Characterization of therapy and costs for patients with uterine fibroids in Utah Medicaid

Objectives To determine in an eligible Utah Medicaid population (1) medical and drug costs associated with treating uterine fibroids (UFs) and (2) the cost and incidence of hysterectomy complications. Methods Medical and drug cost analyses were based on data from 897 premenopausal patients with UFs included in the Utah Medicaid database from 1996 to 2004. UF-related medical and pharmacy costs were determined from first diagnosis of UFs until a related procedure or until estimated menopause. Outcomes for patients treated with a procedure (hysterectomy, myomectomy, or embolization), medication, and watchful waiting (no procedure, no UF-related drug) were compared. When determining hysterectomy complication rates for the population of women in the Medicaid database, a total of 1,323 pre- or postmenopausal patients with UFs were included. Results Overall, 20% of patients were treated with medication, 33% with a procedure, and 47% with watchful waiting. Mean total UF costs were: $11,996 (procedure), $2,703 (medication), and $2,118 (watchful waiting). Mean eligibility months were 8.8, 28.8, and 14.1, respectively. Costs/eligible month were: $1,358 (procedure), $151 (watchful waiting), and $94 (medication). The mean hysterectomy cost was $12,107. Conclusion Treatment for UFs is expensive with a mean cost of $5,504 per study patient. The highest costs are seen in patients receiving procedures, which can lead to complications; 15% in this study. Costs for watchful waiting are similar to costs in patients receiving UF-related drugs. Consideration should be given to using non-surgical therapies for the treatment of UFs before procedures are performed.     

Postoperative maintenance levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for symptomatic uterine adenomyoma

Objective

To evaluate whether a maintenance levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is effective for preventing the recurrence of postoperative adenomyosis-related symptoms.

Final oocyte maturation with a dual trigger compared to human chorionic gonadotropin trigger in antagonist co-treated cycles: A randomized clinical trial

Objective

This clinical trial compared the effect of a dual trigger treatment (combination of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hCG alone on oocyte quality and metaphase II oocytes’ number.

Exacerbation of ovarian hyperstimulation by leuprolide reveals a gonadotroph adenoma

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a gonadotroph adenoma diagnosed after a dramatic increase in estradiol level and ovarian hyperstimulation in response to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Outpatient practice and university hospital. PATIENT(S): A 35-year-old woman who presented with infertility, amenorrhea, and an elevated basal estradiol concentration. INTERVENTION(S): Ultrasonography, laparoscopy, endocrinologic assays, magnetic resonance imaging, transsphenoidal surgery, and immunocytochemical staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ultrasonography and laparoscopy demonstrated bilaterally enlarged ovaries containing multiple preovulatory follicles, similar in appearance in those women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with exogenous FSH. The serum estradiol level was moderately elevated, the FSH level was within the normal range, and LH was suppressed. Administration of leuprolide acetate resulted in very elevated estradiol concentrations and even larger ovarian cysts. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a sellar mass. Examination of the tissue excised by transsphenoidal excision of the mass showed a pituitary adenoma that stained strongly for FSH. RESULT(S): Regular menses resumed soon after excision of the gonadotroph adenoma, followed by a spontaneous pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Gonadotroph adenoma should be suspected in a reproductive age woman with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, infertility, multiple preovulatory follicles, and a persistently elevated serum estradiol concentration. Exacerbation of the ovarian hyperstimulation in response to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in this setting also strongly suggests a gonadotroph adenoma but can be avoided by recognizing the presenting features of this condition.     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist use before hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the effects of leuprolide acetate in patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyoma before hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Group I (n = 90) included patients with a pretreatment uterine size of 14 to 18 gestational weeks and group II (n = 60) included patients with uteri >18 weeks' gestational size. Patients in both groups were randomized to either immediate hysterectomy or 2 months of preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. RESULTS: All patients in the two groups with a pretreatment hemoglobin <11.0 gm/dl randomized to agonist had a significant (p < 0.05) increase (≥1.5 gm/dl) in hemoglobin level. Patients in group I who received preoperative agonist were more likely to undergo vaginal hysterectomy (80% vs 13%, p < 0.05) than were patients who did not receive preoperative agonist. Patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy had a shorter hospital stay, decreased operative blood loss, and a shorter convalescence period than did those undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. In group II, in spite of a mean uterine volume reduction of 51.3%, intraoperative morbidity, operative blood loss, hospital stay, and postoperative convalescence period did not differ between treatment arms. CONCLUSION: The preoperative administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in patients with a uterus of 14 to 18 weeks' size increases the use of vaginal hysterectomy, decreases intraoperative blood loss, and shortens hospital stay and convalescence. Preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for patients with a preoperative hemoglobin <11.0 gm/dl reduces the risk of preoperative transfusion. Preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone use in the nonanemic patient with a uterine size ≥18 weeks' gestational size does not appear to lower operative morbidity. (AM J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1744-51.)     

Uterine artery embolization versus laparoscopic occlusion of uterine vessels for management of symptomatic uterine fibroids

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and complications of uterine artery embolization (UAE) versus laparoscopic occlusion of uterine vessels (LOUV) in the management of symptomatic fibroids.

Methods

A pilot randomized clinical trial in which 20 patients with symptomatic fibroids were randomly allocated into two groups. Ten women underwent UAE, and 10 women underwent LOUV. Symptomatic improvement in menorrhagia and reduction in the volumes of the uterus and the fibroid were assessed at 3 and 6 months.

Results

The patients were comparable with regard to age and parity. At 6 months, there was no significant difference in the mean reduction in menstrual blood loss, uterine volume, and volume of the dominant fibroid between the two groups (P = 0.436, P = 0.796, P = 1.00, respectively). However, higher pain scores were recorded on day 1 in the UAE group compared with the LOUV group (P = 0.0002).

Conclusions

The effects of UAE and LOUV in the management of symptomatic fibroids are comparable. The main advantage of LOUV is less postoperative pain compared with UAE.     

The significance of an early (premature) rise of plasma progesterone in in vitro fertilization cycles induced by a “long protocol” of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and human menopausal gonadotropins

Objective: Our purpose was to assess and clarify the mechanism of whether an early progesterone rise in cycles with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) is associated with an impairment of IVF outcome Methods: Seven hundred eighty-six cycles were induced with GnRH-a and human menopausal gonodotropin (hMG) (long protocol). Plasma progesterone (PP) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were divided into three groups: <0.9 ng/ml (Group A), 1–2 ng/ml (Group B), and >2 ng/ml (Group C). We also analyzed the pregnancies achieved in our egg donation protocol in relation to the PP levels of each donor on the day of hCG administration. Results: Group A involved 525 cycles, Group B had 223, and Group C had 38. The overall pregnancy rate per egg transfer was 19.2%, with the highest for Group A (22.3%), declining for Groups B (14.3%) and C (7.9%) (A = B = C; P<0.005). The embryo implantation rate was found to be negatively correlated with the PP levels on the day of hCG administration. In contrast, there was an opposite trend between PP levels and the chance of conception in 30 pregnancies achieved by egg donation. Conclusions: Since premature luteinization is very unlikely to occur under the conditions of this study, our findings suggest that an early PP rise has a negative impact on endometrial receptivity but not on egg and embryo quality.     

Permanent amenorrhea associated with endometrial atrophy after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of permanent amenorrhea associated with endometrial atrophy after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Gynecologic clinic of a university hospital. PATIENT(S): A 44-year-old woman with menorrhagia and anemia caused by multiple fibroids. INTERVENTION(S): Transcatheter bilateral uterine artery embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles, with hormonal, sonographic, and hysteroscopic follow-up procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels were measured, and sonographic appearance of the ovaries and the endometrium at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment were recorded. Hysteroscopy was performed with endometrial biopsy at baseline and 6 months after embolization. RESULT(S): The patient remained amenorrheic from the procedure. Serial posttreatment measurements of FSH and estradiol levels and repeated ovarian imaging showed no change in ovarian function as compared with baseline. A reduction in endometrial thickness (相似文献   

Amenorrhea and resumption of menstruation after uterine artery embolization for fibroids

Objectives

To determine whether women will experience permanent amenorrhea following uterine artery embolization for fibroids, and whether rates of onset differ in the long term according to age at the time of the procedure.

Methods

Over 77 months, 211 consecutive eligible women were grouped by age (group A, < 40 years [n = 39]; group B, 40-44 years [n = 98]; and group C, ≥ 45 years [n = 74]) and the cumulative rates of onset of permanent amenorrhea were compared between the groups.

Results

The likelihood of incurring permanent amenorrhea was significantly higher in group C. The cumulative rates in groups A, B, and C were 0%, 1.4%, and 19.7% at 3 years and 0%, 11.2%, and 40.4% at 6 years.

Conclusion

The rates of onset of permanent amenorrhea changed over time and differed according to age at the time of the procedure, with little likelihood of permanent amenorrhea at 6 years for women younger than 40 years at the time of the procedure.     

GnRH-a联合低剂量HCG诱发卵母细胞成熟在行PGD/PGS助孕患者中的应用

目的:探讨促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂(GnRH-ant)方案中促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)联合低剂量绒促性素(HCG)扳机对行胚胎植入前遗传学诊断/筛查(PGD/PGS)助孕患者促排卵的效果。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年3月在我院因女方染色体异常行GnRH-ant方案中GnRH-a联合低剂量HCG双扳机诱导卵泡成熟的PGD/PGS助孕患者79例(A组),根据年龄、抗苗勒管激素(AMH)、基础卵泡刺激素(FSH)匹配选取行拮抗剂方案促排卵并单纯使用HCG扳机诱导卵泡成熟患者79例(B组)作对照,比较两组促排卵特点及促排卵结局。结果:两组促性腺激素总量、促排天数、HCG日雌二醇(E2)、HCG日孕酮(P)、HCG日黄体生成素(LH)、回收卵数、2个原核(2PN)数、第3天(D3)胚胎数、活检正常胚胎数、新发异常率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与B组相比,A组获成熟卵数、D3优质胚胎数、形成囊胚数、优质囊胚数及优质囊胚率明显升高(P0.05),检测后正常的胚胎数虽然两组差异无统计学意义,但A组有升高趋势,两组OHSS发生率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:GnRH-ant方案中GnRH-a联合HCG诱发卵母细胞成熟改善了行PGD/PGS助孕患者促排结局。     

The Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Combined with Add-Back Therapy on Quality of Life for Adolescents with Endometriosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study Objective

Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) to treat endometriosis can cause mood and vasomotor side effects. “Add-back therapy,” the combination of low-dose hormones, limits side effects but research is limited to adults. We sought to characterize quality of life (QOL) before treatment and to compare an add-back regimen of norethindrone acetate (NA) with conjugated estrogens (CEE) to NA alone for preventing side effects of GnRHa therapy in female adolescents with endometriosis.

GnRHa联合雌激素预防顺铂致小鼠卵巢功能损伤的保护作用

目的:研究促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRHa)联合雌激素(E2)对顺铂(CDDP)所致小鼠卵巢功能损伤的保护作用。方法:选择具有正常性周期的5～6周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、CDDP组、GnRHa+E2组、GnRHa+E2+CD-DP组,分别注射生理盐水、CDDP、GnRHa+E2和GnRHa+E2+CDDP。采用放免法测定各组小鼠血清中卵泡刺激素(FSH)、E2水平。在停药后间期处死小鼠,卵巢称重后组织病理切片HE染色观察各组卵巢组织结构及卵泡数量变化。结果:CDDP组小鼠与Gn-RHa+E2+CDDP组比较,血清FSH明显升高,E2水平明显降低(P0.05)。CDDP组卵巢和子宫湿重明显低于GnRHa+E2+CDDP组(P0.05)。CDDP组与其他3组比较,卵巢卵泡总数最少(P0.05)。经统计学分析,CDDP与GnRHa+E2间有交互作用。结论:GnRHa联合雌激素能够减轻顺铂对卵巢结构及功能的破坏,在一定程度上保护卵巢的储备功能。     

Total abdominal hysterectomy versus total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign disease: A meta-analysis

Hysterectomy is a very common gynaecological procedure. The vaginal route is considered preferable for hysterectomy, although the ideal route for women unsuitable for the vaginal approach remains unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of published randomised controlled trials to compare outcomes in total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) for benign disease. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for categorical variables using random effects models as per Der Simonian and Laird. Continuous variables were compared by means of weighted mean differences (WMD). TLH is associated with reduced overall peri-operative complications (pooled OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.07–0.50) and reduced estimated blood loss (WMD −183 ml; 95% CI −346 ml to −21 ml; p = 0.03). Additionally, there are trends towards shorter hospital stay (WMD −2.5 days; 95% CI −5.1 days to 0.01 days; p = 0.05) and post-operative haematoma formation (pooled OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.03–1.01) compared to TAH. The only trade-off appears to be a longer operating time in the TLH group (WMD 22 min; 95% CI 5–39 min; p = 0.01). Rates of major complication were not statistically different (pooled OR 1.35; 95% CI 0.32–5.73) though this analysis is likely underpowered to detect many major complications. As such, TLH appears to offer benefits to women requiring total hysterectomy for benign indications compared to TAH, particularly regarding minor complications, blood loss and hospital stay. However, larger studies are needed to assess the impact on major intra-operative complications and long-term clinical outcomes, particularly pelvic organ prolapse.     

腹腔镜与开腹手术行广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清除术的临床效果比较

目的 比较腹腔镜与开腹手术行广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清除术的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析近2年我院经腹腔镜行广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清除术的26例子宫恶性肿瘤患者(腹腔镜组)的临床资料,随机抽取近4年行开腹同类手术的27例(开腹组)作为对照。结果腹腔镜组平均手术时间为310 min,开腹组为238 min;腹腔镜组平均切除的淋巴结22个,开腹组为16个;腹腔镜组术中平均出血量为756 ml,开腹组为1129 ml,腹腔镜组平均输血量为321 m1,开腹组为746 ml,腹腔镜组平均术后排气时间为37 h,开腹组为62 h;腹腔镜组术后体温恢复正常时间平均为5 d,开腹组为8 d;腹腔镜组平均应用抗生素时间为6 d,开腹组为8 d;以上各项数据两组间比较,差异均有极显著性(P<0.01)。两组在盆腔引流液(分别为321、216 ml)、尿管拔除时间(分别为13、10d)、术后第3天的白细胞计数(分别为11 × 109/L、10 × 109/L)、术后住院日(分别为26、26 d)及住院费用(分别为25 986、22 672元)等方面比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清除术可达到开腹手术的彻底性,并具有创伤小、恢复快等优点。     

Retroperitoneal uterine leiomyoma occurring 5 years after hysterectomy for fibroids

We encountered a 49-year-old, multiparous female with a very rare isolated retroperitoneal uterine leiomyoma measuring 72 x 43 mm in diameter occurring 5 years after hysterectomy for fibroids. The case was preliminarily diagnosed as right ovarian cancer or fibroma. An edematous, isolated solid tumor in the right retroperitoneal cavity was surgically resected. Pathological findings demonstrated uterine leiomyoma.     

Evaluation of two gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues (leuprolide and buserelin) in short and long protocols for assisted reproduction techniques

Purpose The administration of two GnRH analogues (buserelin and leuprolide acetate) in long and short protocols was evaluated prospectively. In the long protocol, the analogues were given from day 1 of the cycle for at least 14 days and then hMG administration was started, while in the short protocol the analogues were initiated from cycle day 1, adding hMG from day 3. The patients were divided into four groups according to the protocol used: Group I, buserelin-long; Group II, buserelin-short; Group III, leuprolide-long; and Group IV, leuprolide-short. Serum E ₂ levels on the day of hCG injection and the number of follicles observed, oocytes retrieved, and embryos obtained, as well as implantation rates, were significantly higher (P<0.001) in the long protocols than in the short ones.Results Pregnancy rates were similar in all groups, although a trend for better results was observed in buserelin-long compared to buserelin-short. There were no differences in the results achieved with buserelin or leuprolide.Conclusion The administration of GnRH analogues (buserelin and leuprolide acetate) in long protocols induced a more intense ovarian response and was associated with significantly higher implantation rates and also a trend for higher pregnancy rates, although this difference was not statistically significant.     

A randomized,placebo-controlled,dose-ranging trial comparing fulvestrant with goserelin in premenopausal patients with uterine fibroids awaiting hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of a new antiestrogen fulvestrant with goserelin in reducing uterine fibroid growth before hysterectomy. DESIGN: An international, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Departments of obstetrics and gynecology. PATIENT(S): Premenopausal women (n = 307) diagnosed with uterine fibroids requiring hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S): Over a 12-week period, patients received fulvestrant (50 mg, 125 mg, or 250 mg) as an i.m. injection, goserelin (3.6 mg) as a s.c. injection, or an injection-matched placebo once every 4 weeks. Patients underwent a hysterectomy at week 13. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy endpoints included changes in fibroid growth, endometrial thickness, and uterine volume. The excretion of urinary markers of bone resorption was also examined. RESULT(S): Goserelin significantly reduced fibroid growth and endometrial thickness compared with placebos. Fulvestrant did not significantly alter fibroid volume or endometrial thickness or change endpoints such as endometrial histology or vaginal bleeding. Fulvestrant was associated with fewer postmenopause-related adverse events than goserelin. Goserelin, but not fulvestrant, significantly increased markers of bone resorption. CONCLUSION(S): At doses equivalent to those used for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, fulvestrant did not significantly inhibit fibroid growth and, of particular note, did not lead to bone resorption.