老年人群中第二次和第一次晨尿清蛋白检测的比较

目的探讨老年人群中第一次晨尿和第二次晨尿清蛋白(UAC)检测评价蛋白尿的一致性。方法 2013年4~6月天津市东丽区军粮城镇军粮城医院对军粮城镇管辖范围内12个乡村60岁以上老年人191例,其中糖尿病和高血压患者分别占16.8%和56.0%,收集第一次与第二次晨尿,检测UAC浓度和尿肌酐,并计算UAC/肌酐比值(ACR);分析比较第一次晨尿ACR(ACR1)或第一次晨尿UAC(UAC1)和第二次晨尿ACR(ACR2)或第二次晨尿UAC(UAC2)的相关性,评价两类标本诊断蛋白尿能力的一致性。结果蛋白尿总体发病率为23.6%,在糖尿病组和高血压组人群分别是28.1%和29.0%。ACR1与ACR2差异无统计学意义(P=0.271),但UAC1与UAC2差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。ACR1与ACR2相关性(r=0.901)高于UAC1与UAC2的相关性(r=0.797),且在男性ACR中相关性最强(r=0.938)。ACR1与ACR2评判蛋白尿能力(k=0.815)较UAC1与UAC2(k=0.627)有良好的一致性,其中以男性组(k=0.900)和高血压组(k=0.850)的ACR1与ACR2一致性最好。结论ACR2评价蛋白尿的能力与ACR1很相近(优于UAC),ACR2也可作为UAC常规检测的可靠标本类型。     

尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值对糖尿病肾病早期诊断价值

目的 探讨尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价值.方法 选取确诊为2型糖尿病患者293例和体检健康体检者70例,对其尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（晨起空腹及随机）、24小时尿微量白蛋白定量、尿微量白蛋白排泄率、尿素氮、血肌酐、尿常规等临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察上述不同检测方法对糖尿病早期诊断灵敏度.结果 晨起、随机尿微量白蛋白/肌酐值与尿微量白蛋白排泄率（urine albumin excretion rateUAER）、24 h尿微量白蛋白定量成显著正相关,晨起空腹尿ACR与UAER、24小时尿微量白蛋白定量的相关系数分别为r＝0.936（P＜0 01）,r＝0.906,（P＜0.01）;随机尿ACR与UAER和24h尿微量白蛋白相关系数分别为r＝0.756（P＜0.01）,r＝0.738,（P＜0.01）.2型糖尿病组尿ACR阳性组和阴性组之间比较尿蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮水平无统计学差异,P＞0.05.将血肌酐、尿素氮、尿ACR诊断糖尿病肾病敏感性比较,尿ACR阳性率显著高于前两者,P＜0.01.结论 晨起空腹及随机尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值两者均可以作为糖尿病肾病早期诊断的敏感指标.     

随机尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值在糖尿病及高血压肾损伤诊疗中的价值

目的 探讨随机尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值(ACR)在糖尿病及高血压肾损伤患者诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 糖尿病或高血压患者共62例(糖尿病30例,高血压32例),并按1989年Mogensen标准,根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为三组:正常白蛋白尿组(UAER＜30mg/24h)20例,微量白蛋白尿组(UAER30～300mg/24h)20例,大量白蛋白尿组 (UAER＞300mg/24h)22例,均经内科正规治疗;留取24小时尿液计算UAER,治疗前后均留取随机尿测定尿微量白蛋白 (UmAlb)及尿肌酐进行比较.结果 随机尿ACR与UAER呈现明显的正相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01),与UmAlb也呈明显正相关(r=0.77,P＜0.01);肾损伤各组ACR及UmAlb检测结果比较中,UmAlb在对照组和正常白蛋白尿组比较无意义(P＞ 0.05),ACR则有显著差异(P＜0.01);在评价肾损伤的敏感性比较中,ACR在正常白蛋白尿组阳性率达35.0%,UmAlb阳性率仅5.0%,两者阳性率比较有显著差异(χ2=3.91,P＜0.05);治疗前后各组ACR及UmAlb检测结果比较中,正常白蛋白尿组的UmAlb治疗前后检测结果比较P＜0.05,ACR治疗前后检测结果比较P＜0.01.结论 随机尿ACR与UAER及UmAlb有着极好的相关性,在肾功能早期损伤的诊断及治疗后的疗效观察中均优于UmAlb,可以作为替代UAER及UmAlb作为肾病早期诊断及疗效观察的有效指标.     

胱抑素C对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床价值探讨

目的探讨胱抑素C(Cystatin C,CysC)对于早期诊断糖尿病肾病的临床意义。方法检测81例2型糖尿病患者的CysC、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白、微量白蛋白和随意尿尿白蛋白/肌酐(ACR),根据估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR,MDRD公式计算)分为四组:A组eGFR≥90ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、B组eGFR60～89ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、C组eGFR30～59ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1和D组eG-FR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1,比较各组上述指标的差异。计算eGFR与CysC、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR的相关系数,绘制CysC、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR的ROC曲线,比较AUC。结果与A组相比,Cy-sC从B组开始显著升高(P<0.01),而其他指标从C组才有明显变化;eGFR与CysC呈负相关,且相关性最大(相关系数-0.808);在糖尿病肾病的早中晚期,CysC的AUC都接近于1,在糖尿病肾病早期,CysC的AUC显著大于尿微量白蛋白及随意尿ACR(P<0.01)。结论在糖尿病肾病的早期,CysC的变化早于Scr、BUN、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR,能更为准确地反映eGFR的变化,有较高的诊断效能,可能成为对糖尿病肾病早期诊断有价值的临床指标。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值异常的发生率及危险因素分析

目的 分析初诊2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)异常的发生率及危险因素.方法 2008年9月至2009年12月我院内分泌科收治的初诊2型糖尿病患者245例,测定空腹血糖(FPG),葡萄糖耐量试验、血脂、肾功能及尿ACR等.分别根据患者年龄、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及尿ACR水平进行分层.采用t检验、方差分析、多元逐步回归分析等方法进行统计学分析.结果 ①本研究人群中,尿ACR的异常率为21.6%,其中微量白蛋白尿20.4%,大量白蛋白尿1.2%.②不同年龄组患者尿ACR水平＜40岁组(26.4±34.2)mg/g、≥40～50岁组(33.7±68.5)mg/g、≥50～59岁组(38.6±94.9)mg/g、≥60～69岁组(33.9±60.8)mg/g、≥70岁组(48.9±62.4)mg/g,差异无统计学意义(F=0.400,P＞0.05).③异常尿ACR组FPG、收缩压(SBP)、甘油三酯(TG)、体质量指数(BMI)显著高于正常尿ACR组患者(t值分别为-2.547、-2.144、-2.113、-4.663,P＜0.05或＜0.01),高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)显著低于正常尿ACR组(t=2.216,P＜0.05).④HbA1 c≥6.5%组的尿ACR水平与HbA1c＜6.5%组的差异无统计学意义(t=0.475,P＞0.05),HbA1 c≥6.5%组患者合并高血压的尿ACR水平显著高于血压正常患者(t=-2.472,P＜0.05).HbA1c＜6.5%组患者尿ACR比值水平与BMI、FPG呈正相关(r值分别为0.564、0.559,均P＜0.05);HbA1c≥6.5%组尿ACR水平与SBP、舒张压(DBP)和FPG呈正相关(r值分别为0.186、0.169、0.182,均P＜0.05);⑤多元逐步线性回归分析结果,影响尿ACR的主要因素包括FPG、SBP、肌酐(Cr).结论 初诊2型糖尿病患者尿ACR水平异常的发生不受年龄的影响,与血压及FPG有关.     

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层病变与肌酐清除率的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(carotidintima-medialthickness,C-IMT)与肌酐清除率的相关性。方法高分辨B超测定66例2型糖尿病患者双侧C-IMT,患者在院留取晨尿测定晨尿白蛋白,测定24h尿肌酐,空腹静脉血测尿素氮、肌酐、胆固醇、三酰甘油、糖化血红蛋白A1c(hemoglubinA1c,HbA1c),根据24h尿肌酐和血肌酐计算肌酐清除率。结果肌酐清除率<80mL/min组(n=31)的C-IMT显著厚于肌酐清除率≥80mL/min组(n=35)(P=0.04)。相关分析显示2型糖尿病者C-IMT和体质指数(r=0.257)、腰臀比(r=0.257)、肌酐清除率(r=-0.284)、晨尿白蛋白(r=0.345)相关,多元逐步回归分析显示体质指数和肌酐清除率进入回归方程,标准化回归系数分别为0.380(P=0.007)和-0.375(P=0.008)。结论2型糖尿病者C-IMT病变和肌酐清除率呈显著负相关,说明肾功能下降在2型糖尿病中是促动脉硬化进展的独立危险因素。     

尿α_1酸性糖蛋白在2型糖尿病患者肾脏损伤监测中的价值

目的探讨尿α1酸性糖蛋白(ORM)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肾脏损伤监测中的应用价值。方法选取2型糖尿病患者211例,以骨科患者60例作为应激对照组,以体检健康者68名作为正常对照组。检测所有对象尿ORM、肌酐(Cr)、白蛋白(Alb),计算尿α1酸性糖蛋白/肌酐比值(OCR)和尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR),根据ACR水平,将T2DM患者分为正常尿ACR(NACR)组(117例)、低ACR(LACR)组(62例)和高尿ACR(HACR)组(32例)。采用Pearson相关分析评价尿OCR与尿ACR的相关性。采用Logistic回归分析评价尿OCR与肾脏损伤的关系。结果 T2DM组尿OCR明显高于应激对照组和正常对照组(P0.05)。NACR组、LACR组和HACR组尿OCR依次增高,各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。尿OCR与尿ACR呈正相关(r=0.894,P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,在T2DM组中,尿OCR是LACR患者和HACR患者肾损伤的独立危险因素[以NACR组为参照,LACR组:比值比(OR)=1.140,95%可信区间(CI) 1.061～3.347;HACR组:OR=0.869,95%CI 1.123～7.333]。结论尿ORM在T2DM早期肾脏损伤监测方面有一定的辅助作用。     

尿白蛋白/肌酐比值与原发性高血压患者临床特征的相关性分析

目的探讨尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(albumin/creatinine ratio, ACR)与原发性高血压患者临床特征的关系。方法 317例原发性高血压患者根据尿ACR分为观察组(尿ACR30 mg/g)67例和对照组(尿ACR≤30 mg/g)250例,比较2组临床资料,分析尿ACR水平与原发性高血压临床指标的关系,采用Spearman和Pearson相关分析尿ACR水平与原发性高血压临床指标的相关性。结果与对照组比较,观察组患者年龄较大,尿蛋白阳性率、体质量指数、并发症发生率较高,病程较长,血清白蛋白水平较低,尿ACR、血清三酰甘油、血肌酐、血尿素氮、血尿酸、血糖及血清胱抑素C水平较高(P0.05);高血压分级越高、病程越长患者尿ACR水平越高(P0.05),有并发症者尿ACR水平[12.4(6.2,47.8)mg/g]高于无并发症者[7.4(4.5,14.4)mg/g](P0.05);原发性高血压患者尿ACR水平与高血压分级(r=0.198,P0.001)、体质量指数(r=0.141,P0.037)、病程(r=0.215,P0.001)、血尿素氮(r=0.210,P=0.003)、血尿酸(r=0.214,P=0.002)及血清胱抑素C水平(r=0.225,P=0.002)呈正相关,与血清白蛋白水平呈负相关(r=-0.191,P=0.007)。结论尿ACR是监测原发性高血压患者疾病进展的关键因素,定期检测尿ACR对原发性高血压早期肾损伤有重要的诊断价值。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清sTNFR-1及KIM-1水平及其诊断价值研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1(soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1,sTNFR-1)及肾损伤分子-1(kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1)水平变化及其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2012年5月—2016年5月云南省老年病医院及云南省第一人民医院就诊的2型糖尿病患者112例,根据白蛋白尿及透析情况分为:正常组(A1期组) 37例,中度增加组(A2期组) 35例,重度增加组(A3期组)25例及透析组15例。检测各组患者血清sTNFR-1及KIM-1水平,分析sTNFR-1及KIM-1与其他临床指标的相关性;并进一步绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)曲线分析sTNFR-1联合KIM-1检测对于糖尿病肾损伤的诊断效能。结果血清sTNFR-1及KIM-1水平透析组 A3期组 A2期组 A1期组,每两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。所有患者血清sTNFR-1水平与糖尿病病程、平均动脉压(MAP)、尿微量白蛋白定量(Um Alb)、血肌酐(Cr)、尿白蛋白肌酐比(ACR)呈显著正相关(r=0.341,P0.001; r=0.447,P0.001; r=0.569,P0.001; r=0.585,P0.001; r=0.537,P0.001),与肾小球滤过率估值(e GFR)呈显著负相关(r=-0.594,P0.001);血清KIM-1水平与糖尿病病程、MAP、Um Alb、ACR、血Cr亦呈显著正相关(r=0.403,P0.001; r=0.527,P0.001; r=0.733,P0.001; r=0.702,P0.001; r=0.733,P0.001),与e GFR呈显著负相关(r=-0.757,P0.001)。血清sTNFR-1联合KIM-1检测对于糖尿病肾损伤的诊断效能较单独检测高,曲线下面积为0.857 (95%CI:0.787,0.927,P0.001),诊断特异度为83.8%,灵敏度为84.5%,阳性预测值为0.902,阴性预测值为0.826。结论 2型糖尿病肾病患者血清sTNFR-1及KIM-1水平升高,sTNFR-1联合KIM-1检测对于糖尿病肾损伤的诊断效能较高。     

糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白检测的意义

目的 通过检测糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白,评估肾脏损害情况,并探讨病程、空腹及餐后血糖控制水平对肾功能的影响,同时采取干预措施,预防肾脏损害进一步发展.方法 测定24 h 尿微量白蛋白、空腹、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮.结果 80 例糖尿病患空腹、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白达标越差,患者24 h 尿微量白蛋白排出量就越多、血尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮也明显上升,24 h 尿微量白蛋白排出量、与糖化血红蛋白(r ＝0.831,P ＝0.000 )、空腹血糖(r ＝0.643,P ＝ 0.000 )、餐后2 h 血糖(r ＝0.674,P ＝0.000 );肌酐与糖化血红蛋白(r ＝0.718,P ＝0.000 )、空腹血糖(r ＝0.681,P ＝0.000 )、餐后2 h 血糖(r ＝0.686,P ＝0.000 )均呈正相关.结论 糖尿病患者肾脏损害的发生、发展与病程、血糖控制水平呈显著性正相关,尿微量白蛋白是早期发现肾脏损害的敏感指标,可从反应糖尿病患者肾脏损害的发展情况,为临床早期提供理论依据.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.