膈肌起搏联合正压机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的探讨膈肌起搏联合正压机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法选取呼吸衰竭患者122例,随机分为2组各61例。对照组采用正压机械通气治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合膈肌起搏。比较2组治疗前后动脉血气指标、血流动力学参数及呼吸力学参数。结果通气30 min后,观察组氧合指数[p(O_2)/FiO_2]、动脉血氧分压[p(O2)]显著高于对照组(P0.05)。通气30 min后,观察组平均气道压(Paw)、平台压(PP)、呼吸功(WOBp)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);吸气末跨肺压(PTP)、静态顺应性(Cst)、呼吸机械功(WOBv)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),气道阻力(Raw)、肺部阻力(RL)与对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论膈肌起搏联合正压机械通气可改善呼吸衰竭患者的动脉血气及呼吸系统功能。     

应用超声心动技术分析机械通气对左室功能的影响

目的 应用超声心动技术评价机械通气时呼气末正压(PEEP)对左室功能的影响.方法 将36例呼吸衰竭行机械通气的危重患者按心排血指数(CI)分为两组.应用彩色超声心动技术检测患者不同PEEP(0、4、7、10、14 cm H2O,1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)时左室功能.结果 心功能正常组(CI≥2.0 L·min-1·m-2,17例)随PEEP增加,代表左室收缩功能的指标左室收缩期末容积(LVESV)、左室舒张期末容积(LVEDV)、心排血量(CO)、射血分数(EF)未见明显变化,代表左室舒张功能的指标二尖瓣口舒张早期充盈速度(E)、舒张晚期充盈速度(A)、E/A比值、舒张早期运动速度(Ve)、舒张晚期运动速度(Va)、Ve/Va比值及左室舒张期末压(LVEDP)未见明显改变.心功能异常组(CI＜2.0 L·min-1·m-2,19例)随PEEP增加到10 cm H2O和14 cm H2O时,与PEEP 0比较,左室收缩功能指标LVESV(ml:10 cm H2O时21.2±1.2比18.2±1.4)明显升高,LVEDV(ml:42.6±2.4、40.1±1.9比44.5±3.5)、CO(L:2.3±0.6、2.1±0.7比2.6±0.7)、EF(0.40±0.02、0.39±0.02比0.42±0.02)明显下降(均P＜0.05);左室舒张功能指标A(cm/s:88.5±15.2、93.2±18.7比76.0±9.0)、Va(cm/s:14.3±4.5、15.8±5.3比12.0±1.2)、LVEDP[mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):15.3±2.0、16.9±2.8比10.7±2.5]明显升高,E(cm/s:73.6±15.4、63.2±16.4比83.1±20.1)、E/A比值(0.83±0.10、0.68±0.20比1.10±0.20)、Ve(cm/s:11.7±1.8、10.4±2.0比13.8±2.8)、Ve/Va比值(0.8±0.1、0.6±0.2比1.2±0.2)明显下降(均P＜0.05).结论 与机械通气时,0～14 cm H2O的PEEP对正常心脏无明显影响;心功能低下患者,当PEEP≥10 cm H20时可明显降低左室舒张和收缩功能;设定最佳PEEP可改善左室功能.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effects of different positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels on the heart function of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) with echocardiography. Methods Thirty-six critical patients with respiratory failure undergoing MVwere divided into two groups according to the cardiac index (CI). The left heart function was measured with echocardiography at different PEEP levels (0, 4, 7, 10, 14 cm H2O, 1cm H2O = 0. 098 kPa). Results In the normal cardiac function group (CI≥2. 0 L · min-1 · m-2, n=17), an increase in PEEP had no significant effects on left ventricular systolic function [left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV),cardiac output (CO), ejection fraction (EF)]. The increase in PEEP had no significant effect on left ventricular diastolic function [mitral early diastolic filling velocity (E), late diastolic filling velocity (A), the ratio of E/A, early diastolic velocity (Ve), late diastolic velocity (Va), the ratio of Ve/Va, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)]. In the poor cardiac function group (CI＜ 2. 0 L · min-1 · m-2, n = 19),when PEEP was increased to 10 cm H2O and 14 cm H2O, compared with PEEP 0, left ventricular systolic function indexes including LVFSV (ml: 21.2±1.2 vs. 18. 2±1.4 as 10 cm H2O) was significantly higher,i.e. LVEDV (ml: 42. 6±2. 4, 40. 1±1.9 vs. 44. 5±3. 5), CO (L: 2. 3±0. 6, 2. 1±0. 7 vs. 2. 6±0. 7), EF (0. 40±0. 02, 0. 39±0. 02 vs. 0. 420. 02) were decreased (all P＜0. 05); left ventricular diastolic function indexes including A (cm/s: 88.5±15.2, 93.2±18.7 vs. 76.0±9.0), Va (cm/s: 14.3±4.5, 15.8±5.3vs. 12.0±1.2), LVEDP [mmHg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):15.3±2.0, 16.9±2.8 vs. 10.7±2.5] were significantly higher; E (cm/s: 73. 6±15.4, 63.2±16.4 vs. 83.1±20.1), the ratio of E/A (0. 83±0. 10,0.68±0.20 vs. 1.10±0.20), Ve (cm/s: 11.7±1.8, 10.4±2.0 vs. 13.8±2.8), the ratio of Ve/Va (0. 8±0. 1, 0. 6±0. 2 vs. 1.2±0. 2) were decreased (all P＜0. 05). Conclusion Under the same condition of MV, change in PEEP levels (0 - 14 cm H2O) do not produce any obvious effect in the normal cardiac function group, on the other hand when PEEP≥10 cm H2O left heart function is significantly dowered in the poor cardiac function group. Optimial PEEP may improve the cardiac function.     

吸入沙丁胺醇对呼吸衰竭患者容积标限压力控制通气时通气参数的影响

目的　探讨在容积标限压力控制 (VTPC)通气时吸入支气管扩张剂沙丁胺醇后对机械通气参数的影响。方法　 10例平均年龄为 (6 8± 5 )岁的呼吸衰竭患者均接受气管插管与机械通气支持治疗 ;采用Newport e5 0 0型呼吸机 ,并实施定容型通气 (VCV) 30 min,潮气量 (VT)为 8～ 10 ml/ kg;测定气道阻力 (Raw)和静态顺应性 (Cst)以及通气参数的变化 ,包括气道峰压 (PIP)、平台压 (Pplat)、充气时间 (Tinflate)、吸气峰流速(PIF)、呼气峰流速 (PEF)和平均吸气流速 (VT/ Tinflate)。随后转为 VTPC通气 30 m in,并同样记录上述参数。通过同轴吸入装置吸入沙丁胺醇 6 0 0 μg后重复 VCV和 VTPC通气 ,并记录上述通气参数。结果　 10例患者的 Cst为 (38.4± 2 .7) ml/ cm H2 O,Raw为 (2 0 .1± 2 .0 ) cm H2 O· L- 1 · s- 1 。VTPC时 PIP和 VT/ Tinflate较 VCV时显著降低 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,PIF则显著增高 ,两种通气时的 Pplat无显著性差异 ,分别为 (2 2 .1± 0 .9) cm H2 O和(2 3.0± 1.2 ) cm H2 O(P>0 .0 5 )。吸入沙丁胺醇后患者的 Raw均显著降低 ,而 Cst无明显变化 ,VCV时的 PIP有所降低 ,但 Pplat无变化 ;VTPC时的 PIP和 Pplat与吸入前比较无明显改变 ,但 PIF和 PEF出现显著增高 ,Tinflate则相应缩短 (P均 <0 .0 5     

高呼气末正压加肺复张治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 评价高呼气末正压(PEEP)加肺复张(RM)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 选择2008年6月至2010年5月贵阳医学院附属医院内科重症监护病房(MICU)收治的ARDS患者38例,按信封法随机分为RM组和非RM组,每组19例.两组均采用压力支持通气(PSV)模式行机械通气,尽可能在吸入氧浓度(FiO2)＜0.60时达到目标氧合的最小PEEP水平,限制平台压≤30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).RM时FiO2调至1.00,压力支持水平调至0,将PEEP升至40 cm H2O,持续30 s后再降低,8 h 1次,连续5 d.记录基础状态和5 d内的机械通气参数、血气分析结果及生命体征,比较两组氧合改善和肺损伤指标变化,观察RM的不良反应和气压伤发生率.结果 ①两组患者基础状态及机械通气参数均无明显差异.②两组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)均明显改善,且RM组明显优于非RM组[PaO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)2 d:85.8±21.3比73.5±18.7,3 d:88.6±22.8比74.3±19.8,4 d:98.8±30.7比79.3±19.3,5 d:105.5±29.4比84.4±13.8;PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg)4 d:221.8±103.5比160.3±51.4,5 d:239.6±69.0比176.8±45.5,均P＜0.05].③两组呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中过氧化氢(H2O2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均呈下降趋势,RM组下降幅度更明显[5 d时H2O2(μmol/L):0.04±0.02比0.10±0.03;IL-6(ng/L):4.12±2.09比9.26±3.47,均P＜0.05].④两组均无气压伤发生,心率无明显变化,无心律失常发生,中心静脉压和平均动脉压无明显变化.结论 高PEEP加RM可增加气体交换,改善氧合,减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI).应用RM比较安全,耐受性好,临床观察未见低氧血症、气压伤和血流动力学异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and safety degree of high positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) combined with lung recruitment maneuver (RM) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods Thirty-eight patients in medical intensive care unit (MICU) of Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College suffering from ARDS admitted from June 2008 to May 2010 were enrolled in the study. With the envelope method they were randomized into RM group and non-RM group, with n= 19 in each group. All patients received protective ventilation: pressure support ventilation (PSV) with plateau pressure limited at 30 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0. 098 kPa) or lower. PEEP was set at the minimum level with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ＜0. 60 and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) kept between 60 and 80 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa). RM was conducted by regulating FiO2 to 1.00, support pressure to 0, PEEP increased to 40 cm H2O and maintained for 30 seconds before lowering, and this maneuver was repeated every 8 hours for a total of 5 days. Base status, ventilation parameters, blood gas analysis and vital signs were obtained at baseline and for the next 5 days. Oxygenation status and lung injury indexes were compared between RM group and non-RM group, the adverse effects of (PaO2/FiO2) were both increased in RM group and non-RM group, but the values were higher in RM group [PaO2 (mm Hg) 2 days: 85.8± 21.3 vs. 73. 5± 18. 7, 3 days : 88. 6± 22. 8 vs. 74. 3 ±19. 8, 4 days : 98. 8 ±30. 7 vs. 79. 3±19. 3, 5 days: 105.5±29.4 vs. 84. 4±13. 8; PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg) 4 days: 221.8±103. 5 vs.interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) decreased in both groups but lower in RM group with significant difference [5 days H2O(μmol/L): 0. 04 ± 0. 02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.03 ; IL-6 (ng/L):No significant changes in heart rate were found during RM. Central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure remained unchanged after RM. Conclusion High level PEEP combined with RM can improve gas exchange and oxygenation, decrease ventilator associated lung injury (VALI). RM was safe and had good tolerance, no hypoxemia, barotrauma and hemodynamic instability were observed.     

肺复张对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型犬呼吸生理和肺形态学影响的比较

目的 探讨以压力-容积(P-V)曲线为导向的肺复张(RM)策略对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDSexp/ARDSp)模型犬呼吸生理和肺形态学的影响.方法 将24只健康杂种犬按随机数字表法均分为两组,分别以静脉注射油酸0.1 ml/kg复制ARDSexp模型,以气管内注入盐酸2 ml/kg复制ARDSp模型.每种模型再随机均分为肺保护通气策略(LPVS)组和LPVS+RM组.LPVS组采用LPVS进行机械通气(MV);LPVS+RM组先进行以P-V曲线为导向的RM,RM采用压力控制通气(PCV),压力上限为高位转折点(UIP),呼气末正压(PEEP)为低位转折点(LLP)+2 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),维持60 s后再按LPVS进行MV.两组MV时间均为4 h.观察动物基础状态(成模前)及RM前后的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸力学指标变化;采用低流速法记录准静态P-V曲线并计算UIP、LIP ;根据肺CT比较不同肺充气区容积占全肺容积的百分比.结果 成模前和RM前两组PaO2/FiO2及UIP、LIP比较差异均无统计学意义.RM后4 h,两种模型LPVS+RM组PaO2/FiO2和肺顺应性(Crs)均较同模型LPVS组显著升高[ARDSexp模型PaO,/FiO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):263.9±69.2比182.8±42.8,Crs(ml/cm H2O):11.3±4.2比9.7±3.7;ARDSp模型PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg):193.4±33.5比176.4±40.2,Crs(ml/cm H2O):10.1±3.9比9.0±3.9,P＜0.05或P＜0.01],气道压力明显低于同模型LPVS组[ARDSexp模型吸气峰压(PIP,cm H2O):24.1±7.4比30.2±8.5,气道平台压(Pplat,cm H2O):19.1±7.3比25.6±7.7;ARDSp模型PIP(cm H2O):26.6±8.4比29.6±10.3,Pplat(cm H2O):21.9±7.3比25.1±8.4,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];且ARDSexp模型改善程度较ARDSp模型更为显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).两种模型LPVS+RM组肺组织闭合区和充气不足区所占比例均较同模型LPVS组明显减少,正常充气区所占比例明显增加[ARDSexp模型闭合区:(9.9±3.1)%比(16.3±5.2)%,充气不足区:(10.2±4.2)%比(23.4±6.7)%,正常充气区:(76.2±12.3)%比(57.5±10.1)%;ARDSp模型闭合区:(14.3±4.8)%比(1 8.2±5.1)%,充气不足区:(17.4±6.3)%比(24.1±5.9)%,正常充气区:(63.2±10.7)%比(54.6±11.3)%,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];且ARDSexp模型各充气区所占比例改善程度均明显优于ARDSp模型(均P＜0.05).结论 对于不同原因ARDS,以P-V曲线为导向的RM均具有增加肺氧合、改善肺顺应性和肺组织通气的作用,且对ARDSexp的治疗效果明显优于ARDSp.

Abstract：

Objective To determine effects of recruitment maneuver (RM) guided by pressure-volume (P-V) curve on respiratory physiology and lung morphology in canine models of acute respiratory distress syndrome of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin (ARDSp and ARDSexp). Methods Twenty-four healthy dogs were randomly divided into two groups with 12 dogs each: ARDSexp and ARDSp. Each dog in ARDSexp group was injected with oleic acid 0. 1 ml/kg through femoral vein, and each dog in ARDSp group received hydrochloric acid 2 ml/kg via trachea. Subsequently, dogs with both models were randomly subdivided into lung protective ventilation strategy (LPVS) group and LPVS+RM group, respectively. Dogs in LPVS group were given LPVS only without RM. RM guided by P-V curve was performed in LPVS+RM group followed by LPVS and pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) mode was selected. Phigh was set at upper inflection point (UIP) of the P-V curve, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at lower inflection point (LIP)+2 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0. 098 kPa), and the duration of RM was 60 seconds. The duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) in both subgroups was 4 hours. The oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), relative lung mechanical indexes were measured in two ARDS models before establishment of ARDS model, and before and after RM. The UIP and LIP were calculated with P-V curve. The percentage of different volume in ventilation of lung accounting for total lung volume was compared by CT scan.Results The PaO2/FiO2, UIP and LIP did not showed significant differences among all groups before ARDSand before RM. PaO2/FiO2 and respiratory system compliance (Crs) were significantly elevated in LPVS+RM group of both models 4 hours after RM compared with corresponding LPVS group [PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa) of ARDSexp model: 263. 9±69. 2 vs. 182.8±42. 8, Crs (ml/cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 11.3±4. 2 vs. 9. 7±3. 7; PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg) of ARDSp model: 193. 4±33.5 vs. 176. 4±40. 2, Crs (ml/cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 10.1±3.9 vs. 9.0±3.9, P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01], and the airway pressure was significantly declined compared with corresponding LPVS group [peak inspiratory pressure (PIP),cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 24. 1±7. 4 vs. 30. 2±8. 5, plateau pressure (Pplat, cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 19.1±7.3 vs. 25.6±7.7; PIP (cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 26.6±8.4 vs. 29.6±10.3, Pplat (cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 21.9±7. 3 vs. 25.1±8.4, P＜0. 05 or P＜0. 01]. Moreover, PaO2/FiO2, Crs,PIP and Pplat were improved better in ARDSexp model than ARDSp model (P＜ 0. 05 or P＜ 0. 01).Compared with LPVS maneuver, RM plus LPVS maneuver could significantly decrease the proportion of closure and hypoventilation region, and increase the proportion of normal ventilation region in both models [closure region of ARDSexp model : (9.9±3.1) % vs. (16. 3± 5. 2) %, hypoventilation region of ARDSexp model: (10. 2±4.2)% vs. (23. 4±6. 7)%, normal ventilation region of ARDSexp model: (76. 2±12. 3)%vs. (57.5±10. 1)%; closure region of ARDSp model: (14.3±4. 8)% vs. (18. 2±5.1)%, hypoventilation region of ARDSp model : (17.4±6. 3) % vs. ( 24. 1 ± 5. 9) 0%, normal ventilation region of ARDSp model :(63. 2 ± 10. 7 ) % vs. ( 54. 6±11.3 ) %, P ＜ 0. 05 or P ＜ 0. 01]. All of the ventilation regions were better improved with ARDSexp model than ARDSp model (all P＜0. 05). Conclusion RM guided by P-V curve could help obtain better oxygenation, improve pulmonary compliance and lung ventilation in ARDSexp and ARDSp, and better treatment effects are seen in ARDSexp dogs than ARDSp dogs.     

以改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分15分为切换点在有创-无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致严重呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨以改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)15分为切换点指导慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭(呼衰)患者早期拔管改换无创机械通气的可行性,并评价其治疗效果.方法 选择接受气管插管和机械通气的COPD并呼衰患者,采用前瞻性对照研究方法,以2007年3月至2009年11月收治的20例患者为治疗组,采用同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)方式行机械通气,待改良GCS评分达15分并稳定2 h的窗口期拔除气管导管,改用经鼻面罩PSV+呼气末正压(PEEP)通气,以后逐渐减小压力支持(PS)水平直至脱机;以2005年3月至2007年3月收治的19例患者为对照组,按常规机械通气及传统脱机方式脱机.动态观察两组患者机械通气前通气及氧合指标,接受有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间、总住院时间、再插管及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生例数.结果 两组机械通气前通气及氧合指标均无明显差异.治疗组较对照组有创通气时间(d:3.2±1.1比10.5±3.2)、总机械通气时间(d:4.8±2.5比10.5±3.2)、总住院时间(d:17±3比22±7)均明显缩短(均P＜0.01);VAP发生数减少(例:0比5,P＜0.01),再插管数稍增加,但无统计学意义(例:3比1,P＞0.05).结论 对COPD合并呼衰的机械通气患者,以改良GCS评分达15分稳定2 h窗口期为时机早期拔管改用经鼻面罩无创通气,可以显著改善患者的治疗效果.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate the feasibility and the efficacy of early extubation and the sequential non-invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) in severe respiratory failure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the improved Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 15 as the switching point. Methods By a prospective control study, 20 patients with COPD and respiratory failure who had undergone endotracheal intubation and MV from March 2007 to November 2009 were enrolled as treatment group.Invasive MV with synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation and pressure support ventilation (SIMV+PSV) pattern were given to these patients. When the period of "improved GCS score of 15 standard" window period appeared and being kept for 2 hours, endotracheal tube was extubated, and nasal mask with PSV±positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was used, followed by gradual decrease of the level of pressure support till weaning of MV. Nineteen patients who were treated with MV with ordinary way of weaning from March 2005 to March 2007 served as the control group. Prior to the MV, the ventilation and oxygenation index, the length of invasive MV, total MV time, total hospital stay, re-intubation and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurred in the number of cases were observed and compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference in the ventilation and oxygenation index prior to the MV. Compared with control group, in treatment group, the length of invasive ventilation (days: 3. 2±1.1 vs. 10. 5± 3. 2),the total duration of MV (days: 4. 8±2. 5 vs. 10. 5±3. 2), the length of hospital stay (days:17±3 vs. 22±7) were significantly shorter (all P＜0.01), and the incidence of VAP was significantly lower (cases: 0 vs.5, P＜ 0. 01), while the number of re-intubation was slightly higher but without statistical significance (cases:3 vs. 1, P＞0. 05). Conclusion The application of improved GCS score of 15 as the switching point with 2 hours as window period for early extubation and non-invasive nasal mask ventilation can significantly improve the therapeutic effect in patients with severe respiratory failure in COPD.     

早期无创正压通气治疗急性左心衰竭的临床研究

目的 观察早期无创正压通气(NlPPV)对急性左心衰竭所致严重低氧血症的治疗效果.方法 40例急性左心衰竭(心功能Ⅳ级)患者随机分为NIPPV组和对照组,2组均常规给予强心、利尿、镇静、扩血管等对症支持治疗,对照组给予普通高浓度吸氧,NIPPV组在对症支持治疗的基础上采用双向气道正压呼吸机(BiPAP)经面罩双向正压通气治疗.观察治疗2h后2组患者心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、收缩压(SBP)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血气分析和临床症状、体征的变化.结果 治疗2h后,NIPPV组患者的RR[(19.55±1.88)次/min]、HR[(96.40±2.80)次/min]、SBP[(116.30±8.95)mmHg]、pH值(7.40±0.02)、SaO2[(93.57±1.18)%]、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)[(75.58±4.61)mmHg]、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)[(38.69±3.06)mn Hg]与对照组[RR(21.85±3.51)次/min、HR(103.20±6.78)次/min、SBP(122.50±6.13)mm Hg、pH值(7.35±0.05)、SaO2(91.97±1.85)%、PaO2(68.38±7.95)mm Hg、PaCO2(43.61±2.65)mm Hg]比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.582、4.146、2.558、3.534、3.256、3.505、5.428,P均＜0.05),治疗前差异均无统计学意义.NIPPV组患者缺氧程度得到有效改善,总有效率95%(19/20);对照组总有效率70%(14/20),2组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.329,P＜O.05).结论 急性左心衰竭患者在给予常规抗心力衰竭治疗的同时应用BiPAP正压无创通气治疗可以较快纠正机体缺氧状况,改善心功能,缩短病程.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect of early non-invasive positive pressure ventilation(NIPPV)on the treatment of serious hypoxemia induced by acute left heart failure. Methods Forty patients with acute left heart failure( Grade Ⅳ heart function)were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in both groups accepted supportive treatment included cardiotonics, diuretics, vasodilators, in additional to these high concentrations of oxygen were given in conventional group, and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were given in NIPPV group by biphasic positive airway pressure(BiPAP). Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood-gas analysis( pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 )and clinical signs were observed at 2 hours after treatments. Results Compared to control,RR( [ 19.55 ± 1.88] vs [21.85 ±3.51 ] ) BPM] ,HR ( [96.40 ±2.80] vs[ 103.20 ±6.78 ] BPM), SBP ( [ 116.30 ± 8.95 ] mm Hg vs [ 122.50 ± 6.13 ] mm Hg), pH (7.404 ± 0.027 vs 7.358 ±0.05) ,SaO2 ( [93.57 ± 1.18]% vs [91.97 ± 1.85]% ) ,PaO2 ( [75.58 ±4.61 ]mm Hg vs [68.38 ±7.95]mm Hg), PaCO2 ( [ 38.69 ± 3.06 ] mm Hg vs [ 43.61 ± 2.65 ] mmHg) were significantly different in NIPPV group( t = 2.582,4.146,2.558,3.534,3.256,3.505,5.428, Ps ＜ 0.05 ). We found no significant differences in the comparisons before treatments. Hypoxia improved in NIPPV group,and the total effective rate was 95% in NIPPV group and 70% in control group,which showed significant difference( x2 =4.329 ,P ＜0.05 ) Conclusion BiPAP non-invasive positive pressure ventilation combined with routine treatment in treating heart failure, could promptly correct hypoxia, improve heart function and shortening disease course.     

正压通气拔管法对心内直视术后患者动脉血气指标的影响

目的 探讨正压通气拔除气管插管(简称拔管)对心内直视术后患者动脉血气分析指标的影响.方法 将50例行心内直视术后经口气管插管的患者,随机分为对照组和实验组各25例.对照组采用传统拔管法,实验组则采取在患者吸气期给予5～25 cm H2O纯氧正压通气,于呼气期拔管.比较2组患者拔管前、拔管后l,5,10 min的PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、动脉血pH值和RR变化,同时观察拔管期间呼吸道梗阻情况.结果 拔管后2组患者动脉血气分析指标在各对应时点进行比较,实验组变化的幅度明显低于对照组,且变化的持续时间缩短50%以上.拔管后对照组发生呼吸道梗阻4例,实验组未发生呼吸道梗阻,2组比较有明显差异.结论 正压通气拔管法能提高肺顺应性,改善氧合,使患者拔管后各项动脉血气分析指标较为平稳,降低低氧血症的发生率,是一种比较安全的拔管方法.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of positive pressure ventilation extubation on arterial blood gas indexes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods 50 patients with orotracheal intubation after intracardiac opening operation under direct vision were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group with 25 cases in each group. We used traditional method to pull out tracheal intubation in the control group. And positive pressure ventilation at 5 ～15 cm H2O during inspiration and pulling out tracheal intubation during expiration in the experimental group. The change of arterial blood PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, pH and respiratory rate before and 1min、5min、10min after extubation was observed,and also the incidence rate of air tube obstruction was recorded. Results The change amplitude of arterial blood gas indexes of patients in the experimental group was obviously lower,and the length of change time reduced more than 50%. There were 4 air tube obstructions in the control group and there was no obstruction in the experimental group. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusions Positive pressure ventilation extubation can raise lung's compliance and improve oxygenation. And arterial blood gas indexes are more stable. It can decrease the incidence rate of hypoxemia and is a much more safe method.     

呼气保持法测定机械通气患者呼气末肺动脉楔压的方法研究

目的 联合应用呼吸机上的"呼气保持"功能与监护仪上的"肺动脉楔压(PAWP)回顾"软件,寻找一种既准确又方便快捷的测量呼气末PAWP(eePAWP)的方法.方法 采用前瞻性自身前后对照研究方法.选择放置肺动脉导管的机械通气患者12例,随机选取50例次的测量值,21例次为单纯正压通气,29例次为正压通气混有自主呼吸.先根据呼吸变异度(RV)分为＜8 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)或≥8 mm Hg两组,再根据PAWP测量方法分为监护仪自动显示组和呼气保持法测量组.比较每例次自动测量法和呼气保持法所测PAWP值的差异.结果 21例次单纯正压通气患者中,12例次RV＜8 mm Hg者中自动显示组PAWP(mm Hg)数值多高于呼气保持组(12～16比9～14),但两组数值差距较小,甚至偶有相等的情况;9例次RV≥8 mm Hg者中自动显示组PAWP(mm Hg)数值均高于呼气保持组(13～20比9～15),两组数据差距较大;但不论RV多少,两组间PAWP数值比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).29例次正压通气混有自主呼吸的患者中,RV＜8 mm Hg者(13例次)和RV≥8 mm Hg者(16例次)中自动显示组大部分PAWP数值高于呼气保持组(11～18比10～17),4例次低于呼气保持组(11～20比14～23),但两组间各PAWP数值差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 无论单纯正压通气还是正压通气混有自主呼吸的患者,呼气保持法均能较好地识别eePAWP波形,更准确、快速地反映患者真实的血流动力学状态.

Abstract：

Objective To find an accurate and convenient method of measuring end-expiratory pulmonary artery wedge pressure (eePAWP) by "expiration holding" function of ventilator and "pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) Review" software of monitor. Methods Twelve patients with introduction of pulmonary artery catheter and undergoing mechanical ventilation were selected. Fifty measurements were randomly selected for the comparison of the differences between automatic measurement and expiration holding method in each patient. There were 21 cases underwent single positive pressure ventilation and 29 cases with positive pressure ventilation mixed with spontaneous breathing. All measurements were first divided into ＜8 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa) or ≥8 mm Hg groups according to respiratory variability (RV). They were then divided into automatic measurement group and expiration holding group according to PAWP measurement, and the difference in the results between two groups were recorded. Results In 21 cases with single positive pressure ventilation, in 12 cases PAWP (mm Hg) of automatic measurement group was higher than that of expiration holding group (12 - 16 vs. 9 - 14) when RV＜8 mm Hg, but the difference between two groups was not obvious, and measurements were similar occasionally. In automatic measurement group PAWP (mm Hg) was higher than that of expiration holding group (13 - 20 vs. 9 - 15) in 9 cases when RV≥8 mm Hg, the difference was obvious. Neither RV＜8 mm Hg nor RV≥8 mm Hg, the statistical difference was significant (all P＜0. 01). In 29 cases, when positive pressure ventilation was mixed with spontaneous breathing, RV＜ 8 mm Hg (n = 13), RV≥ 8 mm Hg (n=16), most of the results in automatic measurement group were higher than those of expiration holding group (11 - 18 vs. 10 - 17), and only 4 of them were lower than expiration holding group (11 - 20 vs. 14 - 23). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups (all P＞0. 05). Conclusion Expiration holding measurement is a better method that can identify the eePAWP, and it reflects the true hemodynamic status more accurately and quickly whether positive pressure ventilation only or positive pressure ventilation mixed with spontaneous breathing is given.     

脑电双频指数与镇静-躁动评分指导短期机械通气患者镇静治疗的随机对照研究

目的 比较脑电双频指数(BIS)实时监测和镇静-躁动评分(SAS)在重症监护病房(ICU)短期机械通气患者镇静治疗实施过程中的可行性.方法 选择ICU中18～60岁外科手术后需持续机械通气(＞12 h)患者105例,按信封法随机分为BIS组(42例)和SAS组(63例),分别依据BIS和SAS评估镇静深度.两组均给予芬太尼镇痛,丙泊酚和咪唑安定联合镇静,每小时根据镇静深度评估调节镇静药物泵入剂量(BIS组目标值为50～70,SAS组目标为3～4级).入ICU后次日晨6时停用镇静及镇痛药物,每小时记录镇静深度(BIS值或SAS分级)、镇静持续时间、觉醒时间、机械通气时间、单位时间内咪唑安定和丙泊酚用量及累计总量,以及吸痰后躁动发生率、镇静期间气管导管耐受率和疼痛耐受率、拔管后谵妄发生率.结果 BIS组单位时间内眯唑安定和丙泊酚用量均高于SAS组[咪唑安定(mg·kg-1·h-1):0.10±0.02比0.09±0.02,丙泊酚(mg·kg-1·h-1):0.95±0.23比0.86±0.20,均P＜0.05],总体镇静达标时段(Dt,以1 h为1个时段)以及前3个时段(D1、D2、D3)的镇静达标率均明显高于SAS组[Dt:75.2%(507)比52.8%(421),D1:78.6%(33)比22.2%(14),D2:88.1%(37)比20.6%(13),D3:81.0%(34)比31.7%(20),均P＜0.01],觉醒时间(min)明显短于SAS组[0(0,20)比15(0,47),P＜0.05];BIS组和SAS组患者急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分(分:3.57±2.60比4.19±2.30)、机械通气时间[h:16.5(14.5,19.0)比17.0(15.0,19.0)]、镇静持续时间[h:14.0(12.9,17.1)比16.0(13.0,18.0)]及吸痰后躁动发生率(81.0%比79.4%)、镇静期间气管导管耐受率(71.4%比74.6%)和疼痛耐受率(92.8%比93.6%)、拔管后谵妄发生率(4.8%比1.6%)等差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 与SAS比较,BIS在指导ICU短期机械通气患者的镇静治疗中,对镇静深度调控具有更好的可操作性.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the value of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring and sedationagitation scale (SAS) in guiding intensive care unit (ICU) sedation therapy for the patients undergoing shortterm mechanical ventilation. Methods One hundred and five patients aged 18 - 60 years after operation receiving mechanical ventilation for longer than 12 hours in ICU were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: BIS-guided group (n=42) and SAS-guided group (n=63). All of them received protocolized continuous sedation and analgesia by using fentanyl for analgesia and propofol plus midazolam to sedate intravenously. The effect of sedation was assessed every hour till BIS reaching 50 - 70 or SAS reaching grade 3 - 4. Sedatives and analgesics were suspended st 6: 00 am on next day after ICU admission, and BIS and the SAS were recorded every hour, sedation time, time to wake up, duration of mechanical ventilation, daily dosage of midazolam and propoful, and the incidence of adverse events including restlessness after suction, endotracheal tube resistance, pain tolerance during sedation, and delirium after extubation were all recorded accordingly. Results Dosages of midazolam and propofol were found higher in BIS-guided group than the SAS-guided group [midazolam (mg · kg-1 · h-1) : 0. 10±0. 02 vs. 0. 09±0. 02,propofol (mg · kg-1 · h-1): 0. 95±0. 23 vs. 0. 86±0. 20, both P＜0.05＝. The total time (Dt) of patients under sedative control was significantly longer in BIS-guided group compared with SAS-guided group, and also in first three hours [D1, D2, D3, D,: 75.2% (507) vs. 52.8% (421), D1: 78.6% (33) vs. 22.2%(14), D2: 88. 1% (37) vs. 20. 6% (13), D3: 81.0% (34) vs. 31.7% (20), all P＜0. 01＝. The time to wake up (minutes) was significantly shorter in BIS-guided group compared with SAS-guided group [0 (0, 20) vs.15 (0, 47), P＜0.05＝. No significant difference in acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ ) score (3. 57± 2. 60 vs. 4. 19 ± 2. 30), duration of mechanical ventilation [hours: 16. 5 (14.5, 19.0) vs. 17.0 (15.0, 19.0)], sedation time [hours: 14.0 (12.9, 17.1) vs. 16.0 (13.0, 18.0)]and incidence of adverse events including restlessness after suction (81.0% vs. 79. 4%), endotracheal tube resistance (71.4% vs. 74.6%), pain tolerance during sedation (92.8% vs. 93.6%) and delirium after extubation (4. 8% vs. 1.6%) was found between BIS-guided group and SAS-guided group (all P＞0. 05).Conclusion BIS monitoring is better in sedative control than SAS assessment for ICU patients undergoing short-term mechanical ventilation.     

跨肺压监测设定呼吸机参数对腹腔高压模型猪血流动力学及氧代谢的作用

目的 评价通过跨肺压(Ptp)设定呼吸机参数对腹腔高压(IAH)模型猪血流动力学、氧代谢和呼吸力学的影响。方法 将6只家猪进行麻醉、气管插管后接呼吸机辅助呼吸,容量控制模式,呼吸机参数设置潮气量(VT) 10 ml/kg,呼吸频率16次/min,吸入氧浓度(FiO2)0.40,呼气末正压(PEEP)5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)。置入动脉导管和Swan-Ganz导管,测定机械通气1h（基础值）的心率、平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血指数(CI)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)等血流动力学指标,以及气道峰压( Ppeak)、平台压(Pplat)、胸腔内压(Pes)、肺顺应性(Cst)等呼吸力学指标,并行血气分析检查。通过腹腔内注入氮气法复制25 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)IAH模型,呼吸机参数不变,持续观察2h;随后置入食道测压管,调整PEEP使呼气末Ptp≥0（为正值）,其余呼吸机参数不变,持续观察2h。结果 6只家猪均制模成功,无一发生气压伤和死亡。与基础值比较,IAH后1h、2h模型猪心率（次/min）增快(134.3±5.8、127.3±3.3比117.7±1.5),MAP(mm Hg)、CVP(mm Hg)和PAWP(mm Hg)上升(MAP：120.7±3.8、117.3±4.8比100.4±6.6,CVP：7.3±0.3、7.6±0.9比5.6±0.2,PAWP:14.0±0.6、14.0±1.0比12.3±0.3),CI(L．min-1．kg-1)下降(0.150±0.019、0.137±0.014比0.179±0.021);Ppeak (cm H2O)、Pplat (cm H2O)、Pes(cm H2O)上升(Ppeak:46.3±2.3、47.0±3.2比11.0±1.6,Pplat：25.7±1.3、26.0±1.6比9.0±0.6,Pes：13.7±0.3、14.3±0.3比2.3±0.3),Cst (ml/cm H2O)下降（8.3±0.3、9.0±0.6比23.0±1.6）;动脉血氧分压(PaO2,mm Hg)和氧输送量(DO2,ml．min-·kg-1)均下降(PaO2：142.0±13.2、140.0±16．0比166.3±11.3,DO2：19.40±2.90、19.88±4.14比25.07±6.30),差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。与IAH常规机械通气同时间点各指标比较,通过食道压监测1h、2h时PaO2 (161.6±11.9、164．0±13.6)、DO2(21.90±6.21、21.16±2.78)以及Cst（12.0±1.6、12.7±2.9）均明显改善,CI(0.121±0.013、0.120±0.012)则进一步下降,反映组织灌注的血乳酸(mmol/L)明显下降(1.60±0.12比2.70±0.44,1.67±0.07比2.27±0.13),Pplat (31.3±3.4、31.7±3.2)显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;而动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、心率、MAP、CVP、PAWP则无明显变化。结论 IAH状态下通过Ptp设定呼吸机参数能改善模型猪的氧分压及Cst,对血流动力学指标影响较小。     

神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者机械通气策略研究

目的 对神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的机械通气策略进行研究.方法 57例神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者分为小潮气量通气组(A组27例)和常规潮气量通气组(B组30例),观察2组患者机械通气后血气和气道压力的变化,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF、IL-6、IL-8的变化;14 d存活率和14d脱机成功率.结果 机械通气后0.5、24 h A组患者动脉血气pH值分别为7.30±0.08、7.40±0.06,明显低于同时点B组的7.39±0.06、7.47±0.04(P均＜0.05);机械通气后0.5、24 h A组患者动脉血气PaCO2水平分别为(60.4±16.9)、(38.2±7.3)mm Hg,明显高于同时点B组的(46.6±8.1)、(29.2±6.9)mm Hg(P均＜0.05);机械通气后0.5、24 hA组患者气道峰压分别为(21.5±4.5)、(18.6±3.8)cmH2O,明显低于同时点B组的(29.4±5.1)、(31.3±4.7)cm H2O(P均＜0.05);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中TNF水平分别为(1385±341)、(1345±411)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(1914±501)、(2214±544)ng/L(P均＜0.01);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中IL-6水平分别为(249±64)、(209±49)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(324±79)、(343±60)ng/L(P均＜0.01);机械通气后24、48 h A组患者BALF中IL-8水平分别为(79.4±23.6)、(92.7±32.5)ng/L,明显低于同时点B组的(143±36)、(162±49)ng/L(P均＜0.01);A、B组患者14 d存活率分别为100.0%、96.7%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组患者14 d脱机成功率为59.3%,明显高于B组的33.3%(x2=3.85,P＜0.05).结论 对于神经肌肉疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者,选用小潮气量进行机械通气,可以减轻机械牵拉诱发的细胞因子释放,减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤,提高脱机成功率.     

SIMV加PSV／PSV切换结合高碳酸血症治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨同步间歇强制通气加压力支持通气／压力支持通气两种模式切换结合允许性高碳酸血症（PHC）技术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭的可行性和安全性。方法30例接受气管插管和机械通气的慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性呼吸衰竭病例随机分为两组，各15例。研究组（A组）予小潮气量（7ml／kg）机械通气并实施PHC技术，对照组（B组）予常规潮气量（12ml／kg）机械通气。观察两组潮气量（VT）、分钟通气量（MV）、气道峰压（Ppeak）、平台压（Pplat）、动脉血气变化、机械通气时间、住院时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）例数和气胸例数。结果治疗后2h、24hA组气道峰压Ppeak、平台压Pplat低于B组（P〈0．01）；机械通气2h、24hA组pn、Pa02值上升，PaC02值下降的速度滞后于B组，但与机械通气前比较，P〈0．05或P〈0．01；A、B两组机械通气时间为（7．2±3．2）d和（15．6±10．6）d，p〈0．01；住院时间为（10．2±3．2）d和（18．6±10．4）d，P〈0．05；发生呼吸机相关性肺炎2例和8例（p=0．022）；气胸0例和4例（p=0．049）。结论SIMV＋PSV／PSV切换联合PHC技术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭可以缩短机械通气时间和住院时间，降低机械通气的VAP发生率和气压伤风险。     

肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者呼吸力学及血管外肺水指数的影响

目的 探讨肺复张(RM)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者呼吸力学及血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)的影响.方法 采用随机对照病例研究方法,选择30例ARDS患者,随机(随机数字法)分为RM组和Non-RM组.RM组:保护性肺通气稳定后0.5 h开始RM治疗,每12 h重复1次RM,连续3d.Non-RM组:保护性肺通气治疗,不使用RM.收集两组患者治疗前、治疗12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h各时间点氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、气道峰压(PIP)、气道平台压(Pplat)、静态肺顺应性(Cst)及EVLWI数据;监测RM前后血流动力学变化.数据处理采用单因素方差分析、成组t检验和Fisher确切概率法.结果 ①治疗后两组患者PaO2/FiO2均呈上升趋势,在12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h同时间点比较RM组高于NonRM组(P＜0.05);PIP、Pplat值在治疗后均呈下降趋势,RM组低于Non-RM组(P＜0.05),Cst在治疗后呈升高趋势,RM组高于Non-RM组(P＜0.05).②治疗后两组EVLWI均呈下降趋势,组内各时间点比较差异有统计学意义(F值分别为22.392、8.147,均P＜0.01);在12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h同时间点两组EVLWI比较,RM组低于Non-RM组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).③RM时有一过性血流动力学变化,与RM前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),但RM结束后120 s与RM前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 RM可以减少ARDS患者EVLWI,改善肺氧合及肺顺应性,对血流动力学影响短暂.     

乌司他丁改善重症肌无力患者术中呼吸力学的临床研究

目的通过观察重症肌无力患者胸腺扩大切除术中呼吸力学的变化,研究乌司他丁对重症肌无力患者肺功能的保护作用。方法60例择期行胸腺扩大切除术的重症肌无力患者（OssermannI、IIb型）,按随机数字表法随机分为对照组（C组,n=30）和乌司他丁组（U组,n=30）。U组人手术室后即给予乌司他丁4000U／kg溶于20ml0．9％氯化钠注射液中,10min内缓慢静脉推注,然后以2000U／（kg·h）持续泵人至手术结束。C组给予等量的生理盐水。观察并记录麻醉前（T1）、切皮时（亿）、手术开始后30min（13）、手术开始后60min（T4）、术毕拔管前（T5）患者的心率、平均动脉压及肺顺应性、气道峰值压力、气道平台压力、吸气阻力、呼气阻力。结果两组患者T2与Tl比较,心率和平均动脉压均升高[U组患者他、T1心率：（90．2±13．5）、（78．6±10．4）次／min,平均动脉压：（15．5±2．3）、（12．1±1．5）kPa;C组患者T2、T1心率：（94．3±15．4）、（81．6±12．2）次／min,平均动脉压：（16．8±2．6）、（12．6±1．8）kPa;P均〈0．05],组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;两组患者在,T3、T4、T5与T1比较,肺顺应性均降低[U组患者在仍、T4、T5、T1时肺顺应性分别为：（51．23±12．33）、（50．35±13．29）、（50．65±13．16）、（53．69±14．34）ml／cmH20;C组患者在髓、T4、T5、T1时肺顺应性分另0为：（41．56±11．20）、（42．02±10．12）、（39．85±10．31）、（53．45±15．21）mL／cmH20,P均〈0．05],气道峰值压力[U组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时分别为（13．04±2．14）、（13．12±2．42）、（13．22±2．48）、（12．04±2．12）cm H2O;C组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时分别为（16．25±3．27）、（15．56±4．34）、（16．64±3．45）、（13．12±2．32）cm H2O]、气道平台压力[U组患者在,13、T4、T5、T1时分别为（10．54±2．46）、（11．76±3．11）、（12．02±3．25）、（9．48±2．13）cm H2O;C组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时分别为（15．02±3．87）、（15．51±3．13）、（15．67±3．02）、（9．25±1．26）cm H2O]、吸气阻力[U组患者在13、T4、T5、T1时分另0为（8．56±2．52）、（9．31±3．06）、（8．44±2．45）、（8．25±2．20）cm H2O;C组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时分别为（11．52±3．06）、（12．16±3．02）、（12．83±3．14）、（8．31±2．24）cm H2O]、呼气阻力[U组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时分别为（10．22±2．24）、（10．34±2．66）、（10．27±2．22）、（8．46±2．37）cm H2O;C组患者在乃、T4、T5、T1时分别为（14．43±3．18）、（14．56±3．32）、（14．46±3．52）、（8．55±2．18）cm H2O]均升高（P均〈0．05）;U组患者在T3、T4、T5、T1时肺顺应性降低的幅度及气道峰值压力、气道平台压力、吸气阻力、呼气阻力升高的幅度明显低于C组患者（F值分别为6．167、3．138、4．137、5．217、4．361,P均〈0．05）。结论乌司他丁能够改善患者的呼吸力学,减轻肺损伤,对重症肌无力患者术中肺功能有保护作用。     

Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation vs. tracheal suctioning via tracheostomy tubes for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation vs. suctioning via tracheostomy tubes on respiratory variables for six amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. DESIGN: In this prospective crossover study, six consecutive patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who required continuous mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy tubes and developed chest infections underwent measurement of pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), mean airway pressure (Pawm), and work of breathing performed by the ventilator (WOBv) at baseline and 5 and 30 min after tracheal suctioning and 5 min after mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. RESULTS: The baseline values were 93.50 +/- 2.26% for SpO2 in ambient air, 18.50 +/- 4.23 cm H2O for PIP, 4.67 +/- 1.37 cm H2O for Pawm, and 1.03 +/- 0.25 J/liters for WOBv. Only WOBv changed significantly, decreasing after tracheal suctioning (P < 0.05), whereas all variables improved significantly after mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. CONCLUSION: For ventilator-dependent patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation via a tracheostomy tube with an inflated cuff may be more effective in eliminating airway secretions than conventional tracheal suctioning.