Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in assessing outcome after laparoscopic colectomy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the actual and predicted risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic colectomy (LAC) calculated using both the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) scoring systems. METHODS: All patients who underwent LAC performed by a single surgeon between March 1999 and December 2000 were analysed. The observed morbidity and mortality rates were compared with those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and the observed mortality rate with that predicted by P-POSSUM. The operative severity component of the operative score was sequentially decreased from 4 (standard score for open colectomy) to 2, then 1, in an attempt to correct overprediction. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients underwent LAC, with a conversion rate of 8.0 per cent. The morbidity rate (6.8 per cent) was significantly lower than the predicted rates calculated with an operative score of 4 or 2 (12.4 per cent, P < 0.001; 9.6 per cent, P = 0.001), but was fully corrected with an operative score of 1 (7.0 per cent, P = 0.325). The observed mortality rate (0.8 per cent) was significantly different from the expected mortality rates calculated using either uncorrected POSSUM (9.6 per cent, P = 0.001) or P-POSSUM (3.5 per cent, P = 0.001). POSSUM (2.6 per cent, P = 0.007) continued to overpredict mortality but P-POSSUM (1.0 per cent, P = 0.001) accurately predicted mortality with an operative score of 1. CONCLUSION: LAC appeared to be associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates than those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and with a lower mortality rate than that predicted using the P-POSSUM system.     

The outcome of laparoscopic colorectal resection in T4 cancer

Aim Laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced tumours with extramural involvement is still controversial. It is believed that laparoscopic excision of T4 cancers is technically difficult and may result in prolonged operative time, increased conversion rate, added postoperative morbidity, and suboptimal oncological clearance. Method Our unit has been practising laparoscopic colorectal surgery since 1992, and all data are entered into a database prospectively. Since 1999 we have routinely used the laparoscopic approach for colorectal cancer resections. Data regardingpatients with a histologically T4 cancer operated on between 1999 and 2008 were analysed. Outcomes included operating time, conversion rate, postoperative complications and oncological outcome. Results Over a 10‐year period, 146 patients (male 75) with a T4 cancer underwent laparoscopic resection. The median operating time was 125 (range, 46–285) min and the median blood loss was 50 (0–1800) ml. The conversion rate was 16%. Six (4.1%) patients experienced anastomotic leakage. The median number of lymph nodes harvested was 13 (2–40). One hundred and two (70%) patients underwent curative resection. The recurrence rates were 41% and 53% for stage II and III patients, respectively. Four (3.9%) patients had local recurrence. At a median follow up of 18 (1–118) months, the overall survival was 25 months, with median overall survival for patients with stage II, III and IV disease being 63, 36 and 12 months, respectively. Conclusion Laparoscopic colectomy in histologically T4 cancer is safe. Oncological outcomes remain satisfactory. Based on our data, provided expertise is available, patients with locally advanced tumours should not be excluded from a laparoscopic approach.     

Evaluation of POSSUM in patients with oesophageal cancer undergoing resection

BACKGROUND: The Physiogical and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) has been used to produce a numerical estimate of expected mortality and morbidity after a variety of general surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of POSSUM to predict mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. METHODS: POSSUM predictor equations for morbidity and mortality were applied retrospectively to 204 patients who had undergone oesophagectomy for cancer. Observed morbidity and mortality rates were compared with rates predicted by POSSUM using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Evaluation of the discriminative capability of POSSUM predictor equations was performed using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The observed and predicted mortality rates were 12.7 and 19.1 per cent respectively, and the respective morbidity rates were 53.4 and 62.3 per cent. However, the POSSUM model showed a poor fit with the data both for the observed 30-day mortality (chi2 = 16.26, P = 0.002) and morbidity (chi2 = 63.14, P < 0.001) using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. ROC curve analysis revealed that POSSUM had poor predictive accuracy both for mortality (area under curve 0.62) and morbidity (area under curve 0.55). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that POSSUM does not accurately predict mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing oesophagectomy and must be modified.     

高龄患者腹腔镜结直肠切除术安全性的研究

目的:评价为高龄患者行腹腔镜结直肠切除术的安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析2003年8月至2008年8月我院择期行结直肠切除术中大于等于70岁高龄患者的临床资料。比较同期56例腹腔镜结直肠切除术和52例开腹手术患者的一般情况、疾病分类、手术指标、术后恢复情况和治疗效果。患者平均年龄开腹组74岁,腹腔镜组73岁。两组患者术前合并症、美国麻醉师协会术前危险度评分、疾病类型均无显著差异。结果:平均手术时间开腹组192min,腹腔镜组187min,P=0.616。开腹组术中平均出血218ml,腹腔镜组约86ml,P=0.000。腹腔镜组1例中转开腹。两组均无死亡病例。肠功能恢复时间开腹组5d,腹腔镜组3d,P=0.000。进流食时间开腹组5d,腹腔镜组4d,P=0.026。平均住院时间开腹组22d,腹腔镜组18d,P=0.000。术后心肺并发症发生率开腹组26.9%,腹腔镜组10.7%,P=0.030。结论:为高龄患者行腹腔镜结直肠切除术安全可行,可减少患者术中出血量,降低术后心肺并发症的发生率,加快术后胃肠功能恢复,缩短住院时间等。     

Outcome of laparoscopic colorectal resection

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal diseases. Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients undergoing a laparoscopic colorectal procedure (LCP) for large bowel disease. All opertions were performed by a single experienced team. Patients were divided chronologically into three consecutive groups (G1, G2, and G3). Data collection included the incidence and cause of both proper and mandatory conversions to laparotomy, the incidence and type of early and late postoperative complications, incidence of operative mortality, and the length of hospital stay. The incidences of conversion to laparotomy and of early and late postoperative complications were also determined as related to diagnosis, type of LCP attempted, and chronological group. Results: Between January 1996 and December 2001, a total of 108 patients (49 men and 59 women) with a mean age of 65.1 years underwent an LCP for colorectal disease. Proper conversion to open surgery was necessary in five patients (4.6%), whereas a mandatory conversion was needed in 10 with patients advanced cancer (9.2%). The overall morbidity rate was 11.9%. There were no anastomotic leaks. In two patients (1.85%) developed a complication requiring reoperation. Postoperative mortality was nil. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.2 days. The rates of conversion and of early and late complications decreased through the three chronological periods. No trocar site recurrences were observed in the cancer patients. Conclusion: Laparoscopic colorectal surgery performed in experienced centers is safe; the observed morbidity and mortality rates are low and acceptable and compare favorably to those observed after standard open surgery.     

Impact of conversion on the long-term outcome in laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer

Background  Long-term outcome of patients with conversion following laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer has seldom been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of conversion on the operative outcome and survival of patients who underwent laparoscopic resection for colorectal malignancy. Methods  An analysis of a prospectively collected database of 470 patients who underwent laparoscopic colectomy between May 2000 and December 2006 was performed. The operative results and long-term outcomes of patients with conversion were compared with those with successful laparoscopic operations. Results  The overall conversion rate to open surgery was 8.7% (41 patients). There was no difference in age, comorbid illness, location of tumor, and stage of disease between the laparoscopic and conversion groups. The most common reasons for conversion include adhesions (34.1%), tumor invasion into adjacent structures (17.1%), bulky tumor (9.8%), and uncontrolled hemorrhage (9.8%). A male preponderance was observed in the conversion group. Tumor size was significantly larger in the conversion group compared with the laparoscopic group (5 versus 4 cm, P = 0.002). Although there was no difference in the operative time between the two groups, increased perioperative blood loss (461.9 vs. 191.2 ml, P < 0.001), increased postoperative complication rate (56.1% versus 16.7%, P = 0.001) and prolonged median hospital stay (10 versus 6 days, P < 0.001) were associated with the conversion group. Consequently, patients in the conversion group were more likely to develop local recurrence (9.8% versus 2.8%, P < 0.001) with a significantly reduced cumulative cancer-free survival. Conclusion  The disease-free survival and the local recurrence were significantly worse by the presence of conversion in laparoscopic resection for colorectal malignancy. Adoption of a standardized operative strategy may improve the perioperative outcome after conversion.     

Mortality rate prediction by Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM), Portsmouth POSSUM and Colorectal POSSUM and the development of new scoring systems in Chinese colorectal cancer patients

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM), Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM), and Colorectal POSSUM (Cr-POSSUM) for predicting surgical mortality in Chinese colorectal cancer patients and to create new scoring systems to achieve better prediction.

Methods

Data from 903 patients undergoing surgery for colon and rectal cancers from 1992 to 2005 at Peking University Third Hospital were included in this study. POSSUM, P-POSSUM, and Cr-POSSUM were used to predict mortality. Stepwise logistic regression was used to develop the modified P-POSSUM and Cr-POSSUM. Their performances were tested by receiver operating characteristic curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, and observed:expected ratio.

Results

The actual inpatient mortality was 1.0% (9 of 903). The predicted mortality of POSSUM, P-POSSUM, and Cr-POSSUM were 5.6%, 2.8%, and 4.8%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the actual mortality in our cohort. The predicted mortality of the modified P-POSSUM and Cr-POSSUM was very close to the observed mortality. Both the modified models offered better accuracy than P-POSSUM.

Conclusions

The predicted mortality of POSSUM, P-POSSUM, and Cr-POSSUM were significantly higher than the observed mortality in our patients. The modified P-POSSUM and Cr-POSSUM models provided an accurate prediction of inpatient mortality rate in colorectal cancer patients in China.     

Impact of conversion on short and long-term outcome in laparoscopic resection of curable colorectal cancer

Introduction:

Long-term outcome of patients following conversion during laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is not often reported. Recent data suggest a negative impact of conversion on long-term survival. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of conversion on the perioperative outcome and on long-term survival in patients who underwent laparoscopic resection for curable colorectal cancer.

Methods:

Evaluation of our prospective in-hospital collected data of patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for curable colorectal cancer over a 5-year period. Long-term data were collected from our outpatient''s clinic data and personal contact when necessary.

Results:

During the study period, 175 patients were operated on laparoscopically for curable colon cancer (stage I-III). Mean follow-up was 33±18 months with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. For various reasons, 25 patients (14.4%) had to be converted to open surgery. Short-term outcome revealed a trend towards longer operations, a higher rate of surgical complications, and a longer hospital stay in the converted group. Five-year, Kaplan-Meier, disease-free analysis was worse for converted patients. Overall survival did not differ between the 2 groups. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that conversion and AJCC stage were independent risk factors for recurrence.

Conclusions:

Conversion in laparoscopic surgery for curable colorectal cancer is associated with a worse perioperative outcome and worse disease-free survival.     

腹腔镜结肠直肠手术的初步经验

目的:探讨腹腔镜结肠直肠手术的手术方法、安全性、并发症及肿瘤复发等问题。方法:经腹腔镜行结肠直肠手术43例,包括右半结肠切除11例,左半结肠切除2例,乙状结肠癌根治术5例,乙状结肠癌姑息性切除术1例,乙状结肠部分切除术2例,Dixon手术15例,Miles手术7例。结果:40例成功地完成手术,3例因肿瘤侵及邻近器官或肥胖而中转开腹手术。平均手术时间为(178.5±50.7)min,结肠癌切除标本上下切缘长度分别为(12.6±2.8cm和10.2±3.4)cm;直肠癌分别为(10.2±2.6)cm和(4.3±2.2)cm,清扫淋巴结数目为(10.4±3.9)枚,其中14例有淋巴结转移。有4例(10%)术后出现并发症。术后13.2±8.1个月,根治性切除的病例平均有2例(6.4%)发生局部复发,1例(3.2%)出现肝转移,无切口和穿刺孔种植转移的发生。结论:腹腔镜结肠直肠手术在技术上是安全可行的,并能达到与开腹手术相同的疗效。     

POSSUM评分用于指导结直肠肿瘤围手术期治疗

目的探讨POSSUM评分对指导结直肠肿瘤患者围手术期监测及治疗的价值。方法将96例结直肠肿瘤病例分为两组,A组围手术期不评分,仅依据医师经验进行监测与治疗,对病历资料进行回顾性评分;B组在术后立即进行POSSUM评分并指导治疗。以χ2检验比较二组术后并发症和死亡率,同时比较所有病例实际并发症、死亡率与评分预测值间的差异。结果所有病例并发症率(34%∶31%,χ2=7.16,P=0.38)和死亡率(11%∶6%,χ2=3.06,P=0.31)评分预测值与实际值差异无统计学意义;而B组术后并发症率(20%)少于A组(40%),二者差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.41,P=0.036)。结论POSSUM评分能较好地预示结直肠肿瘤手术后并发症和死亡的发生,在其预警下做好围手术期治疗,有助于减少术后并发症。     

Short‐term outcome following elective laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection in octogenarians and nonagenarians

Aim The 30‐day outcome after laparoscopic resection for cancer in patients over the age of 80 years was studied. Method An electronic database was used to identify patients over 80 years who underwent laparoscopic bowel resection between December 2000 and October 2009 at three UK laparoscopic colorectal training units. Patients who required abdominoperineal excision of the rectum were excluded. Results In all, 173 patients (80 men) of median age 84 (80–93) years were identified. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades were ASA 1, 14; ASA 2, 87; ASA 3, 68; and ASA 4, 4. Median body mass index was 26 (14–45) kg/m². Thirteen (7.5%) patients were converted to open surgery. The major causes for conversion were bleeding and adhesions. Thirty‐three major complications occurred in 21 (12%) patients. Ten (5.8%) required readmission after discharge for complications giving a total of 17.8% of patients with complications. The median hospital stay was 5 (1–37) days. Three (1.7%) patients died within 30 days of surgery. Conclusion This study confirms that laparoscopic large bowel resection is safe and beneficial in a population over 80 years. It has low morbidity and mortality and a shortened hospital stay. Octogenarians should not be denied major laparoscopic bowel surgery based on age alone.     

Indication for laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer

Whether a laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer is indicated depends on the technical feasibility as well as on the potential advantages of the laparoscopic approach compared to conventional surgery. Short-term results from 11 randomized studies are available showing potential advantages. Long term results from 2 randomized trials do not suggest disadvantages but more likely some survival benefits.     

A comparative study of the short-term outcome following open and laparoscopic liver resection of colorectal metastases

Background: Laparoscopic resection of liver tumors is feasible, but few studies have compared short-term outcome of the laparoscopic approach to that of a conventional technique. Methods: Eighteen tumor resections performed during 14 procedures (14 patients) by conventional surgery were compared to 21 similar resections performed laparoscopically during 15 procedures (13 patients). All patients had colorectal liver metastases. Results: No perioperative mortality occurred. Surgical time, peroperative bleeding and blood transfusion requirement were similar in the two groups. The resection margin was involved by tumor tissue in one specimen laparoscopically resected and in two specimens conventionally resected (p = 0.58). Patients operated laparoscopically remained in hospital for median 4 days, while patients operated conventionally stayed median 8.5 days (p <0.001). Patients operated laparoscopically required less opioid medication than patients having conventional surgery (median 1 vs 5 days; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Short-term outcome of laparoscopic liver resection compares to that of conventional surgery, with the additional benefits derived from minimal invasive therapy.     

Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in patients undergoing colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) equations were derived from a heterogeneous general surgical population and have been used successfully as audit tools to provide risk-adjusted operative mortality rates. Their applicability to high-risk emergency colorectal operations has not been established. METHODS: POSSUM variables were recorded for 1017 patients undergoing major elective (n = 804) or emergency (n = 213) colorectal surgery in ten hospitals. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the predictive capability of POSSUM and P-POSSUM in emergency and elective surgery and in patients in different age groups. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality rate was 7.5 per cent (POSSUM-estimated mortality rate 8.2 per cent; P-POSSUM-estimated mortality rate 7.1 per cent). In-hospital deaths increased exponentially with age. Both scoring systems overpredicted mortality in young patients and underpredicted mortality in the elderly (P < 0.001). Death was underpredicted by both systems for emergency cases, significantly so at a simulated emergency caseload of 47.9 per cent (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a lack of calibration of POSSUM and P-POSSUM systems at the extremes of age and high emergency workload. This has important implication in clinical practice, as consultants with a high emergency workload may seem to underperform when these scoring systems are applied. Recalibration or remodelling strategies may facilitate the application of POSSUM-based systems in colorectal surgery.     

Septic complications of elective laparoscopic colorectal resection

apd: 18 October 2000     

Efficacy of laparoscopic resection in elderly patients with colorectal cancer

Purpose

The perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in elderly patients were compared with those of open surgery in elderly patients and those of laparoscopic surgery in nonelderly patients to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

The data of the patients who underwent surgical resection for colorectal cancer between January 2007 and September 2012 were retrospectively collected. The clinical backgrounds and outcomes of elderly patients (≥70 years of age) who underwent laparoscopic surgery (EL group) were compared with those of elderly patients who underwent open surgery (EO group) and those of nonelderly patients (<70 years of age) who underwent laparoscopic surgery (NL group).

Results

Compared with the EO group, the EL group showed significantly less blood loss (15 versus 100 ml), fewer postoperative complications (10.7 versus 36.7 %), earlier resumption of an oral diet (4 versus 5 days) and shorter postoperative hospital stays (16 versus 28 days). A case-matched analysis showed similar results. All perioperative outcomes were equivalent between the EL and NL groups.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in elderly patients with cancer was not only superior to open surgery in elderly patients, but also equivalent to laparoscopic surgery in nonelderly patients in terms of the postoperative outcomes.     

免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术

目的探讨免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术的可行性和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年5月间在北京世纪坛医院接受免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术的12例患者的临床资料。结果12例患者中男性8例,女性4例,年龄4l。67（平均58）岁：便秘5例,乙状结肠癌3例。直肠癌4例。12例均经腹腔镜完成手术,无中转开腹病例,手术时间（240±45）min,术中出血量（70±40）ml。术后无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄等并发症,仅1例便秘患者术后出现顽固性右下腹痛,经解痉对症处理后缓解。术后6个月,5例便秘患者排粪频率3～7次／d,7例乙状结肠和直肠癌患者1-2次／d。术后随访1～20个月,未见局部复发和转移病例。结论免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术是一种安全可行、疗效可靠的术式。     

Comparative effectiveness of laparoscopic versus robot-assisted colorectal resection

Background

During the past 20 years, laparoscopy has revolutionized colorectal surgery. With proven benefits in patient outcomes and healthcare utilization, laparoscopic colorectal surgery has steadily increased in use. Robotic surgery, a new addition to colorectal surgery, has been suggested to facilitate and overcome limitations of laparoscopic surgery. Our objective was to compare the outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic resection (RALR) to laparoscopic resections (LAP) in colorectal surgery.

Methods

A national inpatient database was evaluated for colorectal resections performed over a 30-month period. Cases were divided into traditional LAP and RALR resection groups. Cost of robot acquisition and servicing were not measured. Main outcome measures were hospital length of stay (LOS), operative time, complications, and costs between groups.

Results

A total of 17,265 LAP and 744 RARL procedures were identified. The RALR cases had significantly higher total cost ($5,272 increase, p < 0.001) and direct cost ($4,432 increase, p < 0.001), significantly longer operating time (39 min, p < 0.001), and were more likely to develop postoperative bleeding (odds ratio 1.6; p = 0.014) than traditional laparoscopic patients. LOS, complications, and discharge disposition were comparable. Similar findings were noted for both laparoscopic colonic and rectal surgery.

Conclusions

RALR had significantly higher costs and operative time than traditional LAP without a measurable benefit.