后腹腔镜取肾、离体肾动脉瘤切除及自体肾移植治疗复杂性肾动脉瘤1例并文献复习

目的：总结复杂性肾动脉瘤1例的诊治经验。
方法:报告采用后腹腔镜取肾、离体肾动脉瘤切除、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性肾动脉瘤1例的治疗经过及结果，并复习文献。患者，男，27岁。术前彩超、CT及CTA示：动脉瘤体4.5 cm×4.0 cm×3.0 cm大小，靠近肾门，位于肾动脉主干远端分叉部，累及6根分支。采用后腹腔镜切取右肾后，离体肾脏采用4 ℃低温肾脏保存液灌注、离体行肾动脉瘤切除及自体大隐静脉肾动脉重建，然后通过原取肾切口将肾脏移植于右髂窝。
结果:手术顺利，时间为6.5 h，失血约50 mL，肾热、冷缺血时间分别为4 min和2.5 h。围手术期未出现并发症，术后肾功能正常。术后1个月CTA及2周和3个月彩超复查显示右髂窝移植形态正常，肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄，肾静脉血流通畅，输尿管无狭窄。
结论:后腹腔镜取肾、离体肾动脉瘤切除、肾动脉成形和自体肾移植用于治疗远段和/或累及分支的复杂性肾动脉瘤，微创、安全、有效、可行。

     

离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法CT血管造影（CTA）确诊复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤1例,病变位于肾动脉主干分叉部,累及节段分支动脉,深入肾门内。肾脏暂时性离体后,在低温和肾脏灌注液灌注保护肾脏的前提下,体外进行肾动脉瘤修补和自体大隐静脉肾动脉重建,然后将肾脏异位移植到右侧髂窝。结果手术成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后血肌酐暂时性升高至约200μmol／L,半个月后逐渐恢复正常;术后2周复查CTA示右髂窝移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论该方法治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤安全可行,并为以后类似的复杂性肾脏疾病的处理提供了可行方法。     

移植肾动脉瘤五例报告

目的 探讨移植肾动脉瘤(RAA)的病因、诊断及治疗. 方法 1998年8月至2004年12月共行同种异体肾移植手术1251例,发生RAA 5例(0.4%).5例均为男性,平均年龄43岁,移植肾血管吻合方式均为移植肾动脉一髂内动脉端端吻合.患者主要临床表现为进行性肾功能减退,突发少尿或无尿,顽固性高血压及肾区疼痛,均经彩色多普勒超声、数字减影血管造影检查确诊为动脉瘤,动脉瘤大小1.8 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm～4.0 cm×4.0 cm×5.0 cm. 结果 移植肾动脉吻合口动脉瘤2例,1例发现动脉瘤后1个月内移植肾功能丧失,行移植肾切除术,术后规律透析治疗,随访1年后行二次肾移植;1例移植肾失功后1周内行对侧髂窝二次肾移植手术,保留原移植肾,术后随访2年肾功能正常.RAA合并近端移植肾动脉狭窄2例,1例行吻合口球囊扩张并放置支架后,以弹簧螺圈栓塞动脉瘤,术后随访1年肾功能稳定;1例行移植肾切除、二次.肾移植术,术后随访3年肾功能正常.吻合口髂内动脉侧粥样硬化斑块导致髂内动脉狭窄、移植肾动脉侧动脉瘤1例,行移植肾切除术,术后2 d因脑干栓塞死亡. 结论 移植肾动脉-髂内动脉端端吻合易诱发血管并发症,RAA治疗应谨慎采用开放手术切除,可选择近期行二次肾移植和血管内介入治疗.     

离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建和原位自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性肾错构瘤的临床应用

目的:探讨离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建技术应用于复杂肾错构瘤保留肾单位手术的安全性和可行性。方法:双源CT三维血管成像(CTA)确诊左侧复杂肾错构瘤2例,其中1例为左肾上极巨大错构瘤及肾窦错构瘤,1例为左肾窦内错构瘤。均实施手术切除病变肾脏,在离体后给予UW液灌注和低温保护肾脏,于体外实施肾错构瘤切除及肾实质重建,随后将重建肾脏原位移植于左侧腹膜后肾床。结果:手术均获成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后2周复查肾彩色多普勒提示左腹膜后移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅,肾实质血流灌注良好。术后4个月双源CT示左腹膜后移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论:离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建和原位自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性肾错构瘤安全可行,并为治疗复杂性肾脏外科疾病提供了可行途径。     

活体犬供肾腹腔镜切取-肾移植模型的建立

目的 探讨采用腹腔镜行犬活体供肾切取术并建立同种异体肾移植动物模型的可行性.方法 8只Beagle犬随机编号配对,供、受体犬左侧肾脏互换.采用腹腔镜行供肾切取术获取左侧肾脏,灌洗修剪完毕后将供肾动、静脉分别与受体髂外动、静脉行端侧吻合,供肾输尿管与受体膀胱行抗返流吻合,并置于实验犬左侧髂窝,同时切除受体右侧肾脏,术后口...     

探讨肾动脉多支畸形的供肾在体外血管重建中的方式及在肾移植中的应用

目的探讨。肾动脉多支畸形的供。肾在体外血管重建中的方式及其在肾移植中的应用。方法对5例肾动脉多支畸形供肾的修整采取截取受者同侧髂内动脉的方法，依据供肾动脉的分支数而保留髂内动脉的分支数；在体外将供肾动脉各分支与髂内动脉大分支的开口进行端端吻合，然后将髂内动脉主干与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合。将肾动脉重建后的供肾应用于双侧肾动脉瘤患者的自体肾移植术1例、亲属活体供肾肾移植术3例和尸体肾移植术1例。结果术后5例受者均未发生外科并发症。1例术后发生短暂的急性。肾小管坏死，但48h后进人多尿期，肾功能恢复顺利。术后随访10-36个月，受者移植。肾功能全部正常，肾动脉及分支未发生血栓或闭塞。结论采用受者的髂内动脉体外重建供。肾动脉的方法，可有效修复肾动脉3支以上以及。肾动脉过短的供肾，是一种安全可行的血管重建的方法，血管并发症较低，可有效应用于肾移植。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾动脉瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨腹腔镜术治疗肾动脉瘤的可行性与方法。方法:报告1例59岁女性患者,因"反复高血压10年,检查发现肾动脉瘤1周"入院。CTA示右肾动脉瘤,直径2cm,肾动脉主干发出两支二级动脉分支,动脉瘤位于其中一根二级分支近主干处。患者左侧卧位,建立气腹,游离肾脏及血管,分离动脉瘤体,用哈叭狗钳分别阻断主干及两根二级分支,用剪刀将动脉瘤完整切除。4-0血管缝线缝合动脉破口,2-0可吸收线缝合肾周筋膜,局部放置一引流管。结果:手术成功,手术时间125min,其中热缺血时间28min,血管缝合时间8min,术中出血50ml,患者术后24小时开始进食半流质,48小时开始下床行走。术后3天起患者血压较术前入院时170/100mmhg明显下降,波动于124～145/70～85mmhg。术后7天CT复查示右肾动脉未见狭窄,右肾小部分缺血表现,出院。结论:腹腔镜下肾动脉瘤切除手术可行,熟练的操作与精细的缝合是其关键。     

活体肾移植供肾多支血管处理的体会

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾多支血管的处理及重建方法。方法 49例供体,供肾有多支动脉变异45例,有多支静脉变异7例,其中3例为肾动脉、静脉同时多支血管变异。供肾切取术中,对于供血面积直径小于3cm且影响操作的分支动脉,术中即予结扎、离断;多支静脉,如直径为主干的1/3以下且试夹闭该静脉未发现明显淤血等血液回流障碍者,给予结扎、离断。5例采用体外血管重建。受体肾移植术中根据分支动脉管径、长度及位置及受者髂动脉和腹壁下动脉的情况等综合条件来选择受者相应的动脉吻合。结果 48例动脉分支吻合者在开放血流后搏动良好、吻合口通畅,术后1～7d内肾功能恢复正常、术后1～2周彩色多普勒超声检查,提示该分支动脉供血区域丰富。肾静脉分支结扎者未发现淤血现象。1例高龄供肾者发生肾功能延迟恢复。术后无出血、肾动脉栓塞、尿瘘、输尿管坏死和新发高血压等并发症。结论正确处理移植肾多支血管变异,可获得良好移植效果。     

后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术手术并发症分析

目的探讨后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术供体和供肾相关手术并发症的发生和处理。方法2003年12月～2009年1月行后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术117例,常规取腰部3个穿刺点入路,在肾脂肪囊内游离肾脏后,输尿管游离至肾脏下极7～8cm处剪断,肾动脉和肾静脉用直线切割器（Endo-cut）切断或用Hem-o-lok（Weck,USA）夹闭后剪断,立即取出肾脏用4℃肾脏保存液灌注肾脏。用直线切割器处理肾血管3例,用Hem-o-lok处理肾血管114例。结果117例供肾切取术均获得成功,无供体死亡,无中转开放手术,无围手术期输血,无移植肾功能延迟恢复。发生供体手术并发症5例（4.3%）：术中出血2例,均术中止血;术后腹膜后血肿3例,均经保守治疗后血肿吸收。发生供肾相关并发症8例（6.8%）：直线切割器造成供肾动脉额外分支1例,3支肾动脉分支分别与髂外动脉和髂内动脉的2个分支吻合;供肾浅裂伤2例,均用可吸收线缝合;供肾被膜下血肿2例,1例未处理,1例行被膜切开术,均未影响移植肾功能;供肾输尿管并发症3例,肾移植术后10d拔除移植肾输尿管支架管后出现输尿管膀胱吻合口漏尿,再次手术吻合后均获得成功。13例出现供体并发症和供肾相关并发症者,随访15～62个月,平均50个月,供体未发现其他并发症,血尿常规、肝肾功能、血糖及腹部B超正常;供肾B超检查形态正常,肾功能正常。结论后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术安全可靠,手术并发症发生可能与手术学习曲线有关,不断改进技术可能会减少手术并发症的发生。     

肾移植术中供肾二次缺血再灌注一例

我们由于失误 ,导致术中供肾二次缺血 ,恢复血流后移植肾功能恢复正常 ,现将本例报道如下。患者为男性 ,4 5岁。供肾移植于受者右侧髂窝 ,肾静脉与髂外静脉行端侧吻合 ,肾动脉与髂内动脉行端端吻合。开放血流后 ,移植肾色红润 ,但张力差 ,搏动弱 ,调整肾脏位置后肾脏又呈暗紫色。查看肾动静脉 ,见肾动脉吻合在静脉前(应在静脉后 ) ,导致肾动脉扭曲 ,肾静脉受压。调整肾脏位置仍不满意。开放血流后 6 0min输尿管无蠕动及尿液流出。只得再次阻断肾、动静脉 ,切除动脉吻合口段 ,静脉壁纵行切开 0 .5cm ,用 4℃HC A液灌洗肾脏 ,肾周放置碎冰屑…     

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy,Ex Vivo Repair,and Autotransplantation for a Renal Artery Aneurysm: Report of a Case

A 57-year-old woman was hospitalized with a left renal artery aneurysm (RAA). The aneurysm measured 35 mm in diameter and was located at the renal artery bifurcation. We performed a laparoscopic nephrectomy using a retroperitoneal approach and performed an ex vivo repair of the renal artery. The reconstructed kidney was then autotransplanted at the left iliac fossa. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. A laparoscopic nephrectomy and ex vivo repair are both considered to be effective for treating complex RAA.     

Renal artery aneurysm. Treatment by ex-vivo reconstruction and autotransplantation: three cases and literature review

Renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) is a rare clinical entity: the prevalence is approximately 0.01%-1% in the general population. Complex aneurysms of the first ramification of the main renal artery often require nephrectomy for adequate excision. From December 2002 to July 2007, we treated 3 patients with complex RAA. All the patients were treated with ex vivo reconstruction of the renal artery followed by autotransplantation of the kidney into the ipsilateral iliac fossa. Observation is suggested for asymptomatic complex renal artery aneurysms measuring less than 2 cm in diameter. Surgical treatment by aneurysmectomy and reconstruction in vivo or ex vivo technique is indicated for RAA causing renovascular hypertension, dissection, embolization, local expansion and for those in women of childbearing age with a potential for pregnancy, or asymptomatic more than 2 cm in diameter. Ex vivo repair and renal autotransplantation is a safe and effective treatment for the management of complex renal artery aneurysms.     

BILATERAL RENAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS: IN-SITU AND EXTRACORPOREAL REPAIR

Renal artery aneurysms are uncommon, but when they do occur they are frequently associated with hypertension which may be amenable to surgery. Complex arterial abnormalities which formerly would have been treated by nephrectomy may now be reconstructed with preservation of the kidney. This is illustrated by a patient with renovascular hypertension and bilateral renal artery aneurysms, in whom arteriography and renal vein renin ratios were used as a guide to surgery performed in two stages. An in-situ repair was performed on one side. On the other side, where the aneurysm involved the three main branches of the renal artery, an extracorporeal repair was performed using continuous cold perfusion, substitution of the pathological segment with the patient's internal iliac artery, and autotransplantation to the iliac fossa. Both kidneys were retained and the hypertension was cured.     

Bilateral renal artery aneurysms: in-situ and extracorporeal repair.

Renal artery aneurysms are uncommon, but when they do occur they are frequently associated with hypertension which may be amenable to surgery. Complex arterial abnormalities which formerly would have been treated by nephrectomy may now be reconstructed with preservation of the kidney. This is illustrated by a patient with renovascular hypertension and bilateral renal artery aneurysms, in whom arteriography and renal vein renin ratios were used as a guide to surgery performed in two stages. An in-situ repair was performed on one side. On the other side, where the aneurysm involved the three main branches of the renal artery, an extracorporeal repair was performed using continuous cold perfusion, substitution of the pathological segment with the patient's internal iliac artery, and autotransplantation to the iliac fossa. Both kidneys were retained and the hypertension was cured.     

Ex vivo renal artery reconstructions: indications and techniques

Ex vivo renal artery surgery has been reported by several investigators and has extended the role of revascularization in the treatment of lesions previously managed by nephrectomy alone. Several techniques are available for use, and selection of the most appropriate method can be tailored to the specific anatomy being managed. Our total experience included 27 kidneys that have been managed by ex vivo renal artery reconstruction. Lesions managed in this manner include two kidneys with renal artery stenosis and renal tumors, one kidney with a congenital branch arteriovenous malformation, and 24 kidneys with branch occlusive or aneurysmal disease from fibromuscular dysplasia. Postoperative angiography was performed in 22 cases and defined successful revascularization without technical error in 20 cases. One operative death occurred as a result of myocardial infarction. One patient required reoperation to control bleeding, and two patients had temporary acute tubular necrosis during the postoperative period. Techniques employed included ex vivo repair with autotransplantation to the iliac system (six kidneys), mobilization and perfusion without transection of the renal vein (10 kidneys), and ex vivo perfusion and repair with replacement into the original renal fossa (11 kidneys). The authors believe this latter technique of reconstruction to be preferable to autotransplantation for the usual patient undergoing ex vivo repair of complex renovascular lesions.     

Renal autotransplantation for complex renal arterial disease: a case report

A renal artery aneurysm in a stenotic renal artery is a rare clinical entity with an incidence of 0.015% to 1% in patients with renovascular hypertension. Interventional stent placement is the first line of treatment for simple aneurysms of the proximal renal artery. However, renal autotransplantation has been used as an alternative treatment for complex lesions and for lesions originating from the distal renal artery. We present a patient with a renal artery aneurysm, renal artery stenosis of the segmental branches of the left kidney, and occlusion of the right renal artery. The surgical strategy included renal explantation, ex vivo renal preservation, ex vivo reconstruction of the 2 renal artery branches, and renal heterotopic autotransplantation. We conclude that renal autotransplantation is a safe and effective surgical procedure for patients with complex renal arterial disease.     

Renal autotransplantation combined with direct pyelocystostomy for a doubled renal artery aneurysm of a stone forming kidney

A 35-yr-old female patient presented with recurrent left-sided calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in combination with equilateral doubled renal artery aneurysm. Approximately two-thirds of the cumulative renal function were scintigraphically calculated in favour of the affected kidney. After a left-sided nephrectomy, "workbench surgery" with resection of both aneurysms was performed. The renal artery was reconstructed with contralateral internal-iliac artery graft. To allow passage of renal calculi, the kidney was transplanted in the right iliac fossa combined with a wide pyelocystostomy. The patient recovered uneventfully and presented with good physical health and regular serum creatinine 1 yr postoperatively.     

Autotransplantation of solitary kidney with renal artery aneurysm treated with laparoscopic nephrectomy and ex vivo repair: a case report

Introduction

Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) are extremely rare clinical entities with associated morbidities including hypertension and rupture. Although most RAA can be treated with in vivo repair or endovascular techniques, these may not be possible in patients with complex RAA beyond the renal artery bifurcation. We report a case of RAA in a patient with a solitary kidney that we treated successfully by extracorporeal repair and autotransplantation and the 2-years follow-up.

Case Report

A 64-year-old woman with a history of right nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma presented with RAA found on routine computed tomography (CT). Preoperative workup demonstrated a 2.2 × 2.1 × 3-cm aneurysm in the distal left renal artery that was not amendable to in vivo or endovascular repair. The patient underwent a laparoscopic-assisted left nephrectomy, ex vivo renal artery aneurysm repair, and autotransplantation. She did well postoperatively and in clinic follow-up was found to have a creatinine of 1.2 mg/dL at the end of 2 years and stable blood pressure control.

Discussion

This patient with RAA in her solitary kidney was successfully treated with laparoscopic-assisted nephrectomy, ex vivo repair, and autotransplantation. Her creatinine was stable postoperatively despite absence of a second kidney.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy in a patient with renal artery aneurysm

Among the transplantation teams there is an increasing interest in laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy. For technical reasons, the use of the left kidney is recommended. However, considering the shortage of organ donors, it is likely that right-side laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy will need to be considered in selected donors, even those with vascular anomalies. Here we report the first case of right-side live donor laparoscopic nephrectomy in a patient with a renal artery aneurysm. Arteriography showed a 3-cm saccular aneurysm of the main right renal artery located at the bifurcation of the secondary branches and associated with an inferior polar artery coming directly from the aorta. The patient was placed in the lumbotomy position. An 8-cm midline incision was made above the umbilicus to insert the HandPort system (Smith & Nephew S.A., 72019 Le Mans Cedex2, France). Four additional trocars were introduced. Dissection of the renal artery was carried out beyond the level of relieving the aneurysm behind the vena cava. The main and polar arteries were clipped, and the renal vein was stapled. The kidney was removed through the HandPort and perfused cold ex vivo. The warm ischemia time for the kidney was 1 min, and the total operative time was 280 min. Vascular abnomalies were corrected ex vivo. The postoperative course of the donor was uneventful. At 6 months after transplantation, the graft function was normal. The hand-assisted approach is of particular value on the right side where the dissection must be carried out behind the vena cava. The HandPort may save few precious minutes over the sac extraction technique of the standard laparoscopic procedure.