与保守治疗相比,手术能降低缺血型烟雾病卒中再发生的风险和取得良好预后,不同手术方式对防止脑卒中再发生无差异。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2024, 51(2): 23-28]     

张家口市气象因素变化与急性脑卒中疾病的相关性研究

目的 探讨张家口市气象因素变化与急性脑卒中疾病的相关性。方法 收集2018年2月至2020年6月在该院神经内科住院的1 426例患者资料进行回顾性分析。收集患者人口学特征、生活方式、入院时季节及入院时气候信息。根据患者入住医院病因是否为脑卒中将其分为2组,已确诊患有脑卒中疾病者为脑卒中组,其他疾病患者为非脑卒中组。比较2组患者上述各因素,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析判断各因素对脑卒中发病的综合作用。结果 调查的1 426例患者中共有327例(22.92%)为脑卒中患者,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,患者年龄增长(OR=1.474,95%CI=1.073~2.025)、有吸烟史(OR=1.493,95%CI=1.033~2.159 )、有饮酒史(OR=1.530,95%CI=1.094~2.139)、秋季(OR=1.418,95%CI=1.006~1.998)、冬季(OR=1.464,95%CI=1.035~2.071)、月平均气温下降(OR=1.486,95%CI=1.016~2.173)、月平均气压升高(OR=1.442,95%CI=1.009~2.060)为脑卒中发病的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 张家口市脑卒中患者在秋、冬季节高发,月平均气温下降及月平均气压升高为张家口市脑卒中患者发病的危险因素,另外年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史也与脑卒中的发生密切相关。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.