覆膜食管支架在食管穿孔40例的应用分析*

目的探讨全覆膜食管支架治疗食管穿孔的效果和安全性。方法采用全覆膜金属支架治疗医源性、肿瘤及异物所致食管穿孔40例,观察对其的治疗效果及并发症。结果所有的食管穿孔患者一次性成功置入食管支架,术后均能顺利恢复进食;食管异物临时支架植入术后4天~1个月取出支架,复查胃镜及食管造影均明确穿孔愈合;3例食管癌并穿孔患者术后吞咽梗阻感明显缓解。主要并发症为术后胸痛及支架移位,6例(15%)出现支架移位,2例(5%)食管癌患者出现食物梗阻并支架移位。结论全覆膜金属支架治疗食管穿孔,具有疗效确切,并发症少,安全有效等优点。     

Endoscopic removal of biliary self-expandable metallic stents: a prospective study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The transpapillary endoscopic insertion of self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) has been widely used for the palliation of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. We attempted the endoscopic removal of malfunctioning SEMSs. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of the endoscopic removal of SEMSs by comparing the results between removal of covered and uncovered SEMSs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 30 patients with a malfunctioning biliary SEMS prospectively underwent an attempt at endoscopic removal of the biliary SEMS over a 2-year period. Removal of the malfunctioning SEMS was done with a therapeutic duodenoscope (ED-450XT5 or TJF-240), using a rat-tooth forceps. Of the 30 SEMS used, 22 were silicone-covered Wallstents, while eight were uncovered SEMSs including five uncovered Wallstents and three Zilver stents. The time for an attempt at each endoscopic removal was limited to 15 minutes in a single endoscopic procedure session. RESULTS: The covered SEMSs were easily removed in 19 out of 22 patients (86.4 %), whereas none of the eight uncovered SEMSs (0 %) could be removed. The only factor predicting successful stent removal was the presence of a stent covering ( P = 0.000). There was no morbidity or mortality related to endoscopic removal of malfunctioning stents. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to uncovered biliary SEMSs, in most cases malfunctioning covered biliary SEMSs can be easily and safely removed endoscopically using a rat-tooth forceps.     

Fluoroscopic removal of fractured,retained, embedded Z self-expanding metal stent using a guidewire lasso technique: A case report

BACKGROUNDThere are few reports of a fractured esophageal self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) and the lasso retrieval technique, forming a guidewire loop by directing the guidewire back up the external stent for retrieval. CASE SUMMARYA 74-year-old man complained of dysphagia approximately 6 mo after radical resection of esophageal cancer. Benign anastomotic stenosis was diagnosed, and a 20 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length esophageal covered SEMS was inserted after repeated balloon dilatation. About 13.5 mo after stenting, dysphagia recurred and esophagography showed severe stenosis above the proximal stent and stent removal was performed. One-third of the stent was removed and the fractured stent remained in the proximal esophagus. A suction tube was introduced through the guidewire and then the guidewire was grabbed, acting like a “lasso” on tightening. The remaining fractured stent was successfully removed by slowly pulling back the guidewire, with no fragments of stent wires retained.CONCLUSIONThe guidewire lasso technique is a simple, effective method of removing esophageal SEMS in rare cases of stent fracture.     

Management of malignant strictures of the cervical esophagus with a newly-designed self-expanding metal stent

Recently, the use of self-expanding metal stents has become a well-established method of palliative treatment for stenotic malignant diseases in the middle and distal esophagus. However, published results on the use of self-expanding metal stents in cervical esophageal cancer are somewhat limited by a paucity of clinical details and experience. A new self-expanding esophageal metal stent with a short upper flange 0.7 cm in length was studied prospectively in order to assess its efficacy for palliative treatment. This report presents experience in three patients in whom this new stent was used in the treatment of cervical esophageal cancers. Stent placement was successful in all three patients, with no serious complications such as esophageal perforation, hemorrhage, or foreign-body sensation. All of the patients experienced rapid improvement in dysphagia and clinical symptoms. The newly designed self-expanding stent can be of value in the treatment of stenotic cervical esophageal cancer.     

食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的食管支架治疗：附39例报告

评价食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的临床疗效,探讨食管支架放置成功的影响因素。材料与方法：对３９例严重吞咽困难患者放置了食管内支架,其中男２９例,女１０例,年龄３４－８３岁,食管恶性狭窄３１例,良性狭窄７例,单纯巨大食管胸腔廉１例。     

自膨式覆膜食管金属支架置入治疗难治性食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床分析（附8例报告）

目的 评估自膨式覆膜食管金属支架（SEMS）置入治疗难治性食管静脉曲张破裂出血（EVB）的疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2012年9月-2022年1月该院消化内科行SEMS置入治疗的8例难治性EVB患者的临床资料。分析SEMS置入治疗难治性EVB的手术成功率、即时止血率、再出血率和并发症发生情况。结果 所有患者均成功置入SEMS，未发生食管穿孔和死亡等严重并发症，成功率为100.0%(8/8)，支架置入后，所有患者活动性出血立即停止，且24 h内未再出血，即时止血率为100.0%(8/8)。8例患者经SEMS治疗后5 d内均未再发出血，再出血率为0.0%(0/8)。所有患者术后均未出现出血加重和穿孔等严重并发症。8例患者中，有3例在术后第1、2和5天观察到支架移位，支架移位率为37.5%(3/8)。所有患者在支架取出后均未再发出血，支架移除后再出血发生率为0.0%(0/8)。结论 食管SEMS置入用于治疗难治性EVB，是一种可行、有效的止血方法，且不良事件少。值得临床推广应用。     

实验犬气管狭窄模型留置覆膜、非覆膜金属支架后管腔再狭窄的规律

目的 观察气管狭窄模型内留置覆膜与非覆膜金属支架后管腔再狭窄规律及差异。方法 16只实验犬通过切除部分气管软骨制作气管狭窄模型,分为A、B组(每组8只)。透视引导下气管狭窄处留置支架,A组留置覆膜镍钛合金支架,B组留置网状镍钛合金裸支架。留置支架后第2、4、8、12周各组分别处死2只实验犬,观察气管壁的病理改变。实验犬处死前行螺旋CT检查,观察支架有无移位、管腔再狭窄的位置及程度,计算狭窄指数,比较A组与B组的差异。结果 16只实验犬均成功制作气管狭窄模型并置入支架。两组支架留置后第4周支架端口出现狭窄,第8、12周支架端口狭窄程度逐渐加重,且B组支架体部也出现狭窄。在相同时间点,A组与B组狭窄指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。狭窄主要由组织增生造成,镜下见淋巴细胞浸润、胶原纤维增生。结论 覆膜支架端口增生组织可引起管腔再狭窄,出现时间及程度与裸支架相近。改进支架端口设计是防止及减轻覆膜支架留置后再狭窄的关键。     

Palliation of esophageal carcinoma with a new self-expanding plastic stent

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Self-expandable metallic covered stents (SEMS) are widely used for the palliation of esophageal cancer. In the long term, a drawback of these stents is the occurrence of nontumoral occlusion at their proximal or distal parts. New self-expanding plastic stents (SEPS) may combine the advantages of SEMS with those of previously used plastic stents. Our aim was to study prospectively the implantation of such stents in a series of patients with fairly long life expectancy, focusing on safety, feasibility and long-term effectiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 1999 and December 2000, in a prospective cohort study, 33 patients were treated with Polyflex stents for palliation of esophageal stenoses, and were followed up until death. The inclusion criteria demanded the presence of a nonresectable or nonoperable, histologically proven, malignant stricture of the esophagus causing significant dysphagia. RESULTS: Stent insertion was successful in all cases. The mean duration of follow-up of the patients was 149.7 days (range 25 - 469). A complete follow-up until death was documented for all patients (n = 33). During the entire follow-up, no stent occlusion was observed which was caused by either nontumoral or tumoral ingrowth, or by nontumoral overgrowth. Stent occlusions were caused only by tumoral overgrowth, and occurred at a rate of 12.1 % (n = 4). The stent migration rate was 6.0 % (n = 2), and the re-intervention rate overall was 21.1 % (n = 7). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that SEPS are effective for the palliation of dysphagia in patients with esophageal malignancies. The immediate results are similar to those observed with SEMS, and the observed low rate of late obstruction suggests that their long-term efficacy might be superior to that of SEMS. This device warrants evaluation in a controlled prospective trial.     

Successful nonoperative management of delayed spontaneous esophageal perforation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical outcome of esophageal stenting for repair of distal esophageal perforation in one patient with septic shock and human immunodeficiency virus. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care units of one university teaching hospital. PATIENT: One patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection and septic shock in whom there was a delay in diagnosis of spontaneous perforation at the distal thoracic esophagus. INTERVENTION: A 10 cm x 2 cm silicone lined, partially coated, expandable metal stent was fluoroscopically placed in the distal esophagus at the perforation. Other treatment included chest tube thoracostomy, sump drainage of proximal esophagus, percutaneous gastrostomy, and antibiotics. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Septic shock and the distal esophageal perforation were successfully treated with combined esophageal stenting, thoracostomy pleural drainage and antibiotics. Esophageal stenting was accomplished fluoroscopically with a partially coated, silicone-lined, expandable metal stent. CONCLUSION: Esophageal stenting, tube thoracostomy drainage, and antibiotics may be a management option for gravely ill patients with human immunodeficiency virus, esophageal perforation, and a delay in diagnosis. An optimal outcome requires a thoughtful, individualized approach and adherence to basic principles.     

Advances in esophageal stenting: the evolution of fully covered stents for malignant and benign disease

Self-expanding metal stents have become a leading palliative therapy for dysphagia resulting from esophageal, proximal gastric, and mediastinal cancers. Increasingly, fully covered self-expanding plastic stents and now fully covered metal stents have been used to treat a variety of benign esophageal conditions as well as cancer. Several stent designs are available in the United States and many more internationally. Each design has advantages and limitations. Knowledge of the indications for esophageal stenting and the common side effects associated with different designs allows physicians to choose the best stent for a given condition as well as to anticipate complications such as stent migration or restenosis. Compared with partially covered stents, newer, fully covered metal stents may promote less granulation tissue and subsequent stenosis and may be removable even after several weeks. However, the tradeoff may be more frequent migration. Interest in fully covered metal stents in place of fully covered plastic stents for use in strictures and leaks has also grown, despite the lack of a formal indication for metal stents in benign disease. Unfortunately, rigorous studies of newer stent designs are currently lacking.     

Successful closure of a complicated duodenal ulcer perforation with an expandable esophageal stent

Laparotomy and reoperation remain the standard procedures for patients with suture line disruption after the initial surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer perforation has failed. Recently, endoscopic stents have been employed for dehiscence of the suture line after a surgical repair or even as a primary treatment. We present such a case, the fourth in the literature. In this case, a partially covered stent was placed to cover the duodenal perforation opening after an unsuccessful stitching 6 days earlier. We discuss the difficulties in stent positioning, the choice of sealant, and possible complications. Overall, for older patients with comorbidities, endoscopic stent placement could be considered a promising alternative minimally invasive treatment.     

Transnasal endoscopy for direct visual control of esophageal stent placement without fluoroscopy

Placement of self-expanding metal stents (SEMSs) is a well-established treatment for esophageal stenosis and postoperative anastomotic leaks. Conventional endoscopic procedures for SEMS placement require fluoroscopic guidance, but transnasal endoscopy (TNE) with ultraslim endoscopes may allow precise stent release under direct visual control without the need for fluoroscopy. This prospectively collected data investigated the feasibility and safety of TNE-guided SEMS placement without fluoroscopy. Between March 2009 and February 2011, 20 consecutive patients underwent TNE-guided SEMS placement without fluoroscopy. The technical success rate was 100 % and no fluoroscopy was required during the procedures. Five patients underwent SEMS placement as a bedside procedure in the intensive care unit. The mean intervention time was 13.4 minutes (range 6 - 26) and there were no early complications. In summary, TNE-guided SEMS placement allows precise stent placement without fluoroscopic control and can therefore be performed as a simple bedside procedure.     

自膨式金属内支架在治疗食管狭窄中的应用

目的;本文阐述了自膨式金属内支架在治疗食管狭窄性疾病,如食管癌、贲门癌、食管吻合口狭窄中的应用价值。方法：本组病例３７例,其中,食管癌１５例,贲门癌２例,食管吻合口狭窄２０例,采用自膨式镍钛合金金属内支架３８枚。在Ｘ线监视下,标定狭窄部位,先对狭窄区行球囊扩张后置入ＳＥＭＳ。结果：ＳＥＭＳ置入术本组病例成功率为１００％。术后病人吞咽、进食功能均得以恢复,吞咽,进食困难由术前Ⅱ级,Ⅲ级改善到０管癌术     

Fixation of a modified covered esophageal stent: its clinical usefulness for preventing stent migration

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Membrane-covered self-expandable metal stents are effective in preventing tumor ingrowth and stent obstruction in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer, but migration of stents continues to be a major problem. We therefore constructed a modified covered self-expandable esophageal metal stent capable of being fixed using a silk thread. The stent was studied prospectively to define its palliative characteristics and whether it is effective in preventing migration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Modified covered self-expandable metal stents were placed in 17 patients with malignant gastric cardiac cancer involving the esophagogastric junction, 41 patients with esophageal cancer, and three patients with tracheoesophageal fistulas. Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations were carried out at regular intervals. RESULTS: Placement of the stent was successful in all patients, with good symptomatic relief and no serious stent-related complications such as esophageal perforation or hemorrhage. Acute stent placement problems, such as incomplete expansion or acute angulation of the stent, were noted in four patients. However, during a mean follow-up period of 7.5 months (range 1 to 17 months), there was no stent migration. CONCLUSIONS: Modified covered self-expandable esophageal metal stents of this type would be very effective in preventing stent migration, especially in patients with malignant gastric cardiac cancer extending to the lower esophagus, those with short-segment esophageal cancer, and those with tracheoesophageal fistulas.     

Expandable metal stents for benign biliary disease

Benign biliary diseases include benign biliary strictures (BBS), choledocholithiasis, and leaks. BBS encompass postoperative injury, anastomotic stricture, chronic pancreatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and gallstone-related stricture. Therapeutic options for benign biliary diseases include surgical, percutaneous, and endoscopic interventions. Endoscopic options include placement of plastic stents as well as self-expanding metal stents (SEMS). SEMS can be uncovered, partially covered, and fully covered, and have been used with some success in resolution of strictures and leaks; however, complications limit their use. This article reviews the currently published experience on SEMS and attempts to define their current role in the treatment of benign biliary diseases.     

Through-the-scope double colonic stenting in the management of inoperable proximal malignant colonic obstruction: a pilot study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Particularly in cases of proximal colonic obstruction, the long distance and tortuosity of the bowel make it difficult for gastroenterologists and radiologists to advance the stent to the point of the obstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness and efficacy in preventing stent migration and tumor ingrowth of a new self-expanding through-the-scope (TTS) double colonic stent in the palliative management of patients with inoperable proximal malignant colonic obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of seven patients (four men, three women; mean age 62 years, range 57 - 68) underwent placement of a newly developed through-the-scope self-expanding double colonic stent. The etiologies of the obstructions at the time of stent insertion were colonic adenocarcinoma (no previous surgical resection) in five cases and metastatic adenocarcinoma from gastric carcinoma in two. The locations of the obstructions were the ascending colon in three cases, the hepatic flexure in two, and the transverse colon in two. To prevent tumor ingrowth and stent migration, an uncovered Niti-S stent (Taewoong Medical Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) was inserted into the stenotic area; a partly membrane-covered Niti-S stent was then again inserted into the stenotic area inside the uncovered Niti-S stent. RESULTS: The self-expanding TTS double colonic stents were placed in the colon in seven patients with acute malignant colonic obstruction. Double stenting was successful in traversing the lesion in six of the seven cases. In one patient, the stent was not successfully placed across the lesion due to a very acute angle at the hepatic flexure. There were no significant complications relating to the insertion, with no clinical or radiographic evidence of perforation or bleeding during or after the procedures, and there were no cases of stent migration or tumor ingrowth during the mean follow-up period of 13 months. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of these new self-expanding through-the-scope double colonic stents for the management of inoperable proximal malignant colonic obstruction is a feasible, effective, and safe form of palliative treatment for the prevention of stent migration and tumor ingrowth.     

Use of self-expandable plastic stents for the treatment of esophageal perforations and symptomatic anastomotic leaks

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Extensive anastomotic leaks after esophageal resection and esophageal perforations are a therapeutic challenge. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of the self-expandable Polyflex plastic stent for the treatment of these conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2002 and March 2003, nine patients were treated with a self-expandable Polyflex plastic stent for sealing of thoracic esophagoenteric anastomotic leaks following surgical resection (n = 5) or esophageal perforation (n = 4). RESULTS: In all patients the stents were inserted successfully without technical problems. In all but two patients complete sealing of the leak was achieved as demonstrated by radiography with water-soluble contrast media. The stent migration rate was 30 % and repositioning of the migrated stents was possible in all cases. Complete mucosal healing of the esophageal leaks and stent extraction was achieved in six patients. The stents were in situ for an average period of 135 +/- 78 days. Two critically ill patients with anastomotic leaks died in spite of stent insertion due to sepsis and one patient with esophageal perforation died due to the underlying malignant disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary experience with the self-expanding and removable Polyflex plastic stent for the sealing of anastomotic leaks and esophageal perforations suggests that this stent is a feasible treatment option, in particular, for more extensive esophageal defects, patients with co-morbid conditions, and critically ill patients.     

Self-expanding metal stents for endoscopic treatment of esophageal achalasia unresponsive to conventional treatments. Long-term results in eight patients.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The successful use of self-expanding metal stents has been demonstrated in the management of malignant esophagocardial strictures. This report assesses the role stents may play in the treatment of esophageal achalasia in selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 1996 and December 1997, eight patients (two men, six women; average age 67.6 years) underwent insertion of a self-expanding metal stent for management of achalasia. Previous myotomy and/or balloon dilation or injection of botulinum toxin had failed in all patients. Four nitinol coil stents and five covered Ultraflex stents, 10 cm long, were inserted, being passed through the gastroesophageal junction under mild sedation. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful and uncomplicated in all patients. Early complications were seen in five patients: chest pain (1), gastroesophageal reflux (1), proximal migration (1), and distal migration (2). One patient underwent surgery for stent impaction in the colon. During the follow-up period of 35.5 months, on average (range 29 - 44 months), four patients experienced complications: chest pain (2), reflux esophagitis (1) and stent migration (1). CONCLUSION: General use of self-expanding metal stents for esophageal achalasia cannot be recommended.     

非X光胃镜直视下金属支架治疗食管恶性狭窄疗效观察

目的;使用金属支架治疗恶性狭窄。方法：在非X光胃镜直视下放置镍钛记忆合金支架治疗食管恶性狭窄33例,其中食管癌所致食管狭窄25例（肿块型9例,四周狭窄型16例）,食管贲门癌术后复发吻合口狭窄6例,肺癌转移食管并狭窄2例。术后给予治疗和／或化疗。结果：本组病例放置成功率100％,术中无食管出血及食管破裂等并发症发生,术后咽下困难、梗噎感、食管反流消失。术后与术前比较,吞咽困难明显改善达两个级别以上,经统计学处理有显著性差异,P＜0．01。结论：非X光胃镜下直视下置入金属支架治疗食管癌恶性狭窄安全、可靠,治疗效果显著,对于提高人病人生活质量,延长病人生存时间不失为一种行这有效、姑息性的治疗方法,术后放疗和／或化疗效果更佳。     

食管金属内支架置入治疗食管良恶性狭窄的并发症分析

目的：通过回顾分析67例食管金属内支架置入术的并发症原因，探讨预防和处理的方法。方法：1996年6月至2000年8月，对78例食管狭窄患者行金属内支架置入治疗，共置入内支架96八，其中附膜支架59枚，裸支架37枚，对内支架置入术后出现的各种并发症进行分析。结果：78例中67例出现并发症，如胸骨后疼痛、食管胃内容物返流、支架置入后再狭窄或堵塞、支架移位、食管出血、穿孔以及心率失常等。分别给予相应的处理后多数可以得到改善或消失。结果：金属内支架置入治疗食管狭窄所致的并发症是可以预防的，如果出现并发症经过处理可以获得缓解。