高效液相色谱法测定小儿清咽冲剂中牛蒡苷的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定小儿清咽冲剂中牛蒡苷的含量.色谱柱Agilent ExtendODS C18;流动相乙腈-水(2377);流速1.0ml·min-1 ;检测波长280nm;进样量20μl.牛蒡苷在25～250μg·ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积积分值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999);平均回收率为100.03﹪,RSD=0.1﹪(n=6).本方法简便、准确、重现性好.     

HPLC法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中盐酸二氧丙嗪的含量及含量均匀度

目的建立用HPLC法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中盐酸二氧丙嗪的含量及含量均匀度的方法。方法采用C18柱,以0.05mol·L-1醋酸铵溶液-甲醇(60∶40)为流动相;流速为1.0ml·min-1;检测波长328nm。结果盐酸二氧丙嗪在2.01μg·ml-1-50.27μg·ml-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=1.68%(n=5)。结论方法简便,结果准确,可作为本品质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定增液承气口服液中5种蒽醌类衍生物的含量

目的:建立测定增液承气口服液中5种蒽醌类衍生物(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚)含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为EclipseXDBC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(88:12),检测波长为254nm,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚5种成分进样量分别在0.067～0.335μg(r=0.9996)、0.070～0.351μg(r=0.9998)、0.068～0.341μg(r=0.9999)、0.070～0.348μg(r=0.9999)、0.038～0.191μg(r=0.9997)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为97.88%(RSD=0.72%,n=9)、97.52%(RSD=0.96%,n=9)、98.79%(RSD=0.95%,n=9)、97.77%(RSD=1.18%,n=9)、96.34%(RSD=2.00%,n=9)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于增液承气口服液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定通经甘露丸中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚含量

目的建立测定通经甘露丸中大黄素、大黄酚及大黄酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用DiamonsilC18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（85：15）,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长254nm。结果大黄酸进样量在0.0924～0.2464μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均加样回收率为98.45%,RSD为0.82%（n=6）;大黄素进样量在0.0576～0.1536μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均加样回收率为98.76%,RSD为1.15%（n=6）;大黄酚进样量在0.1397～0.3725μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均加样回收率为99.03%,RSD为0.91%（n=6）。结论高效液相色谱法操作简便,结果准确,重现性好,适用于通经甘露丸中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量测定。     

清肝解毒胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立清肝解毒胶囊的质量标准。方法对清肝解毒胶囊中的黄芪、大黄、赤芍和柴胡采用薄层色谱法定性鉴别;对清肝解毒胶囊中蒽醌类成分的含量采用高效液相色谱法测定,以大黄素、大黄酸和大黄酚进行总量计算。结果薄层鉴别项斑点清晰,分离度较好,阴性无干扰。大黄素峰面积在2.864~143.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7);大黄酸峰面积在3.544~177.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8,n=7);大黄酚峰面积在3.984~199.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7)。大黄酸的平均加样回收率达99.0%,RSD为1.42%;大黄素的平均加样回收率达99.5%,RSD为0.88%;大黄酚的平均加样回收率达101.9%,RSD为1.99%。结论该方法专属性强、稳定性好、重复性好、加样回收符合含量测定要求。     

HPLC法测定复方甘草片中吗啡的含量

目的:建立用HPLC法测定复方甘草片中吗啡含量的方法。方法:采用硅胶柱,以水-乙腈-甲酸(85∶15∶0.05)为流动相;流速为0.7ml·min-1;检测波长220nm。结果:吗啡在4.148μg·ml-1-37.332μg·ml-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.6%,RSD=1.75%(n=5)。结论:方法简便,重现性好,可作为本品质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定肿痛外擦酊中大黄酸、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的含量

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定肿痛外擦酊中大黄酸、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的含量.方法 采用Welch Ultimate XB-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相进行等梯度洗脱(0~6.5min,72%A;6.5~20min,92%A;22.5~24min,72%A),柱温30℃,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长221nm,进样量20μL.结果 大黄酸、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚5个成分浓度分别在19.6~392.0μg·mL-1(r=1.0000)、10.80~215.9μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、19.98~399.5μg·mL-1(r=1.0000)、10.56~211.3μg·mL-1(r=1.0000)、20.63~412.6μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)的范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系;方法平均回收率(n=9)分别为100.0%,100.2%,100.2%,100.1%,99.9%.结论 所建立的高效液相色谱测定方法简便、准确,重现性好,专属性强,可用于肿痛外擦酊的含量测定及质量控制.     

HPLC法测定如意金黄散中5种活性成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定如意金黄散中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Shimadzu C18柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为254nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为20μL。结果:5种成分的进样量分别在0.042～0.672μg(r=0.9994)、0.1676～2.6816μg(r=0.9999)、0.084～1.344μg(r=0.9996)、0.0926～1.4816μg(r=0.9998)和0.1744～2.7904μg(r=0.9991)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为97.95%(RSD=0.88%)、97.59%(RSD=1.20%)、98.25%(RSD=1.79%)、97.93%(RSD=0.57%)和98.03%(RSD=1.33%)。结论:本方法简便、准确,可同时测定如意金黄散中5种活性成分的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定黄角愈风糖浆中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的:建立黄角愈风糖浆中大黄素和大黄酚含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法:依利特Hypersil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸(80∶20),流速1mL.min-1,检测波长254 nm,理论板数以大黄素峰计算不得低于2 000。结果:在0.078 32～0.783 2μg范围内,大黄素的进样量与吸收峰积分值呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,加样回收率为102.1%,RSD为2.63%(n=6);在0.118 3～2.956 8μg范围内,大黄酚的进样量与吸收峰积分值呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,加样回收率为99.40%,RSD为0.53%(n=6)。结论:此法简便、专属性强、重复性好,结果可靠,可用于黄角愈风糖浆的质量控制。     

微乳液相色谱法同时测定大黄中5种蒽醌类衍生物的含量

目的:建立同时测定大黄中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的方法。方法:采用微乳液相色谱法。以微乳为流动相,通过对影响分离度和保留时间的因素进行考察,优化最佳微乳体系组成为2.5%(W/V)十二烷基硫酸钠-0.1%(V/V)正辛烷-8.0%(V/V)正丁醇-0.5%(V/V)三乙胺(磷酸调pH值至3.0);色谱柱为HypersilODS2(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),柱温为28℃,流速为1mL·min-1,检测波长为254nm。结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的进样浓度线性范围分别为4.7～47.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、5.1～51.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、5.5～55.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、6.3～63.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和0.4～40.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9987);五者平均加样回收率分别为98.67%、97.53%、101.37%、99.34%和99.52%,RSD(n=6)分别为0.31%、0.38%、0.49%、0.53%和0.87%。结论:本方法简便、准确,可用于大黄中5种蒽醌类衍生物的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.