多CTL表位DNA疫苗诱导特异性CTL应答的研究

目的:构建多CTL表位DNA疫苗诱导特异性CTL应答。方法:将编码两个HCVCTL表位(H-2d)的基因序列插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1中,构建多CTL表位DNA疫苗。用其免疫BALB/c小鼠后,以经不同CTL抗原肽冲击的P815细胞(H-2d)作为靶细胞,进行CTL杀伤试验。结果:多CTL表位DNA疫苗可诱导机体产生针对其编码的两种HCVCTL表位的特异性CTL免疫应答,且总的特异性CTL杀伤效应增强。结论:通过天然侧翼氨基酸相连的多个CTL表位为编码序列构建的多CTL表位DNA疫苗,不但能诱导机体产生针对各个CTL表位的特异性CTL应答,而且各特异性CTL应答的联合作用可显著增强总的CTL杀伤效应。     

人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅱ型核心蛋白DNA疫苗的实验免疫研究

目的　检测HIV 2核心蛋白DNA疫苗诱导Balb c小鼠免疫应答的能力。方法　将表达HIV 2核心蛋白DNA疫苗质粒pVAXIgag肌注Balb c小鼠 ,分析CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞的数量、脾特异性CTL反应、血清中HIV 2的特异性抗体水平。结果　重组质粒pVAXI gag免疫组与空载体pVAXI及PBS对照组相比较差异显著 ,血清抗体滴度及淋巴细胞杀伤效应为P <0 .0 1,脾T细胞亚群的数量为P <0 .0 5。结论　HIV 2核心蛋白DNA疫苗能诱导Balb c小鼠产生特异性细胞免疫应答和体液免疫应答     

颗粒性HBV多CTL表位基因诱导BALB/c小鼠的免疫应答研究

目的：研究含HBV多CTL表位的杂合HBc基因免疫BALB/c小鼠所诱导的免疫应答.方法：构建以HBV多CTL表位取代MIR区基因的杂合HBc基因疫苗（pHBcMep）并以肌肉注射方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA、流式细胞术、LDH释放法等分别检测血清特异性抗体与淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平、CD4^＋/CD8^＋T细胞比例变化及特异性CTLs活性等免疫应答指标.结果：颗粒性杂合HBc基因疫苗pHBcMep免疫BALB/c小鼠诱导明显抗体应答,末次免疫后2周,特异性抗preS2抗体阳性率达100%（12/12）,最高效价1∶1 000,同时诱导淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ能力增强和刺激CTLs活化,其杀伤活性达16 IU30,CD4^＋/CD8^＋T细胞比例明显升高,且诱导明显回忆反应.结论：颗粒性HBV多CTL表位基因疫苗pHBcMep具有良好免疫原性,能迅速诱导高活性体液和细胞免疫应答及回忆反应.     

HCV多表位基因重组BCG的筛选及对其诱导的免疫应答研究

目的将丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）多表位基因的穿梭质粒pDE22-CtEm电转化BCG，筛选重组BCG（rBCG），免疫BALB／c小鼠，研究其诱导的免疫应答。方法培养并制备BCG感受态，将重组穿梭质粒pDE22-CtEm电转化BCG，筛选rBCG。rBCG免疫小鼠，同时进行基因免疫，测定血清中特异性抗体，分离小鼠脾淋巴细胞，体外测定淋巴细胞刺激指数、IFN-γ和进行CTL杀伤实验，观察rBCG在小鼠体内诱导的体液和细胞免疫应答。结果筛选出HCV多表位基因rBCG，免疫小鼠后在小鼠体内诱导出特异性的体液和细胞免疫应答，免疫应答水平均高于重组的基因免疫。结论构建的HCV多表位抗原rBCG活疫苗优于基因疫苗。     

表达HIV-1 gag-gp120嵌合基因的DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答

目的 :检测表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答效果。方法 :将真核表达质粒pVAXGE肌肉注射BALB C小鼠 ,观察免疫小鼠脾T淋巴细胞亚群的数量、特异性CTL杀伤率及小鼠免疫后不同时间点血清中IgG抗体滴度。结果 :重组质粒pVAXGE免疫组小鼠脾淋巴细胞进行了增殖 ,脾特异性CTL杀伤率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;小鼠免疫后于第 8周血清抗体达到最高。结论 :表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗质粒可诱导BALB C小鼠发生免疫应答     

乙型肝炎病毒多表位抗原DNA疫苗的免疫原性

目的 :探讨HBV复合多表位DNA疫苗诱导体液及细胞免疫的可行性。方法 :将HBV多表位抗原基因BPT克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1中 ,构建重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/BPT。将其通过肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,用间接免疫ELISA法、CTL杀伤功能检测和淋巴细胞增殖试验 ,检测特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫的水平 ,并观察其对免疫小鼠的毒副作用。结果 :用重组质粒pcDNA3.1/BPT免疫BALB/c小鼠后 ,在效靶比为 10 0∶1时 ,可诱导显著地特异性CTL应答 (P <0 .0 5 )。ELISA检测免疫小鼠血清特异性IgG的水平明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。在BPT基因原核表达蛋白的刺激下 ,免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。RT PCR分析表明 ,IL 12mRNA的水平亦明显升高。结论 :HBV多表位基因疫苗可诱发特异性免疫应答 ,为预防、治疗性HBV疫苗的研制提供了一定的实验依据     

弓形虫多表位DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫保护作用

目的:构建弓形虫多表位DNA疫苗并研究其免疫保护效果.方法:将编码含弓形虫多个T、B细胞表位的6段弓形虫多肽基因,以5个甘氨酸编码基因相间隔相连接,克隆入真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1( )中,构建成多表位弓形虫DNA疫苗.免疫BALB/c小鼠,测定其诱导的特异性抗体水平及T淋巴细胞增殖状况,同时进行弓形虫攻击感染保护实验.结果:成功构建了包含多个弓形虫表位的真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/T-ME,以其作为DNA疫苗免疫小鼠,可诱导机体产生弓形虫特异性的体液及细胞免疫应答,产生有效的抗弓形虫保护性免疫应答.结论:构建的弓形虫多表位DNA疫苗能诱导机体产生有效的保护性免疫应答,在控制弓形虫感染上具有可行性.     

乙型肝炎病毒治疗性多表位基因疫苗在小鼠中的免疫应答研究

目的:分析乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)重组多表位抗原基因在大肠杆菌中非融合表达的蛋白B-BPT的免疫原性,以期为HBV预防/治疗性疫苗的研制奠定实验基础。方法:构建重组质粒pBAD/BPT,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。以纯化的蛋白B-BPT免疫BALB/c小鼠,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测该融合蛋白诱导的小鼠细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答。用流式细胞术(FCM)检测小鼠CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的比例,用MTT比色法检测淋巴细胞的增殖效应。结果:B-BPT蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠后,可诱导特异性CTL应答(P<0.05,与空白对照组比较);B-BPT蛋白免疫后,可显著刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增值(P<0.05,与空白对照组比较)。结论:该非融合表达的蛋白B-BPT可有效地诱导小鼠特异性CTL免疫应答,为进一步研制乙肝预防治疗性疫苗奠定了基础。     

含HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺相关病毒和重组腺病毒疫苗联合免疫的研究

目的 探讨含HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)和重组腺病毒(rAdV)疫苗在BALB／c小鼠中联合免疫的效果。方法 将密码子优化的HIV-1 gp120基因分别插入腺相关病毒(AAV)和腺病毒(AdV)载体质粒，构建含该基因的rAVV和rAdV载体疫苗。将两种疫苗以不同的联合方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA检测小鼠血清中的gp120特异性抗体，细胞内细胞因子染色法检测小鼠的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答。结果 两种重组病毒均可表达目的基因gp120；在小鼠体内两种重组病毒联合免疫可诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清1gG抗体反应，但用rAAV初免2次，再用rAdV加强3次所诱发的CTL和血清1gG反应最强。结论 rAAV和rAdV疫苗联合免疫可在小鼠体内诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清1gG抗体反应。     

HCV核心-包膜E2抗原融合基因DNA疫苗的构建及对小鼠的免疫应答试验

目的：观察一种结构新颖的HCV融合抗原DNA疫苗在BALB/c小鼠的免疫效果，探讨其用于防治丙型肝炎的可行性。方法：用重叠延伸PCR拼接编码小鼠IgG kappa链信号肽和通用型辅助性T细胞表位PADRE的DNA片段，PCR分别扩增HCV核心抗原基因和包膜E2抗原基因，将3段基因插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1，构成重组表达质粒pST-CE2t，转染COS7细胞，免疫组化检测HCV抗原的表达。将pST-CE2t和HCV核心抗DNA疫苗pcDNA3.1core分别肌肉注射接种BALB/c小鼠，检测小鼠的血清抗体、T细胞增殖和CTL反应。结果：pST-CE2t可在COS7细胞内表达HCV核心抗原和E2抗原，接种于BALB/c小鼠能有效诱导体液和细胞免疫应答，其中抗HCV核心抗原免疫应答的强度明显超过pcDNA3.1core，且更趋向于TH1型免疫应答。结论：pST-CE2t对于丙型肝炎的防治有潜在的应用价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.