极低出生体重儿持续气道正压通气联合药物雾化的效果研究

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿呼吸暂停持续气道正压通气联合药物雾化的效果.方法 将56例同期入院的极低出生体重儿伴发呼吸暂停随机分为两组,观察组28例,施行持续气道正压通气时及2 h后,给予药物雾化;对照组28例,按常规持续气道正压通气.结果 观察组鼻咽部干燥症状、管道堵塞发生数、痰液黏稠度显著低于对照组(P值均<0.01),观察组持续气道正压通气时间与对照组相比明显缩短,呼吸暂停发生数、并发症发生率观察组少于对照组(P值均<0.01).结论 极低出生体重儿持续气道正压通气联合药物雾化,有效减少呼吸暂停的发生次数,减低并发症发生率,提高存活质量.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure combined with atomizing inhalation on very low birth weight infants who were apnea.Methods A total of 56 infant patients with apnea were involved in this study and divided into two groups.Observation group consist of 28 cases and were treated with continuous positive airway pressure and atomizing inhalation 2 hours later;Control group consist of 28 cases and were treated with continuous positive airway pressure.Results The symptoms of nasopharyngeal dry, the number of pipe blocking and the sputum viscosity was significantly in observation group lower than that in control group (P all<0.01), the time of observation group's continuous positive airway pressure ventilation was significantly shorter than that of control group;Observation group had lower incidence of apnea and complications than control group. (P all<0.01).Conclusions The method of continuous positive airway pressure combined with atomizing inhalation may effectively reduce incidence of apnea and complications and improve the life quality.     

正压通气拔管法对心内直视术后患者动脉血气指标的影响

目的 探讨正压通气拔除气管插管(简称拔管)对心内直视术后患者动脉血气分析指标的影响.方法 将50例行心内直视术后经口气管插管的患者,随机分为对照组和实验组各25例.对照组采用传统拔管法,实验组则采取在患者吸气期给予5～25 cm H2O纯氧正压通气,于呼气期拔管.比较2组患者拔管前、拔管后l,5,10 min的PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、动脉血pH值和RR变化,同时观察拔管期间呼吸道梗阻情况.结果 拔管后2组患者动脉血气分析指标在各对应时点进行比较,实验组变化的幅度明显低于对照组,且变化的持续时间缩短50%以上.拔管后对照组发生呼吸道梗阻4例,实验组未发生呼吸道梗阻,2组比较有明显差异.结论 正压通气拔管法能提高肺顺应性,改善氧合,使患者拔管后各项动脉血气分析指标较为平稳,降低低氧血症的发生率,是一种比较安全的拔管方法.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of positive pressure ventilation extubation on arterial blood gas indexes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods 50 patients with orotracheal intubation after intracardiac opening operation under direct vision were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group with 25 cases in each group. We used traditional method to pull out tracheal intubation in the control group. And positive pressure ventilation at 5 ～15 cm H2O during inspiration and pulling out tracheal intubation during expiration in the experimental group. The change of arterial blood PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, pH and respiratory rate before and 1min、5min、10min after extubation was observed,and also the incidence rate of air tube obstruction was recorded. Results The change amplitude of arterial blood gas indexes of patients in the experimental group was obviously lower,and the length of change time reduced more than 50%. There were 4 air tube obstructions in the control group and there was no obstruction in the experimental group. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusions Positive pressure ventilation extubation can raise lung's compliance and improve oxygenation. And arterial blood gas indexes are more stable. It can decrease the incidence rate of hypoxemia and is a much more safe method.     

高呼气末正压加肺复张治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 评价高呼气末正压(PEEP)加肺复张(RM)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 选择2008年6月至2010年5月贵阳医学院附属医院内科重症监护病房(MICU)收治的ARDS患者38例,按信封法随机分为RM组和非RM组,每组19例.两组均采用压力支持通气(PSV)模式行机械通气,尽可能在吸入氧浓度(FiO2)＜0.60时达到目标氧合的最小PEEP水平,限制平台压≤30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).RM时FiO2调至1.00,压力支持水平调至0,将PEEP升至40 cm H2O,持续30 s后再降低,8 h 1次,连续5 d.记录基础状态和5 d内的机械通气参数、血气分析结果及生命体征,比较两组氧合改善和肺损伤指标变化,观察RM的不良反应和气压伤发生率.结果 ①两组患者基础状态及机械通气参数均无明显差异.②两组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)均明显改善,且RM组明显优于非RM组[PaO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)2 d:85.8±21.3比73.5±18.7,3 d:88.6±22.8比74.3±19.8,4 d:98.8±30.7比79.3±19.3,5 d:105.5±29.4比84.4±13.8;PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg)4 d:221.8±103.5比160.3±51.4,5 d:239.6±69.0比176.8±45.5,均P＜0.05].③两组呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中过氧化氢(H2O2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均呈下降趋势,RM组下降幅度更明显[5 d时H2O2(μmol/L):0.04±0.02比0.10±0.03;IL-6(ng/L):4.12±2.09比9.26±3.47,均P＜0.05].④两组均无气压伤发生,心率无明显变化,无心律失常发生,中心静脉压和平均动脉压无明显变化.结论 高PEEP加RM可增加气体交换,改善氧合,减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI).应用RM比较安全,耐受性好,临床观察未见低氧血症、气压伤和血流动力学异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and safety degree of high positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) combined with lung recruitment maneuver (RM) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods Thirty-eight patients in medical intensive care unit (MICU) of Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College suffering from ARDS admitted from June 2008 to May 2010 were enrolled in the study. With the envelope method they were randomized into RM group and non-RM group, with n= 19 in each group. All patients received protective ventilation: pressure support ventilation (PSV) with plateau pressure limited at 30 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0. 098 kPa) or lower. PEEP was set at the minimum level with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ＜0. 60 and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) kept between 60 and 80 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa). RM was conducted by regulating FiO2 to 1.00, support pressure to 0, PEEP increased to 40 cm H2O and maintained for 30 seconds before lowering, and this maneuver was repeated every 8 hours for a total of 5 days. Base status, ventilation parameters, blood gas analysis and vital signs were obtained at baseline and for the next 5 days. Oxygenation status and lung injury indexes were compared between RM group and non-RM group, the adverse effects of (PaO2/FiO2) were both increased in RM group and non-RM group, but the values were higher in RM group [PaO2 (mm Hg) 2 days: 85.8± 21.3 vs. 73. 5± 18. 7, 3 days : 88. 6± 22. 8 vs. 74. 3 ±19. 8, 4 days : 98. 8 ±30. 7 vs. 79. 3±19. 3, 5 days: 105.5±29.4 vs. 84. 4±13. 8; PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg) 4 days: 221.8±103. 5 vs.interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) decreased in both groups but lower in RM group with significant difference [5 days H2O(μmol/L): 0. 04 ± 0. 02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.03 ; IL-6 (ng/L):No significant changes in heart rate were found during RM. Central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure remained unchanged after RM. Conclusion High level PEEP combined with RM can improve gas exchange and oxygenation, decrease ventilator associated lung injury (VALI). RM was safe and had good tolerance, no hypoxemia, barotrauma and hemodynamic instability were observed.     

以改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分15分为切换点在有创-无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致严重呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨以改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)15分为切换点指导慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭(呼衰)患者早期拔管改换无创机械通气的可行性,并评价其治疗效果.方法 选择接受气管插管和机械通气的COPD并呼衰患者,采用前瞻性对照研究方法,以2007年3月至2009年11月收治的20例患者为治疗组,采用同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)方式行机械通气,待改良GCS评分达15分并稳定2 h的窗口期拔除气管导管,改用经鼻面罩PSV+呼气末正压(PEEP)通气,以后逐渐减小压力支持(PS)水平直至脱机;以2005年3月至2007年3月收治的19例患者为对照组,按常规机械通气及传统脱机方式脱机.动态观察两组患者机械通气前通气及氧合指标,接受有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间、总住院时间、再插管及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生例数.结果 两组机械通气前通气及氧合指标均无明显差异.治疗组较对照组有创通气时间(d:3.2±1.1比10.5±3.2)、总机械通气时间(d:4.8±2.5比10.5±3.2)、总住院时间(d:17±3比22±7)均明显缩短(均P＜0.01);VAP发生数减少(例:0比5,P＜0.01),再插管数稍增加,但无统计学意义(例:3比1,P＞0.05).结论 对COPD合并呼衰的机械通气患者,以改良GCS评分达15分稳定2 h窗口期为时机早期拔管改用经鼻面罩无创通气,可以显著改善患者的治疗效果.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate the feasibility and the efficacy of early extubation and the sequential non-invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) in severe respiratory failure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the improved Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 15 as the switching point. Methods By a prospective control study, 20 patients with COPD and respiratory failure who had undergone endotracheal intubation and MV from March 2007 to November 2009 were enrolled as treatment group.Invasive MV with synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation and pressure support ventilation (SIMV+PSV) pattern were given to these patients. When the period of "improved GCS score of 15 standard" window period appeared and being kept for 2 hours, endotracheal tube was extubated, and nasal mask with PSV±positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was used, followed by gradual decrease of the level of pressure support till weaning of MV. Nineteen patients who were treated with MV with ordinary way of weaning from March 2005 to March 2007 served as the control group. Prior to the MV, the ventilation and oxygenation index, the length of invasive MV, total MV time, total hospital stay, re-intubation and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurred in the number of cases were observed and compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference in the ventilation and oxygenation index prior to the MV. Compared with control group, in treatment group, the length of invasive ventilation (days: 3. 2±1.1 vs. 10. 5± 3. 2),the total duration of MV (days: 4. 8±2. 5 vs. 10. 5±3. 2), the length of hospital stay (days:17±3 vs. 22±7) were significantly shorter (all P＜0.01), and the incidence of VAP was significantly lower (cases: 0 vs.5, P＜ 0. 01), while the number of re-intubation was slightly higher but without statistical significance (cases:3 vs. 1, P＞0. 05). Conclusion The application of improved GCS score of 15 as the switching point with 2 hours as window period for early extubation and non-invasive nasal mask ventilation can significantly improve the therapeutic effect in patients with severe respiratory failure in COPD.     

早期无创正压通气治疗急性左心衰竭的临床研究

目的 观察早期无创正压通气(NlPPV)对急性左心衰竭所致严重低氧血症的治疗效果.方法 40例急性左心衰竭(心功能Ⅳ级)患者随机分为NIPPV组和对照组,2组均常规给予强心、利尿、镇静、扩血管等对症支持治疗,对照组给予普通高浓度吸氧,NIPPV组在对症支持治疗的基础上采用双向气道正压呼吸机(BiPAP)经面罩双向正压通气治疗.观察治疗2h后2组患者心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、收缩压(SBP)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血气分析和临床症状、体征的变化.结果 治疗2h后,NIPPV组患者的RR[(19.55±1.88)次/min]、HR[(96.40±2.80)次/min]、SBP[(116.30±8.95)mmHg]、pH值(7.40±0.02)、SaO2[(93.57±1.18)%]、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)[(75.58±4.61)mmHg]、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)[(38.69±3.06)mn Hg]与对照组[RR(21.85±3.51)次/min、HR(103.20±6.78)次/min、SBP(122.50±6.13)mm Hg、pH值(7.35±0.05)、SaO2(91.97±1.85)%、PaO2(68.38±7.95)mm Hg、PaCO2(43.61±2.65)mm Hg]比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.582、4.146、2.558、3.534、3.256、3.505、5.428,P均＜0.05),治疗前差异均无统计学意义.NIPPV组患者缺氧程度得到有效改善,总有效率95%(19/20);对照组总有效率70%(14/20),2组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.329,P＜O.05).结论 急性左心衰竭患者在给予常规抗心力衰竭治疗的同时应用BiPAP正压无创通气治疗可以较快纠正机体缺氧状况,改善心功能,缩短病程.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect of early non-invasive positive pressure ventilation(NIPPV)on the treatment of serious hypoxemia induced by acute left heart failure. Methods Forty patients with acute left heart failure( Grade Ⅳ heart function)were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in both groups accepted supportive treatment included cardiotonics, diuretics, vasodilators, in additional to these high concentrations of oxygen were given in conventional group, and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were given in NIPPV group by biphasic positive airway pressure(BiPAP). Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood-gas analysis( pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 )and clinical signs were observed at 2 hours after treatments. Results Compared to control,RR( [ 19.55 ± 1.88] vs [21.85 ±3.51 ] ) BPM] ,HR ( [96.40 ±2.80] vs[ 103.20 ±6.78 ] BPM), SBP ( [ 116.30 ± 8.95 ] mm Hg vs [ 122.50 ± 6.13 ] mm Hg), pH (7.404 ± 0.027 vs 7.358 ±0.05) ,SaO2 ( [93.57 ± 1.18]% vs [91.97 ± 1.85]% ) ,PaO2 ( [75.58 ±4.61 ]mm Hg vs [68.38 ±7.95]mm Hg), PaCO2 ( [ 38.69 ± 3.06 ] mm Hg vs [ 43.61 ± 2.65 ] mmHg) were significantly different in NIPPV group( t = 2.582,4.146,2.558,3.534,3.256,3.505,5.428, Ps ＜ 0.05 ). We found no significant differences in the comparisons before treatments. Hypoxia improved in NIPPV group,and the total effective rate was 95% in NIPPV group and 70% in control group,which showed significant difference( x2 =4.329 ,P ＜0.05 ) Conclusion BiPAP non-invasive positive pressure ventilation combined with routine treatment in treating heart failure, could promptly correct hypoxia, improve heart function and shortening disease course.     

正压机械通气与膈肌起搏联合通气对呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学的影响

目的 观察正压机械通气与膈肌起搏联合通气对呼吸衰竭(呼衰)患者呼吸力学的影响.方法 采用自身前后对照研究方法,以20例中枢性呼衰患者先使用常规正压机械通气30 min作为对照组,后改用正压机械通气与膈肌起搏联合通气30 min作为试验组,观察两种通气方式下患者的呼吸力学变化.结果 与对照组比较,试验组平均气道压(Paw,cm H2O,1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)、平台压(Pplat,cm H2O)明显降低(Paw:6.1±1.3比7.3±1.8;Pplat:10.4±2.5比12.1±2.6,均P＜0.05),峰食道压力(PPEAK ES,cm H2O)、峰食道压力与基准食道压力差(dPES,cm H2O)负值明显增加(PPEAK ES:-8.3±1.9比-3.2±1.4;dPES:-11.2±2.6比-8.2±2.2,均P＜0.05),吸气末屏气期间的跨肺压(Ptp plat,cm H2O)、呼吸系统静态顺应性(Cst,ml/cm H2O)明显增加(Ptp plat:23.6±3.8比15.6±3.1 Cst:52.7±8.2比48.3±7.2,均P＜0.05),气道阻力(Raw,cm H2O·L-1·s-1)、肺部阻力(RL,cm H2O·L-1·s-1)无明显改变(Raw:2.1±0.5比2.3±0.4; RL:2.9±0.6比3.1±0.5,均P＞0.05),患者呼吸功(WOBp,J/L)明显增加、机械呼吸功(WOBv,J/L)明显降低(WOBp:0.18±0.03比0;WOBv:0.31±0.07比0.53±0.11,均P＜0.05).结论 正压机械通气与膈肌起搏联合通气进行呼吸支持可明显降低呼衰患者气道压力,增加胸腔内压负值和跨肺压,提高肺顺应性,并能降低机械通气作功,但对气道阻力无明显影响.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effects of combining positive pressure ventilation with diaphragm pacing on respiratory mechanics in patients with respiratory failure. Methods Twenty patients with central respiratory failure were studied with cohorts. The effects on respiratory mechanics were respectively observed in patients in control group, in whom ventilation by positive pressure only, and patients in experimental group in whom ventilation was instituted by combining positive pressure ventilation with diaphragm pacing. Results Compared with control group, mean airway pressure (Paw, cm H2O,1 cm H2O= 0. 098 kPa) and plateau pressure (Pplat, cm H2O) were significantly decreased in experimental group (Paw: 6. 1±1.3 vs. 7. 3±1.8; Pplat: 10. 4±2.5 vs. 12. 1±2. 6, both P＜0. 05), while the nagative value of peak esophageal pressure (PPEAK ES, cm H2O), the nagative value of the difference between peak and basic esophageal pressure (dPES, cm H2O), transpulmonary pressure at end of inspiration hold (Ptp plat,cm H2O), static compliance (Cst, ml/cm H2O) were significantly increased in experimental group (PPEAKES:-8.3±1.9 vs. -3.2±1.4; dPES: -11.2±2.6 vs. -8. 2±2. 2; Ptp plat: 23.6±3.8 vs. 15.6±3.1; Cst:52. 7±8. 2 vs. 48. 3 ±7. 2, all P ＜ 0. 05 ). No differences were found in airway resistance (Raw,cm H2O · L-1 · s-1) and lung resistance (RL, cm H2O · L-1 · s-1) between experimental group and control group (Raw: 2.1±0.5 vs. 2.3±0.4; RL: 2.9±0.6 vs. 3.1±0.5, both P＞0.05). Work of breath by patient (WOBp, J/L) was significantly increased and work of breath by ventilator (WOBv, J/L) was significantly decreased in experimental group compared with control group (WOBp: 0. 18± 0. 03 vs. 0;WOBv: 0.31±0.07 vs. 0.53±0.11, both P＜0.05). Conclusion Compared with positive pressure ventilation, positive pressure ventilation combined with diaphragm pacing can decrease the Paw, increase intrathoracic negative pressure, transpulmonary pressure, and Cst, and decrease WOBv, while there is no effect on Raw and RL.     

临床护理路径在ARDS患者机械通气中的效果评价

目的 探讨临床护理路径(clinical nursing pathway,CNP)护理模式在ARDS机械通气中的应用效果.方法 选择2008年6月至2010年12月入住ICU的59例实施机械通气的ARDS患者,随机分为观察组30例和对照组29例,对照组采用传统的整体护理模式,按常规进行机械通气的监测、治疗和护理;观察组按制订好的临床护理路径进行护理.比较2组患者呼吸机应用时间、机械通气并发症发生率、患者及家属满意度等指标.结果 观察组患者呼吸机应用时间少于对照组,机械通气并发症发生率低于对照组,患者及家属满意度优于对照组.结论 临床护理路径用于ARDS机械通气中,能缩短机械通气时间,降低机械通气并发症发生率,提高患者及家属对护理工作的满意度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of clinical nursing pathway on mechanical ventilation effect of ARDS patients. Methods 59 ARDS patients with mechanical ventilation from June 2008 to December 2010 were randomly divided into the observation group (30 cases)and the control group (29 cases). The control group used the traditional care model, conventional mechanical ventilation monitoring,treatment and care according to routine measures; the observation group used clinical nursing pathway. The mechanical ventilation time, complication rate of mechanical ventilation, and the gratification level of patients in the two groups of patients were observed. Results The mechanical ventilation time in the observation group was less than the control group, and incidence of complications was lower, and satisfaction degree of patients and their families was better, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions The clinical nursing pathway can shorten the time of mechanical ventilation, lower incidence of complications of mechanical ventilation, and it improves satisfaction degree of patients and their families.     

肺牵张反射对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的肺保护作用

目的 观察肺牵张反射对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)兔肺损伤的影响.方法 盐酸吸入法复制兔ARDS模型,应用神经电活动辅助通气(NAVA)进行机械通气,潮气量(VT)维持6 mL/kg,膈肌电活动(EAdi)法选择呼气末正压(PEEP),随机(随机数字法)分为2组:(1)假手术(Sham)组(5只);(2)迷走神经离断(VAG)组(5只).观察在基础状态、ARDS成模、机械通气1,2,3 h时的气体交换及呼吸力学指标.测定肺通透性、病理以及炎症反应指标.结果 机械通气2,3 h,VAG组氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)显著低于Sham组(P＜0.05).在机械通气1,2,3 h时,VAG组二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)与Sham组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),VAG组VT、气道峰压(Ppeak)及平均气道压(Pm)均显著高于Sham组(P＜0.05).机械通气3 h,与Sham组相比,VAG组死腔分数(VD/VT)、肺弹性阻力(Ers)明显升高,肺静态顺应性(Cst)明显降低(P＜0.05).与Sham组相比,VAG组肺组织湿/干质量(W/D)、肺损伤评分、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-8(IL-8)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及丙二醛(MDA)含最均显著升高(P＜0.05).结论 离断迷走神经加重ARDS肺损伤,维持完整肺牵张反射对ARDS具有肺保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of the pulmonary stretch reflex on the lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method ARDS models of rabbits were induced by intratracheal infusion hydrochloric acid and ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) with a tidal volume ( VT) of 6 mL/kg and the electrical activity of diaphragm ( Eadi)-determined PEEP level. The rabbits were randomly ( random number) divided into two groups: ( 1 ) sham operation (Sham) group ( n = 5 ),(2) bilateral vagotom (VAG) group( n = 5 ). Gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were determined at baseline, after lung injury and ventilation 1, 2, 3 h respectively. Indices about pulmonary permeability,pathological changes and inflammatory response were also measured. Results Compared with Sham group,the PaO2/FiO2in VAG group decreased significantly at ventilation 2 h, 3 h (P ＜0.05). There was no significant difference on PaCO2 between Sham and VAG group (P ＞ 0.05 ), and VAG group had the higher VT,peak pressure ( Ppeak), mean pressure (Pm) compared with Sham group at the time point of ventilation 1 h, 2 h, 3 h (P＜0.05). Compared with Sham group, the dead space fraction (VD/VT) and the respiratory system elastance (Ers) in VAG group increased (P ＜ 0.05 ) and the static pulmonary compliance (Cst)decreased markedly (P ＜ 0.05 ) after 3 h ventilation. The wet/dry weight (W/D), lung injury score, tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α), interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ), myeloperoxidase ( M PO ) and malondialdehyde ( M DA )in VAG group elevated significantly when compared with Sham group ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions The lung injury in ARDS was aggravated after bilateral vagotomy, which demonstrated that the pulmonary stretch reflex may have the lung protective effect.     

原发性高血压合并颈椎病患者倾斜后血压和心率的变化

Objective To investigate the change of blood pressure and heart rate in patients of essential hypertension combined with cervical spondylosis in head-up tilt and its potential mechanism. Methods The hypertensive patients were divided into cervical spondylosis group(23 cases) and without cervical spondylosis group (26 cases) by clinical symptom and X-ray machine,CT.MRI and color ultrasonography,then their blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid were measured,and the changes of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained in head-up tilt. Results There was significant difference of blood pressure change between the hypertensive with and without cervical spondylosis(4(-21 ～ 14 mm Hg v. s. -9(-27～-3)mm Hg,P<0. 01),and there was also difference of heart rate change between the hypertensive with and without cervical spondylosis(2(-1 ～14) bpm v. s. 5(-2 ～11) bpm, P < 0. 01). Conclusions There is no decline in blood pressure in the hypertensive with cervical spondylosis in head-up tilt and this might be due to the exciting of sympathetic nerve.     

原发性高血压合并颈椎病患者倾斜后血压和心率的变化

Objective To investigate the change of blood pressure and heart rate in patients of essential hypertension combined with cervical spondylosis in head-up tilt and its potential mechanism. Methods The hypertensive patients were divided into cervical spondylosis group(23 cases) and without cervical spondylosis group (26 cases) by clinical symptom and X-ray machine,CT.MRI and color ultrasonography,then their blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid were measured,and the changes of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained in head-up tilt. Results There was significant difference of blood pressure change between the hypertensive with and without cervical spondylosis(4(-21 ～ 14 mm Hg v. s. -9(-27～-3)mm Hg,P<0. 01),and there was also difference of heart rate change between the hypertensive with and without cervical spondylosis(2(-1 ～14) bpm v. s. 5(-2 ～11) bpm, P < 0. 01). Conclusions There is no decline in blood pressure in the hypertensive with cervical spondylosis in head-up tilt and this might be due to the exciting of sympathetic nerve.     

Significance of diastolic pulmonary artery pressure peaks

We describe a patient undergoing elective surgery for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in whom an abrupt change in the contour of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) trace indicated the development of an intermediate (20 mm Hg) V wave in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) trace. As the PAP trace is displayed continuously, attention to its contour may allow for early detection of changes to the underlying PAWP trace.FC Anaesth     

Significance of diastolic pulmonary artery pressure peaks

We describe a patient undergoing elective surgery for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in whom an abrupt change in the contour of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) trace indicated the development of an intermediate (20 mm Hg) V wave in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) trace. As the PAP trace is displayed continuously, attention to its contour may allow for early detection of changes to the underlying PAWP trace.FC Anaesth     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭患者有创与无创机械通气的疗效分析

目的比较慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭患者应用无创与有创机械通气的效果。方法慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭患者分为有创（35例）和无创机械通气组（37例）,回顾性分析两组患者治疗前后的临床资料。结果有创组机械通气2h后pH、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO：）、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）评分、心率、呼吸频率较治疗前均明显改善[分别为（7．35±0．05）、（7．23±0．02）,（92．4±14．5）、（51．3±9．4）mmHg,（56．0±7．7）、（82．6±8．1）mmHg,（10．5±1．1）、（8．5±1．2）分、（110±12）、（131±19）次／min,（26±4）、（35±8）次／min,P〈0．05或P〈0．01];而无创机械通气组仅PaO2、心率、呼吸频率较治疗前明显改善[分别为（78．6±8．8）、（53．1±8．9）mmHg,（110±24）、（128±23）次／min,（26±5）、（36±9）次／min,P均〈0．05],6h后pH、PaCO2、GCS才明显改善[分别为7．35±0．03、7．25±0．01,（59．0±6．3）、（79．8±7．0）mmHg,（10．6±2．0）、（8．5±2．5）分,P〈0．05或P〈0．01]。有创与无创机械通气组患者的ICU住院时间[分别为（15±4）、（14±4）d,t=1．102]、机械通气时间[分别为（168±25）、（170±23）d,t=1．214]、ICU病死率[分别为（22．8％（8／28）、21．6％（8／37）,x2=0．016]的比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论有创机械通气组可以更快地改善病情,无创机械通气组部分患者需要气管插管,但两组在ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、ICU病死率无明显差别。     

多普勒超声估测肺小动脉楔入压的研究

目的探讨无创估测肺小动脉楔入压（ＰＡＷＰ）的新方法。方法本文观察了３１例左向右分流型先天性心脏病患者,应用多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣及肺静脉血流曲线指标,并同心导管技术测量的ＰＡＷＰ进行回归分析。结果心导管测量的ＰＡＷＰ与二尖瓣血流频谱的Ｅ波减速时间（ＥＤＴ）、Ｅ波减速度（ＥＤＲ）中等程度相关（ｒ＝－０．６０、０．５８）;与肺静脉血流频谱的Ｓ波减速时间（ＳＤＴ）、Ｓ波减速度（ＳＤＲ）、Ｄ波减速度（ＤＤＲ）、收缩分数（ＳＦ％）间显著相关（ｒ＝－０．５８、０．６１、０．６７、－０．６０）,多元回归分析时发现与ＳＤＴ、ＤＤＲ间相关性明显提高（ｒ＝０．７２）;对二尖瓣和肺静脉血流参数联系地进行多元回归分析时,发现ＥＤＲ、ＳＦ％与ＰＡＷＰ显著相关（ｒ＝０．７８）。结论联系二尖瓣及肺静脉血流参数进行多元回归分析可较准确地估测ＰＡＷＰ。     

老年男性动脉硬化血压波动与脑梗死发生的关系

目的 探讨血压波动对老年男性脑梗死发生的影响.方法 1527例患有动脉硬化的老年(年龄＞65岁)男性患者,所有患者监测动态血压,根据有无脑梗死将入选患者分为2组:脑梗死组(607例)和非脑梗死组(920例),用数学平滑曲线方法先将每一个体24 h血压数据进行分析,再描绘出一条适合个体血压变化趋势的曲线,计算实际血压值与该趋势曲线相应位置所形成差值的标准差即为血压波动值,然后比较2组血压波动的情况.结果 脑梗死组中24 h的收缩压波动值明显高于非脑梗死组[(8.4±2.2)与(8.0±2.0)mm Hg,t=-2.909,P＜0.01];其中自昼收缩压血压波动明显升高[(8.2±2.2)与(7.8±2.1)mm Hg,t=-2.969,P＜0.01];而夜间收缩压波动2组差异无统计学意义[(8.9±3.9)与(8.7±3.7)mm Hg,P＞0.05];各阶段舒张期血压波动差异无统计学意义[24 h舒张压波动值(5.5±3.8)与(5.5±1.5)mm Hg,P＞0.05;白昼舒张压波动值(5.4±1.5)与(5.3±1.4)mm Hg,P＞0.05;夜间舒张压波动值(6.1±2.7)与(6.1±2.6)mm Hg,P＞0.05].结论 在老年男性动脉硬化相关疾病患者中,脑梗死的发生与白昼收缩压的波动密切相关,而与夜间收缩压和舒张压波动无关.

Abstract：

Objective , To investigate the influence of blood pressure variability on cerebral infarction in older men. Methods Ambulatory blood pressure was measured in 1527 elderly men ( older than 65 yrs) with atherosclerosis. All cases were divided into 2 groups: Six hundred and seven patients with cerebral infarction ( group A)and 920 patients without cerebral infarction ( group B). Smooth curve method was used to analyze each patient's ambulatory blood pressure data and the trend of each patient's blood pressure curve was portrayed. The differences between the actual blood pressure and the blood pressure on the curve was defined as blood pressure variability,and the blood pressure variability between the 2 groups was compared. Results The systolic blood pressure variability in 24 hours in group A was significantly higher than that in group B( [8.4'±2. 2]mm Hg vs [ 8.0 ± 2. 0 ] mm Hg, P ＜ 0. 01 ), especially for the systolic blood pressure variability in daytime( [ 8. 2 ± 2. 2 ] mm Hg vs [ 7. 8 ± 2. 1 ] mm Hg, P ＜ 0. 01 ). However, the systolic blood pressure variability at night was not significantly different between the 2 groups( [ 8.9 ± 3. 9 ] mm Hg vs [ 8. 7 ± 3.7 ] mm Hg,P ＞ 0. 05 ). There were no significant difference between the diastolic blood pressure of 24 hours( [5. 5 ± 3.8 ] mm Hg vs [5.5 ± 1.5 ]mm Hg,P ＞0. 05),during daytime([5.4 ± 1.5]mm Hg vs [5.3 ± 1.4] mm Hg,P ＞0.05)and nighttime ( [ 6. 1 ± 2.7 ] mm Hg vs [ 6. 1 ± 2. 6 ] mm Hg, P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion In elderly men with atherosclerosis,cerebral infarction was closely related to systolic blood pressure variability,but independent of nighttime systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure variability.     

跨肺压监测设定呼吸机参数对腹腔高压模型猪血流动力学及氧代谢的作用

目的 评价通过跨肺压(Ptp)设定呼吸机参数对腹腔高压(IAH)模型猪血流动力学、氧代谢和呼吸力学的影响。方法 将6只家猪进行麻醉、气管插管后接呼吸机辅助呼吸,容量控制模式,呼吸机参数设置潮气量(VT) 10 ml/kg,呼吸频率16次/min,吸入氧浓度(FiO2)0.40,呼气末正压(PEEP)5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)。置入动脉导管和Swan-Ganz导管,测定机械通气1h（基础值）的心率、平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血指数(CI)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)等血流动力学指标,以及气道峰压( Ppeak)、平台压(Pplat)、胸腔内压(Pes)、肺顺应性(Cst)等呼吸力学指标,并行血气分析检查。通过腹腔内注入氮气法复制25 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)IAH模型,呼吸机参数不变,持续观察2h;随后置入食道测压管,调整PEEP使呼气末Ptp≥0（为正值）,其余呼吸机参数不变,持续观察2h。结果 6只家猪均制模成功,无一发生气压伤和死亡。与基础值比较,IAH后1h、2h模型猪心率（次/min）增快(134.3±5.8、127.3±3.3比117.7±1.5),MAP(mm Hg)、CVP(mm Hg)和PAWP(mm Hg)上升(MAP：120.7±3.8、117.3±4.8比100.4±6.6,CVP：7.3±0.3、7.6±0.9比5.6±0.2,PAWP:14.0±0.6、14.0±1.0比12.3±0.3),CI(L．min-1．kg-1)下降(0.150±0.019、0.137±0.014比0.179±0.021);Ppeak (cm H2O)、Pplat (cm H2O)、Pes(cm H2O)上升(Ppeak:46.3±2.3、47.0±3.2比11.0±1.6,Pplat：25.7±1.3、26.0±1.6比9.0±0.6,Pes：13.7±0.3、14.3±0.3比2.3±0.3),Cst (ml/cm H2O)下降（8.3±0.3、9.0±0.6比23.0±1.6）;动脉血氧分压(PaO2,mm Hg)和氧输送量(DO2,ml．min-·kg-1)均下降(PaO2：142.0±13.2、140.0±16．0比166.3±11.3,DO2：19.40±2.90、19.88±4.14比25.07±6.30),差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。与IAH常规机械通气同时间点各指标比较,通过食道压监测1h、2h时PaO2 (161.6±11.9、164．0±13.6)、DO2(21.90±6.21、21.16±2.78)以及Cst（12.0±1.6、12.7±2.9）均明显改善,CI(0.121±0.013、0.120±0.012)则进一步下降,反映组织灌注的血乳酸(mmol/L)明显下降(1.60±0.12比2.70±0.44,1.67±0.07比2.27±0.13),Pplat (31.3±3.4、31.7±3.2)显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;而动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、心率、MAP、CVP、PAWP则无明显变化。结论 IAH状态下通过Ptp设定呼吸机参数能改善模型猪的氧分压及Cst,对血流动力学指标影响较小。     

Interpretation of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with large respiratory excursions in intrathoracic pressure

Objective: To assess the reliability of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao) when respiratory excursions in intrathoracic pressure are prominent. Design: We studied 24 critically ill patients who had 15 mm Hg or more of respiratory excursion in their Ppao tracing. Large respiratory excursions resulted from respiratory muscle activity that persisted despite sedation and mechanical ventilation in the assist-control mode. From the Ppao tracing, the end-expiratory and mid-point values were recorded; the latter was measured halfway between end-expiration and the nadir due to inspiratory triggering. The Ppao was then re-measured after administration of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. Setting: Medical intensive care unit of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Measurements and results: The difference between the pre-relaxation end-expiratory Ppao and the relaxed Ppao was larger than the difference between the pre-relaxation mid-point Ppao and the relaxed Ppao (11 ± 5 vs 3 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.01). In 21 of 24 (88 %) cases, the relaxed Ppao was more closely approximated by the mid-point Ppao than by the end-expiratory Ppao. The difference between the end-expiratory Ppao and the relaxed Ppao increased as the amount of respiratory excursion increased (r = 0,51; p < 0.01). Conclusions: In mechanically ventilated patients whose respiratory muscles produce large excursions in the Ppao, the end-expiratory Ppao is often much higher than the Ppao measured after muscle relaxation. The pre-relaxation mid-point Ppao and the relaxed Ppao are usually similar, but this may not be true in individual patients. In this setting, the Ppao measured after muscle relaxation probably provides the most clinically reliable estimate of left heart filling pressure. Received: 4 February 1997 Accepted: 16 July 1997     

无创正压通气在急性肺水肿治疗中的应用价值

目的 研究无创正压通气(BiPAP)对急性肺水肿患者心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)及动脉血气的影响.方法 将58例急性肺水肿患者随机分为两组,对照组(29例)给予吸氧、强心、利尿、扩血管等常规治疗,干预组(29例)在上述常规治疗的基础上,加用BiPAP治疗.4h后,比较两组患者的HR、RR、动脉血气变化,出院时统计患者住院时间及行有创通气的发生率.结果 干预组治疗前HR、RR、氧饱和度(SaO2)和氧分压(PaO2)分别为(124±12)次/min、(37±5)次/min、(81.4±5.4)％和(53.2±5.4)mmHg,治疗后上述4项指标均有明显改善,HR、RR、SaO2和PaO2分别为(83±6)次/min(t =5.372,P＜ 0.01)、(19±8)次/min(t=4.285,P＜0.01)、(94.1±4.2)％(t=2.731,P ＜0.05)和(89.1±8.5)mm Hg(t=5.763,P＜0.01).对照组治疗前HR、RR、SaO2和PaO2分别为(123±11)次/min、(36±7)次/min、(81.8±5.7)％和(53.5±4.6)mm Hg,治疗后上述4项指标亦有明显改善,HR、RR、SaO2和PaO2分别为(95±8)次/min(t=3.459,P＜0.01)、(24±6)次/min(t =3.127,P＜0.01)、(88.3±4.5)％(t=2.314,P＜0.05)和(72.8 ±9.5)mm Hg(t=3.756,P＜0.01).干预组治疗后HR、RR、SaO2及PaO2较对照组改善更明显(t值分别为2.311、2.115、2.176、2.982,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);干预组住院时间(9±3)d明显短于对照组[(15±4)d,t=3.763,P＜0.01];干预组有创通气的发生率(6.89％)亦低于对照组(17.24％),但差异尚无统计学意义(x2=1.642,P＞0.05).结论 BiPAP能有效改善急性肺水肿患者HR、RR及血气分析指标,缩短住院时间,降低有创通气的发生率,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

Pulmonary artery wedge pressure measurements in patients on assisted ventilation

When vascular pressures are measured on ventilated patients, end-expiration is commonly assumed to be at the lowest position of the respiratory cycle. However, for patients on assisted ventilation, the presence of a large negative deflection in the pressure tracing, corresponding to their inspiratory effort, may invalidate this assumption. Consequently, the position of end-expiration may be improperly located on the graphic tracing, causing errors in the measurement of the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). Similarly, incorrect values of the PAWP will be obtained from a digital monitor if the digital diastolic register is used. To determine the frequency of this waveform and the accuracy of values obtained from the different digital registers in approximating the graphic PAWP, we studied 32 critically ill patients grouped according to the mode of ventilation: spontaneous breathing, controlled ventilation, or assisted ventilation. We observed a large negative deflection (greater than 4 mm Hg) in 13 of the 15 patients on assisted ventilation. In this group, the value obtained from the digital mean register approximated the graphic PAWP better than the value obtained from the diastolic register. We conclude that for patients on assisted ventilation, appropriate adjustments should be made when reading the PAWP from either a graphic printout or from a digital monitor if a large deflection is present in the vascular pressure tracing.