法乐氏四朕症根治术中疏通右心室流出道的体会

法乐氏四联症根治术的主要目的是修补巨大的室缺和充分疏通狭窄的右心室流出道.我院自1985年初至今为52例法乐氏四联症患者施行了根治性手术治疗.现就我们对法乐氏四联症右心室流出道狭窄外科改造的几点体会报道如下:1 临床资料1.1 一般资料:男33例,女19例.年龄最小2.5岁,最大35岁.48例术前经心脏超声检查确诊,4例经右心导管加造影检     

400例体外循环心内直视手术麻醉处理的探讨

1980～1985年,我所施行体外循环心内直视手术400例,效果满意。现就麻醉处理加以探讨。临床资料一、一般资料本组男208例,女192例,年龄最小4岁,最大57岁;体重最轻12kg,最重68kg。手术种类有瓣膜替换术53例,二尖瓣直视分离术60例,法乐氏四联症44例,法乐氏三联症9例,室间隔缺损114例,房间隔     

76例成人法乐氏四联症外科治疗体会

目的 总结成人法乐氏四联症外科治疗的经验.方法 2004年1月-2011年12月,手术治疗成人法乐氏四联症患者76例;年龄18-52岁,术前血红蛋白150-260 g/L.均在低温体外循环下行法乐氏四联症根治术.室间隔缺损修补应用双头针带垫片褥式缝合,补片采用涤纶毡片;用自体心包片行跨肺动脉瓣补片成形术.结果 76例患者无手术死亡,无二次开胸止血,无低心排综合征、灌注肺等术后严重并发症.复查心脏超声无室间隔缺损残余漏和右室流出道残余狭窄,所有患者均顺利康复出院.结论 满意地矫正心内畸形,避免室缺残余漏及右室流出道残余狭窄是提高成人法乐氏四联症手术成功率的关键.     

先天性心脏病心内直视手术的体会

我院从1989年5月～1995年5月,在体外循环下行先心病内直视手术124例。现将手术体会报告如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 男57例,女67例。年龄最小3岁,最大26岁,平均15.6岁,体重最轻13kg,最重55kg,平均38.35kg。全组病人房间隔缺损(ASD)47例,单纯室间隔缺损(VSD)62例,法乐氏四联症7例,室缺合并右室双腔心4例,合并肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,合并动脉导管未闭1例,法乐氏三联症1例,右室双出口1例。全组病人心胸比例0.5～0.68,行右心导管检查3例,右心室造影1例。1.2 手术方式 全组病人均常规建立体外循环,术中降温25℃～30℃,平均27℃。阻     

法乐氏四联症矫治手术46例报告

法乐氏四联症矫治手术４６例报告武警福建省总队医院汪志伟，戴庆悦，黄木元，吕文光，段民新我院自１９８６年至１９９３年６月共施行法乐氏四联症矫治手术４６例，占同期体外循环手术的２１％，现报告如下。一、临床资料本组男３５例，女１１例；年龄４～２６岁。有明显...     

体外循环下法乐氏四联症矫治手术的配合

法乐氏四联症为一严重的复合性先天性心脏病，四联症的四种畸形是：肺动脉狭窄、室间隔缺损、主动脉骑跨及右心室肥厚。四种畸形同时存在，常导致患者持续性发绀和肺循环血量减少，严重影响患者的身体健康和生活质量，甚至危及生命。我院自1994年开始采用体外循环直视下进行法乐氏四联症矫治术，治疗法乐氏四联症患者39例取得较好疗效.     

法乐氏四联症根治术后低心排的防治

目的 总结法乐氏四联症根治术后低心排的预防及治疗方法.方法 2003年1月至2006年5月共进行法乐氏四联症根治术468例.其中2月至2岁95例,3岁至12岁267例,13岁至28岁106例.肺动脉指数(Nakata指数)为(153.47±0.3)mm2/m2,左室容积指数(36.82±15.73)ml/m2,McGoon比值1.5±0.3.均在全麻低温体外循环下行根治术.结果 术后发生低心排27例,低心排发生率为5.77%,死亡3例,低心排死亡率为11.11%.结论 法乐氏四联症根治术后低心排的防治重点在于重视术前处理及病情评估,术中心肌保护及右室流出道疏通,术后胶体容量补充及强心治疗.     

婴幼儿法乐氏四联症外科治疗

目的 :探讨婴幼儿法乐氏四联症的临床特点及手术适应证和术后处理方法。方法 :35例病人均在全麻低温体外循环下行法乐氏四联症根治术。结果 :1例死亡。术后低心排者 4例 ,灌注肺 3例 ,肺不张 3例 ,胸腔积液 3例。结论 :婴幼儿法乐氏四联症外科治疗同成人比较有其自身特殊性 ,应注意正确补充血容量 ,加强心功能维持 ,调节酸碱平衡。患儿肺动脉发育情况及其左心功能是影响手术疗效的最主要因素。     

婴幼儿法乐氏四联症外科治疗

目的：探讨婴幼儿法乐氏四联症的临床特点及手术适应证和术后处理方法。方法：35例病人均在全麻低温体外循环下行法乐氏四联症根治术，结果：1例死亡，术后低心排者4例，灌注肺3例，肺不张3例，胸腔积液3例，结论：婴幼儿法乐氏四联症外科治疗同成人比较有其自身特殊性，应注意正确补充血容量，加强心功能维持，调节酸碱平衡，患儿肺动脉发育情况及其左心功能是影响手术疗效的最主要因素。     

中剂量芬太尼麻醉在心血管直视手术的应用

<正> 低温体外循环心内直视手术时,麻醉药及麻醉方法是影响心脏功能的主要因素之一。我们采用气管插管、切皮、纵劈胸骨三种麻醉方式对心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心肌耗氧量(RPP)的影响进行了对比分析,结果中剂量芬太尼麻醉比较理想,现报告如下: 临床资料本组47例,男26例,女21例。年龄5～64岁。体重14～65kg。手术种类:房缺修补、室缺修补、法乐氏三联症及四联症根治术、右房及左房粘液瘤摘除术、二尖瓣置换术、三尖瓣成形术、二尖瓣成形加预激症异常传导束切断术等。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.