The fundamentals of association of natural foci of zoonoses

Reports on the role of hydrological conditions in the functioning of parasitic systems are analyzed. The authors point out that a range of issues including different aspects of combination phenomena is discussed there. They suggest that a concept of combination shall be replaced by a concept of association of parasitic systems and their relevant natural foci of zoonoses, which is of a larger scope. The fundamentals of the formation and functioning of associated parasitic systems and natural foci of zoonoses are discussed. These include the hydrological conditions of floodplain-river regions, the multiparasitic capacity of hosts and vectors, the multihost pattern of causative agents, and a diversity of mechanisms of their transmission. The transmission mechanism without which movement of causative agents and the existence of parasitic systems and foci are impossible is shown to be a global combining onset of parasitic systems. The hydrological conditions of floodplain-river regions act as the universal mechanism of transmission of pathogens. The dynamics of the mechanism determines the functioning of all other mechanisms of transmission.     

Nonischemic ventricular arrhythmias: classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment

Clinico-electrocardiographical and electrophysiological features of noncoronarygenic ventricular arrhythmias are presented. Characteristics of localization of arrhythmogenic focus in various parts of left and right ventricular myocardium, in interventricular septum, and in immediate vicinity of each of 4 valves are discussed. Spectrum of necessary diagnostic measures is delineated, and assessment of efficacy of drug therapy is given. Characteristics of technique of endocardial mapping of noncoronarygenic ventricular heart rhythm disturbances are presented. Indications to radiofrequency catheter ablation, physical characteristics of radiofrequency intervention, effectiveness of catheter methods of treatment in dependence of localization of arrhythmogenic focus and spectrum of possible complications of the procedure are also discussed.     

The neuronal reaction of the amygdaloid complex in the dynamics of the estrous cycle

For investigation of the structural and functional organization of the amygdaloid complex (the cerebral neuroendocrine center) a response of its neurons to the fluctuations of circulating hormones was studied in the time course of the estrous cycle. Karyometry of 22 zones of the corticomedial group and 25 zones of the basolateral groups of the structure of the amygdaloid complex was performed in adult Wistar rats. A response of neurons of several zones of the corticomedial group of nuclei was revealed. A response of neurons of the basolateral nucleus at the caudal level of the central region was revealed in the basolateral group of structures of the amygdaloid complex.     

Detection and morphofunctional predictors of left auricular thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation significantly worsens quality and duration of patient's life because of frequent development of thromboembolic complications. The main cause of these complications is formation of intracardiac thrombosis. Prevalence of left atrial thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation varies from 8 to 24%. About 90% of thromboses are localized in left auricle. This paper contains review of different methods of detection of left auricular thrombosis. Main structural and functional predictors of thrombosis and possibilities of modern techniques of their visualization are also described. Different methods of echocardiography first of all transesophageal echocardiography are at present foremost in assessment of structural and functional predictors of thrombosis development. With the help of transesophageal echocardiography it is possible to accomplish functional monitoring of the state of left auricle during treatment with different drugs and/or after cardioversion. Detection of risk factors of left auricular thrombosis is an important clinical task because it allows to select a group of high risk patients in which long-term therapy with anticoagulants is indicated.     

Hibernation and stunning as manifestations of ischemic dysfunction of the myocardium

Hibernation and stunning are phenomena which constitute a basis of dysfunction of the myocardium appearing as a consequence of chronic ischemic heart disease and of myocardial revascularization. Myocardial stunning is an acute derangement of contractility of ischemic myocardium at the moment of restoration of coronary blood flow by various interventions (bypass grafting, angioplasty, thrombolysis). Myocardial hibernation implies presence of chronically developing foci of reduced contractility located in the area of myocardium supplied by obstructed artery. There is a following difference between these phenomena: stunning is a complex of structural and metabolic disorders during the state of "ischemia-reperfusion" while hibernation is a process of adaptation of the myocardium to chronic ischemia consisting in switch of metabolism to alternative type of energy production (anaerobic glycolysis). Exploration of pathophysiology and morphology of hibernating and stunned myocardium is necessary for elaboration of methods of protection against ischemic injury.     

Apheresis of immunoglobulins - new approach to the treatment of severe dilated cardiomyopathy

Two courses of immunoadsorption with 'Ig Adsopak' were used in the treatment of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) during which all class G and partially class M and A immunoglobulins were removed. Every course consisted of 5 daily procedures and resulted in removal of 98% of immunoglobulins. This was associated with complete removal of autoantibodies to beta1-adrenoreceptor. After the end of a course loss of immunoglobulins was replenished by intravenous infusion of Pentaglobin and Oktagam. Echocardiographic study carried out before, during and after second course of apheresis revealed reduction of left and right ventricular and atrial volumes and dimensions, improvement of contractility of anterior part of interventricular septum and of anterolateral left ventricular wall. As efficacy of drug therapy of dilated cardiomyopathy is low and facilities of cardiac transplantation are limited the method of therapeutic apheresis reveals novel perspectives of the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathies.     

Use of tritium oxide for the study of metabolism during development of experimental arteriosclerosis]

Theoretical grounds are presented for some methods (administration of isotope and time of sacrifying the animal, estimation of radioactivity in ther material examined, and mathematical processing of the data obtained) with which radioactive water is used as a universal precursor for the study of the integral rates of metabolism in various organs and biochemical components of the body. An analysis of the dynamics of tritium inclusion into the water of the blood and urine of the control animals and of those with experimentally induced atherosclerosis permitted to establish that the development of hypercholesterinemia is accompanied by a decrase (by 26%) of the rate of autorenuewal of the water phase of the macroorganism, one of its causes consisting in an enhanced hydrophility of the tissues in cases of this pathology. A monthly periodicity was noted in the changes of the tritium concentration in the body waters of rabbits, as well as its correlation with the periodical changes in the concentration of serum cholesterol during the development of experimental atherosclerosis. It is suggested that the water and cholesterol metabolism have a joint centralized regulation in the body which essence consists in maintaining the rhythm of each separate kind of metabolism for its synchronization with the other kinds of metabolism in unfavourable outer and inner situations for the macroorganism.     

蚤类的虫态变化

在平皿中潮湿滤纸上培育蚤卵、三龄老熟幼虫和无茧裸蛹,镜下连续观察卵的孵化、幼虫化蛹和蛹的羽化等动态过程,并通过显微录像法记录了上述虫态变化的详细过程。虫体自后向前一系列迭进式收缩所引起的压力增高是实现各期蜕变的基本动因。孵化开始于幼虫头部破卵器孵化刺将卵壳的割开,幼虫先后以胸—头—腹的顺序孵出,在2至数分钟内完成。化蛹时蛹体胸部首先从幼虫胸节背板中缝裂口处膨出,随之幼虫后头背中骨缝及一侧菱形骨缝裂开,蛹头、足和腹部相继蜕出,幼虫旧表皮腹节各背板均不裂开,化蛹过程多在10～20分钟内完成。羽化则以头—胸—腔的次序进行,一般需经5～20分钟。蛹衣从头顶横向裂开并脱下一个盔形物是羽化开始的标志。 观察了4属5种蚤41枚卵的孵化、8属10种蚤56条幼虫的化蛹和5属6种蚤25个蛹的羽化过程。结果表明,在以上虫态变化中,各种蚤的变化程序及虫体行为基本一致。对观察到的有关生物学和生态学现象进行了讨论。     

Association of a polymorphic marker Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene with effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients with early ischemic heart disease

Action of statins is characterized by pronounced variability what is caused by effects of a multitude of factors. Main of these factors appears to be genetic peculiarity of patients. We studied influence of polymorphic marker Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene on lipid and nonlipid effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin. The studied genetic marker is associated with risk of development of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction as well as efficacy of therapy with statins according to data of a number of large multicenter studies. We examined 60 men with ischemic heart disease which had manifested in young age when genetic factors were most expressed and had special significance. Efficacy of 40 mg/day simvastatin did not depend on genotypes of polymorphic marker Trp719Arg of KIF6. Therapy with 10 mg/day atorvastatin was more effective in carriers of polymorphic marker Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene by action on dynamics of changes of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and dispersion of high density lipoprotein response. Increase of atorvastatin dose to 80 mg/day abolished influence of genotypes. Thus for the first time we discovered influence of polymorphic marker Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene on individual response to therapy with 10 mg/day of atorvastatin, while and apoA1, structural protein of high density lipoproteins can be considered as a marker of "fast response".     

Expression of angiopoietin-1, 2 and 4 and Tie-1 and 2 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyoma and schwannoma

AIM: To investigate the role of angiopoietin (Ang) -1, -2 and -4 and its receptors, Tie-1 and -2, in the growth and differentiation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).METHODS: Thirty GISTs, seventeen leiomyomas and six schwannomas were examined by immunohistochemistry in this study.RESULTS: Ang-1, -2 and -4 proteins were expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, and Tie-1 and -2 were expressed both in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of all tumors. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that 66.7% of GISTs (20 of 30), 76.5% of leiomyomas (13 of 17) and 83.3% of schwannomas (5 of 6) were positive for Ang-1. 83.3% of GISTs (25 of 30), 82.4% of leiomyomas (14 of 17) and 100% of schwannomas (6 of 6) were positive for Ang-2. 36.7% of GISTs (11 of 30), 58.8% of leiomyomas (10 of 17) and 83.3% of schwannomas (5 of 6) were positive for Ang-4. 60.0% of GISTs (18 of 30), 82.4% of leiomyomas and 100% of schwannomas (6 of 6) were positive for Tie-1. 10.0% of GISTs (3 of 30), 94.1% of leiomyomas (16 of 17) and 33.3% of schwannomas (2 of 6) were positive for Tie-2. Tie-2 expression was statistically different between GISTs and leiomyomas (P < 0.001). However, there was no correlation between expression of angiopoietin pathway components and clinical risk categories.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the angiopoietin pathway plays an important role in the differentiation of GISTs, leiomyomas and schwannomas.     

Quantitative determination of dopamine receptor subtypes not linked to activation of adenylate cyclase in rat striatum.

The binding of [3H]domperidone and [3H]spiroperidol was examined in membranes prepared from rat striatum. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]domperidone resulted in curvilinear plots consistent with the presence of multiple classes of binding sites. Nonlinear regression analysis of untransformed data showed that the curvature was best explained by the presence of two populations of binding sites. Scatchard plots of the binding of [3H]spiroperidol were linear, suggesting that this radioligand binds to a single class of receptors. However, results obtained in studies of the inhibition of [3H]spiroperidol binding by a number of competing ligands were not consistent with the interaction of these agents with a single class of binding sites. Computer-assisted analysis of the Hofstee plots of six competing ligands gave the same relative proportion for two classes of sites as determined by analysis of the binding of [3H]domperidone. The two classes of receptors labeled with [3H]spiroperidol had affinities for domperidone that were similar to those of the two populations of binding sites for [3H]domperidone. Furthermore, the number of binding sites for [3H]spiroperidol was equal to the total number of binding sites for [3H]domperidone. These findings suggest that the two radioligands bind to the same two classes of binding sites. It is unlikely that either of the two classes of striatal sites are receptors for serotonin. The approach described will make it possible to assess the effects of physiological or pharmacological manipulations on the densities or properties of subtypes of dopamine receptors.     

Pronounced homeostatic action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with high affinity to tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on cellular membranes

Endothelial dysfunction is considered in the paper from the point of view of pathology of cellular membranes presenting as vesiculation of cytoplasmatic membrane, release of membrane-bound microparticles, elevation of concentration of peeled off endotheliocytes in the blood. Comparative analysis of action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with various affinities to tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the indicated parameters of pathology of cellular membranes and endothelial dysfunction has been conducted. The following mechanisms of stabilization of membranous homeostasis under influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril are discussed: action on apoptosis and activation of cells.     

Diurnal rhythm of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in rats

The results of study of the rhythms of secretion of 11-OCS, synthesis and metabolism of glucose, formation of urea and esters of fatty acids in male rats in the course of 12 hours of the daily period are presented in this work. A definite rhythmic character and conjugation of the processes of corticosteroid secretion and carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism were revealed. Participation of the adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids) in the regulation of direction of the carbohydrate metabolism by the type of glycolysis, hexosomonophosphate way and gluconeogenesis is discussed.     

The assessment of bronchial patency by conducting broncholytic and loading tests in patients with pulmonary pathology]

Reproducibility of the parameters of bronchial patency was studied in 31 patients with nonspecific pulmonary diseases, changes in the parameters of bronchial patency during the berotek and loading tests--in 28 healthy subjects, the dynamics of bronchial patency in these tests and the value of separate methods of study of bronchial patency--in 119 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The parameters of spirography, forced expiration flow-volume and general plethysmography were used. Assessment of the results of the pharmacological and loading tests require consideration of reproducibility of the parameters and their changes in healthy subjects in connection with a broncholytic action on the tone of bronchial muscles. The table of limited diagnostically insignificant functional changes in bronchial patency in given. When evaluating the results of functional tests, it is expedient to use a combination of the parameters of spirography, the curve of forced expiration flow-volume and general plethysmography and in the choice of method preference should be given to the registration of the curve of forced expiration flow-volume. The most sensitive parameters of the dynamics of bronchial patency in the broncholytic and loading tests have been developed.     

Effects of chronic surfagon administration on secretion of luteinizing hormone and morphofunctional state of the testes in Papio hamadryas]

The paper is concerned with the results of a study of the effects of chronic (12 weeks) subcutaneous infusion of surfagon (D-Ala6, des-Gly10-ethylamide of LH-RH, a daily dose of 3 micrograms/kg of body mass) using osmotic mini-pumps on hormonal function of the hypophyseogonadal system, spermatogenesis and testicular histology in experiments on Papio Hamadryas. Prolonged infusion of surfagon through short-term transient activation of the hypophyseogonadal system was shown to cause inhibition of the basal secretion of LH-RH and testosterone, induction of hypophyseal desensitization to native LH-RH, development of oligo- and azospermia. Inhibited function of the testes was accompanied by noticeable changes in their histological structure (suppression of germinative cell division, narrowing of the seminiferous tubules, moderately transient fibrosis of connective stroma). Neither focal block of spermatogenesis nor foci of calcification or necrosis (observed in rats subjected to prolonged infusion of LH-RH agonists) were observed in Papio Hamadryas. All changes in the reproductive system (including gonadal histology), induced by chronic infusion of surfagon, were of reversible nature.     

Isovolumic contraction time of right ventricle in d-transposition of great arteries.

The pre-ejection period of the right ventricle in d-transposition of the great arteries is known to be prolonged, compared with the same interval of the left ventricle of normal subjects. In the present study, the echocardiographic measurement of the components of the pre-ejection period of the right ventricle of 14 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries shows that the isometric contraction time of the right ventricle in d-transposition of the great arteries is similar to the same interval calculated on the left ventricle of 76 normal children of comparable age. On the other hand, the electromechanical delay was significantly greater for the right ventricle of d-transposition of the great arteries than for the left ventricle of the normal subjects. It is concluded that the prolonged pre-ejection period of the right ventricle in d-transposition of the great arteries is not the result of right ventricular dysfunction but solely of a longer electromechanical delay.     

准噶尔荒漠沙鼠Rhombomys opimus Licht.种群密度调查方法

本文介绍了用于测定大沙鼠种群密度的洞群覆盖率。洞群栖息率，洞群密度，有鼠洞群平均鼠数等四项生态学指标及其在鼠数测报中的意义。为取得各项密度指标值，作者对前人设计的方法加以改进和完善，提出了“路线洞群调查法”，并列出例题和算式。     

Comparison of diagnostic methods for osteoporosis in endogenous hypercorticism

The informative value of diagnosis of osteoporosis in 53 patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease was assessed by visual estimation of radiograms of the axial skeleton, standard x-ray densitometry of the phalanges of the thumbs and single-photon absorptiometry of the distal parts of antebrachial bones. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and its evaluation over time were shown to be accurate in combination of visual assessment of radiograms of the axial skeleton with standard x-ray densitometry of the peripheral parts of the skeleton. Single-photon absorptiometry revealed no decrease in the level of the osseous mineral in the forearm of patients with endogenous hypercorticoidism. In the majority of female patients this indicator even exceeded the normal age value. Possible causes of this phenomenon are under discussion.     

Prevention of stent thrombosis following brachytherapy and implantation of drug-eluting stents

The implementation of coronary brachytherapy and especially the application of drug-eluting stents for the prevention of in-stent restenosis are of vital importance in the field of interventional cardiology. Despite undeniable benefits of these new methods a potential increased risk for the occurrence of stent thrombosis as a result of the mode of action of these new methods has to be taken into consideration. The prevention of stent thrombosis following coronary brachytherapy and implantation of drug-eluting stents is therefore of particular importance to assure the success of these forward-looking technologies. This article provides an overview of current data regarding the incidence of stent thrombosis following brachytherapy and implantation of drug-eluting stents and it's implication for clinical practice.