加速康复外科对胃癌患者免疫功能及临床结局的影响

目的 观察加速康复外科技术在胃癌患者围手术治疗过程中对机体免疫功能及临床结局的影响.方法 将36例胃癌患者随机分为常规非加速康复组(18例,采用常规围手术期处理方案)和加速康复组(18例,采用加速康复的围手术期处理方案).比较两组术前和术后第1、3、7天血清IgA、IgM、IgG以及CRP水平,同时记录患者术后住院天数、并发症及生活质量等指标.结果 加速康复组和非加速康复组术后第3天血清IgA、IgG和IgM分别为[(1.57±0.40)g/L比(1.27±0.49)g/L,P<0.05;(9.99±2.12)g/L比(8.53±2.15)g/L,P<0.05;(0.92±0.18)g/L比(0.78±0.20)g/L,P<0.05],加速康复组水平均显著高于非加速康复组;加速康复组术后第1、3、7天的血清CRP均明显低于非加速康复组:[(56±10)g/L比(79±9)g/L,P<0.05;(140±15)g/L比(170±15)g/L,P<0.05;(52±11)g/L比(78±12)g/L,P<0.05].加速康复组术后发热时间[(2.4±0.9)d比(3.8±0.8)d,P<0.05]、排气时间[(3.1±0.8)d比(4.4±0.7)d,P<0.05]、住院天数[(6.3±1.2)d比(8.2±0.9)d,P<0.05]以及治疗费用[(25 260±2910)元比(30 651±3578)元,P<0.05]均明显少于非加速康复组,而两组术后并发症发生率之间相比无差异,患者出院时生活质量评分为[(14.8±1.9)比(16.1±1.6),P<0.05],加速康复组明显高于非加速康复组.结论 加速康复外科技术能够减轻手术创伤对机体的免疫受损,加速患者康复.     

胃间质瘤的围手术期加速康复治疗北大核心CSCD

目的探讨腹腔镜优势部位胃间质瘤患者围手术期应用加速康复外科（enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS）治疗的安全性和有效性。方法对2015年3月至2017年1月期间上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的86例腹腔镜优势部位胃间质瘤患者进行回顾分析,分为ERAS组44例。传统组42例,比较两组患者围手术期临床资料及术后恢复情况。结果与传统组相比,ERAS组术后首次排气时间提前[（36．5±3．8）h比（48．5±4．1）h,P〈0．01],术后首次排便时间提前[（44．2±6．7）h比（57．2±9．1）h,P〈0．01],术后经口进食时间提前[（1．1±0．2）d比（2．4±0．3）d,P〈0．01],术后下床时间提前[（1．3±0．5）d比（2．9±1．1）d,P〈0．01],术后住院时间缩短[（4．2±2．1）d比（5．9±2．8）d,P〈0．01],术后疼痛减轻[（3．1±3．0）分比（5．2±3．2）分,P〈0．05）]。ERAS组术后1d血糖和胰岛素抵抗水平较传统组降低[（6．7±1．1）mmol／L比（9．8±1．7）mmol／L,（d．0±7．5）比（9．5±2．2）,均P〈0．05]。ERAS组和传统组术后总体并发症发生率为4．5％和4．7％,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．46,P〉0．05）。结论对腹腔镜胃间质瘤手术患者在围手术期应用ERAS理念可以促进术后康复,明显缩短患者住院时间。     

术后早期经口进食对结直肠癌术后体液免疫功能的影响

目的探讨术后12h内经口进食对结直肠癌患者术后临床结局及体液免疫的影响。方法前瞻性人组中山大学附属第一医院2008年5—12月间拟行限期根治性手术的70例结直肠癌患者,按随机数字表法分为早期进食组（术后12h内开始进食）和传统进食组（术后肛门排气后开始进食）,每组35例。比较两组患者术后临床指标及体液免疫指标。结果62例患者完成试验,其中早期进食组32例,传统进食组30例。早期进食组较传统进食组患者术后排气时间[（21）d比（4±2）d,P〈0．01]、排粪时间[（3．8±1．6）d比（6．4±2．5）d,P〈0．01]、半流饮食时间[（4±2）d比（8．2±2．2）d,P〈0．01]和术后住院时间[（6±1）d比（11．7±3．8）d,P〈0．01]均明显缩短。术后两组患者各项体液免疫指标均明显下降,之后逐渐回升,但早期进食组恢复速度快于传统饮食组,至术后第3天,早期进食组较传统进食组患者球蛋白[（24．1±2．4）g／L比（22．1±3．3）g／L,P〈0．05]、免疫球蛋白G[（10．8±2．4）g／L比（8．7±2．1）g／L,P〈0．01）和补体C4[（0．24±0．09）g／L比（0．17±0．05）g／L,P〈0．05]水平明显增高。结论术后12h内经口进食应用于限期结直肠癌手术患者安全有效,有助于加快术后肠道功能恢复,缩短术后住院时间,并促进术后体液免疫功能的恢复。     

术前肠内营养支持应用于伴营养风险胃癌患者的临床观察

目的评价术前肠内营养支持应用于伴营养风险胃癌患者的临床疗效和安全性。方法前瞻性入组2012年5—10月间四川大学华西医院收治的60例伴营养风险的胃癌患者,按随机数字表法分为试验组（30例）和对照组（30例）。试验组以安素作为肠内营养制剂,术前连续服用10d,对照组进食等热量等氮的匀浆膳。检测患者入院时、术前1d和术后3d营养相关指标及肝肾功能指标,并记录恶心、呕吐等围手术期不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者入院时基线水平一致（均P〉0．05）。术后3d,试验组较对照组患者血清白蛋白[（33．9±5．6）g／L比（31．0±5．3）g／L,P〈O．05]和血红蛋白水平[（103．4±7．7）g／L比（96．6±10．5）g／L,P〈0．01]均明显升高;而体质量指数、淋巴细胞计数、血糖浓度、血钾、血钠及肝、肾功能指标两组差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。两组各有2例患者出现恶心症状．各有1例出现呕吐症状,试验组患者未出现肠内营养相关的严重不良临床事件。结论术前肠内营养支持应用于伴营养风险胃癌患者疗效显著,安全性高,是临床纠正营养风险的合理选择。     

改良腹腔镜胃旁路术治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效

目的探讨改良腹腔镜胃旁路术治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法前瞻性分析2012年1月至10月第四军医大学西京医院收治的30例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料。依据患者住院号将30例患者分为常规手术组（15例）,施行常规腹腔镜胃旁路术;改良手术组（15例）,施行改良腹腔镜胃旁路术。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、术后严重并发症、术后3个月BMI、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹血清胰岛素（Fins）、空腹血清C肽（FC—P）和糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）的差异,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用Fisher确切概率法检验。结果常规手术组和改良手术组患者手术时间分别为（141±22）min和（113±26）rain,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（t=3．184,P〈0．05）。常规手术组和改良手术组患者术中出血量、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间及术后3个月BMI、FPG、Fins、FC—P和HbAlc分另1为（65±29）ml、（2．5±1．2）d、（7．5±2．1）d、（27±4）kg／m2、（6．7±1．5）mmol／L、（18±8）mU／L、（2．0±0．6）斗∥L、5．8％±1．5％和（57±25）ml、（2．1±1．0）d、（7．1±1．9）d、（28±4）kg／m。、（6．4±2．0）mmol／L、（17±6）mU／L、（1．9±0．6）¨g／L、6．1％±1．4％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0．809,0．992,0．545,0．485,0．463,0．523,0．130,0．572,P〉0．05）。常规手术组患者术前BMI、FPG、Fins、FC—P和HbAlc分别为（31±4）kg／m。、（11．3±2．3）mmol／L、（13±4）mU／L、（1．4±0．5）μg/L和8．6％±1．0％,与术后3个月相应指标比较,差异有统计学意义（t=2．304,6．615,3．109,2．920,5．997,P〈0．05）。改良手术组患者术前BMI、FPG、Fins、FC—P和HbAlc分别为（31±4）kg／ITI。、（11．9±2．4）mmol／L、（12±5）mU／L、（1．4±0．6）μg/L和8．9％±0．9％,与术后3个月相应指标比较,差异有统计学意义（t=2．165,6．711,2．616,2．478,6．571,P〈0．05）。结论改良腹腔镜胃旁路术的安全性、治疗2型糖尿病的近期疗效与常规腹腔镜胃旁路术相当,但能明显缩短手术时间。     

术前营养风险筛查对结直肠癌患者围手术期营养支持治疗的临床意义

目的探讨术前营养风险筛查对结直肠癌患者围手术期营养支持的指导作用,为临床合理开展营养支持提供依据。方法参照营养风险筛查方法2002（NRS2002）。对2009年3月至2010年3月间在无锡市第四人民医院、同济大学附属同济医院及苏州大学附属第二医院住院治疗的290例结直肠癌患者进行术前营养风险评估。并根据评估结果比较术前接受与未接受营养支持患者术后肠功能恢复情况及相关营养指标。结果营养风险筛查结果显示,110例结直肠癌患者术前存在营养风险,其中65例实施了营养支持,其临床结局均明显优于未接受营养支持的45例患者[术后排气时间（2．3±0．5）d比（3．3±0．5）d、排粪时间（3．5±0．5）d比（4．6±0．6）d、恢复半流饮食时间（10．1±1．2）d比（12．4±2．2）d和术后住院时间（15．7±1．1）d比（18．8±1．4）d,均P〈0．05];其术后第7天营养指标也优于未接受营养支持者[血清白蛋白（33．2±4．5）g／L比（26．0±4．0）g／L、前白蛋白（0．28±0．05）g／L比（0．16±0．04）g／L和转铁蛋白（1．92±0．33）g／L比（1．75±0．45）g／L,均P〈0．05]。但对于180例经营养风险筛查术前无营养风险患者,术前是否接受营养支持其上述临床结局及营养指标的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论对于术前营养风险筛查提示存在营养风险的结直肠癌患者,术前应积极予以营养支持;但对于无营养风险者,围手术期的营养支持或并不必要。     

术中腹腔灌注化疗及术后营养支持对进展期胃癌术后肠黏膜屏障功能及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨术中腹腔灌注化疗（HIIC）及术后营养支持对进展期胃癌患者肠黏膜通透性和免疫功能的影响。方法将2007年12月至2008年12月间江苏省肿瘤医院胃肿瘤诊疗中心收治的65例进展期胃癌,患者按随机数字表法随机分为EN组（术后早期肠内营养,20例）、HIIC加EN组（HIIC加术后早期肠内营养．22例）和HIIC加PN组（HIIC加术后肠外营养,23例）。分别于术前1d及术后3、7、12d,应用高效液相色谱检测其尿L／M比值,应用流式细胞术检测外周血CD4＋、CD8＋和自然杀伤（NK）细胞比例及CD4／CD8细胞比值。结果术前1d,EN组、HIIC加EN组和HIIC加PN组患者L／M值分别为0．0280＋0．0183、0．0305＋0．0208和0．0298±0．0229;术后3d,3N患者L／M值均明显升高（0．1235±0．0611、0．1648±0．0571和0．1702±0．0628）,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中HIIC加EN组和HIIC加PN组明显高于EN组（P〈0．05）;之后,3组L／M值均开始回落．至术后12d,EN组（0．0278±0．0217）和HIIC加EN组（0．0336±0．0235）L／M值已回落至术前水平（均P〉0．05）。而HIIC加PN组（0．0616±0．0430）仍明显高于术前水平及其他两组（均P〈0．05）。与术前1d相比,术后12dEN组和HIIC加EN组患者CD4＋细胞比例、CD4／CD8比值均明显升高（均P〈0．05）;且HIIC加EN组和HIIC加PN组CD4＋细胞比例显著低于EN组（均P〈0．05）。结论HIIC会加重进展期胃癌患者术后肠黏膜通透性的损伤,并一定程度地抑制细胞免疫功能：而术后早期肠内营养支持能够改善HIIC引起的肠黏膜通透性损害。     

腹腔镜与开腹进展期胃癌D2根治术的临床对照研究

目的探讨对进展期胃癌患者进行腹腔镜D2根治性手术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2010年12月间在苏北人民医院接受腹腔镜下根治性切除术的210例进展期胃癌患者（腹腔镜组）的临床资料,并与同期行开腹胃癌根治术的180例进展期胃癌患者（开腹组）的临床资料进行比较分析。结果腹腔镜组有206例患者完成胃癌D2根治术,4例（1．9％）中转开腹。与开腹组相比。腹腔镜组患者术中出血量更少[（208±38）mltL（300±52）ml,P〈0．05],术后胃肠功能恢复更快[（2．9±0．7）d比（3．9±1．8）d,P〈0．05],术后住院时间更短[（12．8±6．2）d比（15．6±6．8）d,P〈0．05],但手术时间长[（258±42）min比（193±30）min,P〈0．05]。腹腔镜组和开腹组患者淋巴结清扫数目分别为（20．5±1．9）枚／例和（25．8±1．5）枚／例,术后并发症发生率分别为8．1％（17／201）比8．5％（15／180）．差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。两组患者术后复发转移率分别为2．9％（6／210）比2．8％（5／180）,3年生存率分别为35．6％和37．8％,差异也均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜下胃癌根治术安全、可行,与开腹手术具有相当的淋巴结清扫范围和远期生存。     

丹参预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注后胃肠激素的影响

目的探讨丹参预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注后胃肠激素的影响。方法前瞻性研究2010年5月至2012年5月广州军区武汉总医院收治的32例肝病患者,对所有患者行肝部分切除术,术中行第一肝门阻断。按随机数字表法将32例患者分为2组：缺血再灌注组（IR组,15例）和丹参预处理组（SM组,17例）,两组患者均在术中行肝部分切除,以P6ngle法行第一肝门阻断约15～20min,IR组术前3d给予30mL／d生理盐水静脉滴注,SM组术前3d给予丹参注射液30mL／d静脉滴注;12例开腹手术而未行肝门阻断者作为阴性对照组（s0组）;5例健康志愿者作为正常对照组（CO组）。分别测定各组胃动素、胆囊收缩素、血管活性肠肽、胰泌素水平变化情况。多组比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD—t检验。结果c0组胃动素水平为（347±14）μg/L,SO组术后24、48、72h胃动素水平分别为（324±13）μg/L、（345±12）μg/L和（345±13）μg/L,IR组分别为（307±10）μg/L、（316±9）μg/L和（338±13）μg/L,SM组分别为（313±7）μg/L、（337±12）μg/L和（345±12）μg/L。s0组术后24h胃动素水平显著低于c0组（t=5．25,P〈0．05）;IR组术后24、48、72h胃动素水平显著低于同时相点sO组（t=10．05,8．09,2．07,P〈0．05）;SM组胃动素表达水平在术后24、48h显著低于SO组（t=9．83,2．28,P〈0．05）,但是至术后72h与S0组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0．36,P〉0．05）;SM组胃动素表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著高于IR组（t=3．80,7．10,2．35,P〈0．05）。CO组胆囊收缩素水平为（2．53±0．06）μg/L,SO组24、48、72h胆囊收缩素水平分别为（3．28±0．09）μg/L、（2．52±0．09）μg/L和（2．54±0．16）μg/L,IR组分别为（4．34±0．21）μg/L、（3．63±0．31）μg/L和（3．25±0．09）μg/L,SM组分别为（3．71±0．28）μg/L、（3．28±0．11）μg/L和（2．53±0．09）μg/L。SO组术后24h胆囊收缩素水平显著高于c0组（t=4．33,P〈0．05）;IR组术后24、48、72h胆囊收缩素水平显著高于同时相点的s0组（t=9．32,5．37,2．16,P〈0．05）;SM组胆囊收缩素表达水平在术后24、48h显著高于s0组（t=7．21,3．42,P〈0．05）,但是至术后72h与S0组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0．29,P〉0．05）。SM组胆囊收缩素表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著低于IR组（t=5．62,4．63,3．57,P〈0．05）。CO组血管活性肠肽水平为（11．8±1．6）μg/L,SO组术后24、48、72h血管活性肠肽水平分别为（21．5±3．8）μg/L、（12．2±1．6）μg/L和（11．9±1．7）μg/L,IR组分别为（29．7±4．1）μg/L、（22．9±4．2）μg/L和（18．8±2．8）μg/L,SM组分别为（22．4±4．1）μg/L、（16．4±2．3）μg/L和（12．1±1。6）彬L。s0组术后24h血管活性肠肽水平显著高于C0组（t=3．59,P〈0．05）;IR组患者血管活性肠肽表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著高于同时相点S0组（t=6．35,3．22,2．36,P〈0．05）。SM组患者血管活性肠肽表达水平在术后24、48h显著高于s0组（t=5．04,2．33,P〈0．05）,但是至术后72h与s0组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0．18,P〉0．05）。SM组患者血管活性肠肽表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著低于IR组（t=4．27,3．87,2．45,P〈0．05）。CO组胰泌素水平为（75±5）μg/L,SO组术后24、48、72h胰泌素水平分别为（98±6）μg/L、（76±4）μg/L和（76±4）μg/L,IR组分别为（129±6）μg/L、（102±8）μg/L和（89±6）μg/L,sM组分别为（104±8）μg/L、（90±6）μg/L和（74±4）μg/L。S0组术后24h胰泌素水平显著高于CO组（t=3．27,P〈0．05）;IR组患者胰泌素表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著高于同时相点s0组（t=5．20,2．94,1．77,P〈0．05）。SM组患者胰泌素表达水平在术后24、48h显著高于s0组（t=4．16,2．54,P〈0．05）,但是至术后72h与SO组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0．23,P〉0．05）。SM组患者胰泌素表达水平在术后24、48、72h显著低于IR组（t=5．13,4．32,2．87,P〈0．05）。结论肝门阻断所致胃肠道淤血可导致同期胃动素表达下调,胆囊收缩素、血管活性肠肽、胰泌素表达上升;丹参可能通过改善微循环、减轻胃肠道水肿,改善胃肠运动功能,间接影响胃肠激素的分泌表达。     

HIV感染者围手术期营养支持治疗

目的探讨营养不良HIV感染者围手术期营养支持治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2008年10月至2012年2月上海市公共卫生临床中心外科手术治疗的283例HIV感染者的临床资料。283例中营养不良者35例,排除7例因急诊手术未进行术前营养支持治疗,共28例患者纳入研究;营养正常者248例。营养不良患者术前5—7d给予营养支持,术后所有患者给予营养支持。对营养不良患者免疫功能、营养状况、手术切口感染、术后脓毒症和围手术期病死率进行分析。计量资料采用配对t检验,计数资料采用列联表,检验。结果营养不良患者经过术前营养支持治疗后,CD4、CD8、Hb分别为（205±24）×10。个／L、（559±55）×10。个／L、（103±24）g／L,明显高于未治疗前的（150±33）×10。个／L、（491±45）×10。个／L、（97±19）g／L（t=-2．561,-1．302,-1．349,P〈0．05）;手术治疗第14天复查上述指标分别为（197±43）×10。个／L、（547±52）×10。个／L、（103±22）g／L,较术前营养支持治疗后略有下降,但差异无统计学意义（t=-1．108,0．600,-0．148,P〉0．05）。营养不良患者手术切口感染率为42．9％（12／28）,低于营养正常患者的45．2％（112／248）,但两者比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。营养不良患者术后脓毒血症发生率和围手术期病死率分别为75．0％（21／28）和3．6％（1／28）,明显高于营养正常患者的32．7％（81／248）和0．8％（2／248）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论HIV感染者在围手术期进行合理的营养支持治疗在-定程度上能够提高患者的免疫能力。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.