动脉粥样硬化性和心源性颅内大血管闭塞对血管内治疗反应性差异研究

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性和心源性前循环颅内大血管闭塞患者的临床特点以及对血管内治疗反应性的差异。方法回顾性分析行血管内治疗的前循环颅内大血管闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,比较动脉粥样硬化性和心源性大血管闭塞患者的临床特点、血管内治疗方式、血管开通情况、围手术期并发症及术后神经功能改善状况等。结果共纳入行血管内治疗的前循环大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中患者46例,其中动脉粥样硬化性组24例,心源性栓塞组22例,相比心源性栓塞组,动脉粥样硬化组中吸烟(33%vs 9%,P=0.046)、男性(75%vs 36%,P=0.008)比例显著较高,心房颤动史显著较低(0%vs 82%,P0.001)。动脉粥样硬化组联合使用血管成形术的比例较高(67%vs 27%,P=0.008)。两组患者血管内治疗最终整体再通率、术中并发症、术后神经功能改善方面均未见显著差异。结论动脉粥样硬化与心源性栓塞导致的大血管闭塞性急性前循环缺血性卒中相比,其危险因素和血管内开通措施有所不同,动脉粥样硬化性大血管闭塞患者血管内治疗往往需要联合血管成形术。     

急性颅内大动脉粥样硬化与栓塞性缺血脑卒中机械取栓治疗的对比研究

目的 对比分析血管内机械取栓治疗颅内大动脉粥样硬化性(ICAS)和栓塞性(embolic)急性缺血性脑卒中的临床效果和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2019-01—2021-12采用血管内机械取栓治疗的118例急性大血管闭塞的缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,其中ICAS组27例(22.9%),Embolic组91例(77.1%)。结果 与Embolic组比较,ICAS组更高的后循环闭塞比例(37.0%vs 14.3%,P=0.009)、更高的球囊扩张(66.7%vs 7.7%,P<0.001)及支架置入比例(59.3%vs 6.6%,P<0.001),手术时间明显延长[110.00(80.00～130.00)min vs 85.00(55.00～120.00)min,P=0.021)],年龄更小[(63.67±11.48)岁vs(68.25±10.13)岁,P=0.047],合并冠心病比例(14.8%vs 41.8%,P=0.010)、心房颤动比例(7.4%vs 52.7%,P<0.001)及术后出血发生率(3.7%vs 23.1%,P=0.023)明显降低,2组血管成功再通率...     

前后循环大血管闭塞型缺血性脑卒中血管成功再通后临床预后的比较

目的探讨前后循环大血管闭塞型缺血性脑卒中患者间临床特点及其血管成功再通后临床预后的差异。方法回顾性连续纳入大连医科大学附属第二医院卒中中心自2016年1月至2022年9月收治的170例大血管闭塞型缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象, 患者行血管内治疗后血管再通程度均达到改良脑梗死溶栓(mTICI)分级2b/3级。根据血管闭塞部位将患者分为前循环大血管闭塞组(138例)与后循环大血管闭塞组(32例), 对比2组患者间临床资料、血管内治疗相关参数及临床预后指标的差异。结果后循环大血管闭塞组患者中男性、动脉粥样硬化型比例明显高于前循环大血管闭塞组(81.3%vs. 61.6%, 78.1%vs. 47.1%), 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分明显高于前循环大血管闭塞组[3.78(1.93, 10.86)vs. 2.77(1.77, 4.72), (20.50±8.96)分vs. (14.83±4.67)分], 心房颤动史比例明显低于前循环大血管闭塞组(21.9%vs. 58.0%), 发病至血管穿刺时间、发病至血管再通时间、入院至血管穿刺时间、入院至血管...     

计算流体力学在颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄血流动力学评估中的应用进展

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(ICAS)是导致亚洲人群缺血性脑卒中最常见的因素，这也给中国经济和医疗带来了沉重负担。目前，研究发现相较于管腔狭窄程度，血流动力学变化更能反映动脉粥样硬化后的脑卒中风险。而计算流体力学的应用，成为了指导ICAS血流动力学评估的新方向。文中就相关研究新进展进行综述，旨在进一步阐明ICAS与缺血性脑卒中的关联，为临床诊疗及干预等提供科学依据。     

症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的预后分析

目的探讨唐山地区急性缺血性卒中住院患者的症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,s ICAS)的发生率和6个月预后情况。方法前瞻性、连续登记唐山工人医院缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)的住院患者231例,均经头及颈部计算机断层扫描血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查评估颅内外大血管,按血管病变分布情况,分为s ICAS组、非s ICAS组,并对s ICAS组进行6个月随访,按结局分为预后良好组和预后不良组,应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归方程分析s ICAS患者6个月预后的影响因素。结果本研究共纳入急性缺血性卒中患者231例,其中有108例(包括单纯颅内动脉病变95例和颅内外联合病变组13例)存在s ICAS,s ICAS发生率为46.8%。单因素分析显示s ICAS患者6个月良好预后与入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分[比值比(odds ratio,OR)0.872,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)0.775~0.980,P=0.022]、高同型半胱氨酸血症(OR 0.354,95%CI 0.132~0.984,P=0.039)、抗凝治疗(OR 2.597,95%CI 1.123~6.004,P=0.026)有关;多因素分析显示:与轻度狭窄患者相比,血管重度狭窄(OR 0.182,95%CI 0.035~0.943,P=0.042)和闭塞(OR 0.156,95%CI 0.029~0.833,P=0.021)患者、入院NIHSS评分更高(OR 0.768,95%CI 0.661~0.892,P=0.001)患者以及伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症(OR 0.177,95%CI 0.051~0.608,P=0.006)患者6个月预后更差;给予抗凝治疗(OR 7.714,95%CI 2.440~24.389,P=0.001)患者6个月预后更好。结论唐山地区急性缺血性卒中住院患者中接近半数存在s ICAS。入院NIHSS评分更高、血管重度狭窄和闭塞、伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的s ICAS患者6个月预后更差,而抗凝治疗能够改善s ICAS患者的6个月神经功能残障。     

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄与缺血性脑卒中的防治

世界范围内颅内动脉粥样硬化是脑卒中最常见的原因之一,而且是脑卒中复发的高危因素。在颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（ICAS）这种高危疾病,新的治疗方法包括双重抗血小板聚集治疗、危险因素的强化管理和血管内介入治疗。早期随机试验的数据表明,在ICAS高危患者对脑卒中复发的预防,积极内科治疗比支架置入术更好。     

神经介入：回眸2022

<正>2022年,国际上公布了多项大型神经介入领域的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）结果,在血管内治疗（endovascular treatment,EVT）急性大血管闭塞（large vessel occlusion,LVO）适应证的扩展、药物治疗、管理,症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS）治疗,无症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗,     

急性缺血性脑卒中血管介入治疗方法和装置的研究进展

机械血栓切除术可治疗伴大血管闭塞的前循环和后循环急性缺血性脑卒中。机械血栓切除术失败后仍应进行支架植入术;接触抽吸术与支架取栓术的优劣难分仲伯;伴大血管闭塞的动脉粥样硬化性前循环急性缺血性脑卒中,血管成形术和(或)支架置入术要优于支架取栓术;支架取栓术加动脉内溶栓治疗有叠加效应,但机械血栓切除术加静脉溶栓则无叠加效应;远程缺血预处理和替罗非班有减少手术并发症的功效;紫杉醇洗脱支架和新型支架是值得推广的新型血管内治疗装置。     

腔隙性脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

腔隙性脑梗死(lacunar infarction,LI)约占缺血性卒中的1/4,是缺血性脑血管病中较为常见的类型.主要原因是大脑深部的小动脉硬化、闭塞.目前认为大血管狭窄和栓子脱落也是腔隙性脑梗死的原因之一[1],颈动脉超声可以在一定程度上反应动脉粥样硬化的情况,故成为探索脑血管病变的早期观察指标,收集我院2005年1月至2007年12月92例患者颈部血管超声资料,分析腔隙性脑梗死和血管病变的关系.     

伴有高血压的颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄及相关性缺血性脑卒中的降血压治疗

伴有高血压的颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(ICAS)是降压治疗的适应证。制定目标血压值,除了要考虑ICAS患者的血压水平外,还要考虑其基础疾病以及年龄。目前没有统一的目标血压值。对ICAS相关性急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)的高血压是否要降压,以及降压的最佳血压值,尚无统一意见。对过高的血压进行降压,以及避免过度降血压,是业内学者的共识。要根据患者的基础疾病决定降低血压幅度,对伴有高血压的ICAS相关性缺血性脑卒中患者,降压治疗能防止其复发。目前,还没有关于ICAS及其相关性缺血性脑卒中的血压管理标准。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.