废用性肌萎缩的电生理学观察

废用性肌萎缩的电生理现象国内报道较少,而临床诊断中又难以与神经性及肌性肌萎缩相鉴别,尤其是司法部门的伪症鉴定。故我们对经严格筛选确认为废用性肌萎缩的研究对象,进行了股神经及股四头肌电生理学测定,现报告如下:     

阴极经皮电刺激促进周围神经功能恢复的电生理学研究

目的:研究经皮电刺激对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后的神经电生理学的影响,探讨电刺激促进周围神经功能恢复的有效性。方法:手术横断大鼠坐骨神经后行显微外科神经吻合术并进行经皮电刺激,采用电生理学方法观察电刺激对周围神经再生的影响,并与对照组进行比较。结果:电刺激组受损坐骨神经的潜伏期(0.58±0.33ms)较对照组(2.27±0.88ms)缩短,差异有显著意义。结论:经皮电刺激可能具有促进受损周围神经再生和传导功能恢复的作用。     

经颅磁电刺激促进周围神经再生的电生理学研究

目的;研究经颅磁电刺激后损伤坐骨神经的电生理学变化,探索一种促进周围神经功能恢复的有效治疗方法。方法：用电生理学方法观察磁电刺激对周围神经恢复的影响,并与对照组进行比较。结果：磁电刺激组受损坐骨神经的潜伏期较对照组缩短,差异有显著意义。实验组的波幅较对照组增高,神经传导速度也较对照组增快,但无显著差异。结论：经颅磁电刺激可能具有促进受损周围神经再生和传导功能恢复的作用。     

急性脑梗塞患者神经电生理学与影像学资料分析

对我院1996～2002年急性脑梗塞120例，脑电图(EEG)、脑电地形图(BEAM)、脑CT、检查结果及他们在急性脑梗塞诊断中的作用分析如下。     

对《心脏电生理学中的现象与规律解读》一书的一些看法

王力明等编著的《心脏电生理学中的现象与规律解读》一书，近由天津科学技术出版社出版发行。该书立意新颖，对一些带有普遍性的心电现象、定律和规律进行了系统的总结，有较大的实用价值。拜读之后受益良多，但也发现该书存在一些不足，现提出来与作者商榷。     

药物所致嗅觉功能障碍

对近年来文献报道药物所致嗅觉功能障碍摘要如下。 1倍他米松 男，77岁。反复鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏多年，伴鼻出血1周，于2000—03—31就诊，检查：双侧鼻黏膜充血、水肿，双侧下鼻甲肥大，贴近鼻中隔。诊断：过敏性鼻炎。无嗅觉丧失史。给予倍他米松（得保松）1ml双侧下鼻甲封闭，     

帕金森病患者的嗅觉功能障碍

帕金森病（Parkinsons disease,PD）是一种常见的运动障碍性疾病,其发病机制是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元丧失和纹状体的多巴胺浓度降低。多巴胺作为一种重要的神经递质,除大量存在于黑质纹状体系统外,还存在于嗅球、边缘系统等部位。随着对PD的深入研究,发现PD患者还存在嗅觉功能的减退,甚至在疾病的早期就出现了嗅觉功能的改变。PD的嗅觉研究在国内报道甚少。我们采用简易嗅觉检查法对30例老年PD患者进行临床观察,并与正常老年人和其他神经系统疾病患者作对照,现总结如下。     

肝豆状核变性患者嗅觉功能检测

目的:观察肝豆状核变性患者嗅觉功能改变情况。方法:选择2012年1月—2014年1月在安徽中医药大学第一附属医院脑病一科住院的肝豆状核变性患者40例,分为脑型和肝型2组,每组各20例。应用五味嗅觉测试液检测2组患者嗅觉察觉阈值(DT)和嗅觉识别阈值(IT),并比较各组差异。结果:20例肝型肝豆状核变性患者中,16例嗅觉功能检测(包括嗅觉察觉阈值和嗅觉识别阈值)基本正常,4例存在嗅觉功能障碍;20例脑型肝豆状核变性患者中,3例无异常,17例存在嗅觉功能障碍;脑型患者嗅觉功能检测评分(包括嗅觉察觉阈值和嗅觉识别阈值)均明显高于肝型(P0.05)。结论:肝豆状核变性患者嗅觉功能减退与基底节变性可能有一定的相关性。对相关机制的研究有助于提高对肝豆状核变性的全面认识。     

血管性痴呆嗅觉功能损害的功能MRI研究

目的：采用嗅觉功能MRI评价血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VaD）患者的嗅觉功能损害情况。材料与方法15例正常老年人（NC）和12例VaD患者进行MMSE、MOCA、CDR及Hachinski缺血指数量表（HIS）评分,采用西门子3.0 T MR扫描仪、32通道头线圈行嗅觉fMRI扫描,采用Matlab 7.11.0及SPM 8软件处理数据,NC和VaD两组进行独立样本t检验分析。结果 NC和VaD两组之间组分析结果显示,NC组（28簇,共1486个激活体素）激活明显多于VaD组（13簇,共149个激活体素）,激活区域主要位于额叶、颞叶及中央前回等区域。结论 VaD患者存在嗅觉损害,嗅觉fMRI可以评价VaD患者的嗅觉功能,对进一步嗅觉损害的神经退行性疾病研究具有重要价值。     

Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function

The olfactory bulb (OB) is considered to be the most important relay station in odor processing. Involving 125 randomly selected subjects (58 men, 67 women; age range: 19 to 79 years), the present study aimed to investigate a possible correlation between OB volume and specific olfactory functions including odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. The history of all participants was taken in great detail to exclude possible causes of smell dysfunction. All participants received an otolaryngological investigation including a volumetric scan of the brain (MRI), lateralized olfactory tests and a screen for cognitive impairment. Volumetric measurements of the right and left OB were performed by manual segmentation of the coronal slices through the OB. Significant correlations between OB volumes in relation to olfactory function were observed, independent of the subjects' age. Additionally, OB volumes decreased with age. In agreement with previous research the present study confirmed the correlation between OB volume and specific olfactory functions. Furthermore, the correlation between OB volume and olfactory function was not mediated by the subjects' age. In conclusion, the present data obtained from a relatively large group of subjects forms the basis for age-related normative values of OB volumes.     

接受嗅鞘细胞移植脊髓损伤大鼠电生理及后肢功能变化

背景:研究证实嗅鞘细胞有利于神经元存活,并可促进轴突再生.目的:探讨嗅鞘细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的效果.方法:健康成年雌性SD大鼠40只,随机分为盐水对照组、细胞移植组,20只/组.另取10只SD大鼠用于嗅鞘细胞的分离培养.盐水对照组、细胞移植组大鼠均建立脊髓损伤模型,取双侧第8～10对肋间神经各2 cm,交叉植入脊髓缺损处(近端白质与远端灰质、远端白质与近端灰质),细胞移植组局部注射嗅鞘细胞2×10~6个,盐水对照组局部注射等量无菌生理盐水.通过体感诱发电位和运动诱发电位的检测,观察神经电生理恢复情况;BBB后肢运动功能评分结果;通过BDA顺行神经示踪,观察运动传导束恢复情况. 结果与结论:细胞移植组大鼠体感诱发电位及运动诱发电位的潜伏期、波幅明显优于盐水对照组(P < 0.01);细胞移植组大鼠BBB后肢运动功能评分较生理盐水组明显提高(P < 0.01);细胞移植组脊髓损伤区有较多BDA标记阳性神经纤维通过,其数量明显多于盐水对照组(P < 0.01).证实局部注射嗅鞘细胞可以较好地恢复大鼠脊髓损伤后的神经电生理及后肢运动功能.     

Electrophysiological aspects of human sphincter function

In order to investigate the electrophysiology of the human internal anal sphincter and two current concepts of sphincter function, simultaneous manometric and electrical recordings were made from circular smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter in the resting state and during reflexly induced sphincter relaxation. Three groups were studied: seven normal subjects, 25 patients with functional bowel disease, and seven patients with external sphincter paralysis due to spinal cord lesions. In the resting state slow waves of alternating potential (basic electrical rhythm or BER) were recorded in all subjects. Two types of waves were present, a constant sinusoidal pattern or a spindleshaped pattern. Either pattern was consistent for a given individual. Frequency of BER in the internal sphincter was higher than that recorded in any other gastrointestinal muscle. Our findings indicate that the BER recorded from the internal anal sphincter originates in this muscle. This activity may represent a specialized feature of sphincteric muscle since BER cannot be recorded from isolated nonsphincteric circular muscle.     

颅脑外伤后嗅觉功能障碍的影像学与功能研究

嗅觉是人类重要的生理功能之一。引起嗅觉功能障碍原因很多,头部外伤约占8%～20%,鼻及鼻窦疾病占7%～56%,上呼吸道感染占18%～45%。颅脑外伤后嗅觉功能减退或丧失均导致输入嗅球的感觉减少,继而引起嗅球体积缩小,因此嗅球体积可作为反映及评价嗅觉功能的参考依据之一。1嗅球嗅束的解剖学及生理学特点1.1嗅球嗅束的解剖嗅觉系统主要由嗅上皮、嗅球嗅束和嗅皮层三部分组成,嗅上皮内主要含嗅觉感受细胞即双极神经元,     

晚期脊髓损伤患者胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植后的电生理评价

目的:采用客观的电生理检查手段评价胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤的有效性。方法:①对象:选择2003-02/2005-01北京市西山医院暨北京康复中心神经外科收治的接受人胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植治疗的晚期完全性脊髓损伤患者199例,男164例,女35例,平均年龄(34.7±11.3)岁,平均病程(4.7±5.5)年;受伤节段:颈段99例,胸段89例,胸腰段11例;受伤原因:车祸、摔伤、医源性损伤、机器挤压伤等。4个月流产胚胎由北京市虹天济神经科学研究院协作医院提供,产妇及其家属均签署知情同意书,实验经医院医学伦理委员会批准。②方法:取人胚胎嗅球,消化成单个嗅鞘细胞后培养2周。199例晚期完全性脊髓损伤患者均接受人胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植治疗,在全麻下行脊髓损伤节段后方入路,切开硬膜,显露出病变脊髓。分上下两点各注入50μL嗅鞘细胞悬液,细胞数共约1×106个。术后给予止血、抗感染等处理,未使用任何免疫抑制剂。③评估:移植前后分别采用肌电/诱发电位仪检查肌电图和椎旁躯体感觉诱发电位,每例患者检查2次,时间一致,且由同一医生操作。肌电图即检查患者大力收缩时的肌肉情况,以观察运动单位电位的数量、波幅及持续放电能力。椎旁躯体感觉诱发电位是于中线旁开2cm处两侧同时给予刺激,刺激强度以引起可见的肌肉抽动为准,在头皮上记录电位。方波刺激频率3Hz,强度20～40mA,时限0.2ms,观察感觉平面下降情况。结果:199例晚期完全性脊髓损伤患者均进入结果分析。①术后肌电图检查:93例(46.7%)显示部分受累肌肉大力收缩时募集波型改善,运动单位电位数量增加;105例(52.8%)无变化,1例(0.5%)比术前差。②椎旁躯体感觉诱发电位检查:90例(45.2%)显示感觉平面下降,其中左侧平均下降(1.9±1.2)个节段,右侧平均下降(2.0±1.2)个节段;107例(53.8%)无变化,2例(1.0%)双侧感觉平面上升。结论:对于胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤患者,肌电图和椎旁躯体感觉诱发电位这两种电生理检查能较为客观的反映脊髓术后感觉和运动功能恢复情况。     

Gustatory and olfactory function in breast cancer patients

Purpose

Loss of appetite is a common complaint in cancer patients. There is still no overall conclusion whether this symptom might be caused by distorted taste/smell function or by tumor byproducts. This knowledge would be important for adequate patient counseling as well as symptom relief. Several studies investigated taste function, but to our knowledge, only one studied olfactory function in cancer patients.

Materials and methods

Sixty-nine breast cancer patients were investigated by a validated taste (taste strips) and smell test (Sniffin' Sticks) prior to chemotherapy.

Results

Compared to normative data, breast cancer patients showed no significant difference in odor threshold, but better scores for odor identification and odor discrimination. For taste, breast cancer patients showed a significantly lower value for the quality sour compared to healthy controls only on left side of the tongue; there was no difference in the qualities sweet, salty, and bitter. An increase in tumor size was associated with a significant decrease in olfactory function, but not in gustatory function. Different histology or graduation of breast cancer, resection status, or metastasis to the lung and liver had no influence on taste and smell. There was no correlation between taste and smell to estrogen or progesterone receptor status. There was no correlation between smell and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2 status), but there was a significant correlation between bitter taste and Her2 status.

Conclusion

Taste/smell did not seem substantially altered in breast cancer patients compared to normative data. Nevertheless, increasing tumor burden resulted in decreased olfactory function, but not in taste changes.     

上呼吸道感染后嗅球体积与嗅觉功能的相关性

目的 分析上呼吸道感染后嗅觉功能障碍患者的嗅球体积与嗅觉功能的相关性。方法 25例因上呼吸道感染而致嗅觉功能障碍的患者(患病组)纳入研究,其中14例嗅觉功能丧失,11例嗅觉功能减退。以25名年龄相匹配的健康志愿者作为对照组。两组均接受Sniffin' Sticks嗅觉功能测试及3D MRI。患病组中11例于2~6个月后复查嗅觉功能及MRI。结果 与对照组相比,患病组双侧嗅球体积显著减小(P均<0.05)。患病组中,嗅觉丧失患者的嗅球体积小于嗅觉减退者(P<0.05)。11例复查患者中,4例嗅觉功能好转,嗅球体积较前增大;7例嗅觉功能及嗅球体积无明显变化。结论 嗅球体积与嗅觉功能具有相关性;上呼吸道感染后嗅球体积减小可以反映嗅觉障碍的程度。     

Sedation for Electrophysiological Procedures

Administration of intravenous sedation (IVS) has become an integral component of procedural cardiac electrophysiology. IVS is employed in diagnostic and ablation procedures for transcutaneous treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, electrical cardioversion of arrhythmias, and the insertion of implantable electronic devices including pacemakers, defibrillators, and loop recorders. Sedation is frequently performed by nursing staff under the supervision of the proceduralist and in the absence of specialist anesthesiologists. The sedation requirements vary depending on the nature of the procedure. A wide range of sedation techniques have been reported with sedation from the near fully conscious to levels approaching that of general anesthesia. This review examines the methods employed and outcomes associated with reported sedation techniques. There is a large experience with the combination of benzodiazepines and narcotics. These drugs have a broad therapeutic range and the advantage of readily available reversal agents. More recently, the use of propofol without serious adverse events has been reported. The results provide a guide regarding the expected outcomes of these approaches. The complication rate and need for emergency assistance is low in reported series where sedation is administered by nonspecialist anesthesiology staff.     

早期视嗅觉刺激对经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除患者术后嗅觉功能恢复的影响

目的:探讨早期视嗅觉刺激对经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除患者术后嗅觉功能恢复的作用效果。方法:采用便利抽样法,于2018年1—12月选取哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院收治的78例垂体瘤患者,按住院单双号随机分成观察组和对照组,每组各39例。对照组给予常规围手术期护理,观察组给予早期视嗅觉刺激,包括磁共振嗅觉刺激、室内嗅觉刺激、视觉想象刺...     

Echocardiographic measurement of ventricular function

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review new findings concerning ventricular function in patients in intensive care units with shock or unexplained respiratory distress syndrome analyzed using echocardiography. RECENT FINDINGS: Bedside echocardiography is not only an imaging technique but should be considered as a hemodynamic method. Left-ventricular systolic function can be assessed in daily clinical practice by measuring shortening fraction, fraction area change and ejection fraction. But these indices are dependent on load conditions. Index of myocardial performance can be also used. Rate of left-ventricular pressure increase may be measured from mitral regurgitation. Other indices such a maximal elastance and preload-adjusted maximal power were developed to evaluate myocardial systolic function but are not still used in clinical practice in patients in intensive care. Cardiac output measurement can be calculated easily from aortic annulus diameter and the velocity time integral of aortic blood flow. To complete the assessment of ventricular function, left-ventricular diastolic function and pressure as well as right ventricular size, septal movement and right pressures should be analyzed. SUMMARY: Using echocardiography the intensivist can examine both the mechanism and the cause of shock or pulmonary edema. It is time to increase the use of this technique in intensive care units.