基于循证的标准化喂养方案可以帮助极早产儿/极低出生体重儿尽早达到全肠道喂养北大核心CSCD

目的探讨实施基于循证的标准化喂养方案能否促进极早产儿/极低出生体重儿全胃肠道营养建立及其对早期临床结局的影响。方法回顾性纳入胎龄≤32周或出生体重<1500g的早产儿312例为研究对象。根据2020年5月实施早产儿标准化喂养方案前后1年时间将患儿分为对照组(2019年5月1日至2020年4月30日,n=160)和试验组(2020年6月1日至2021年5月31日,n=152),比较两组患儿达到全肠道喂养时间、开始肠内喂养时间、静脉营养持续时间、恢复至出生体重时间、中心静脉留置时间的差异及相关早产儿常见合并症发生率。结果试验组达到全肠道喂养时间、肠内喂养开始时间、静脉营养持续时间和中心静脉留置时间均较对照组明显缩短,中心导管相关性血流感染率较对照组明显降低(p<0.05),但Ⅱ~Ⅲ期新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎等早产儿常见合并症的发生率及病死率在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论实施早产儿标准化喂养方案可以帮助极早产儿/极低出生体重儿更快建立全肠道喂养,减少静脉营养使用,降低中心导管相关性血流感染,而不增加新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎风险。     

Persistently low blood retinol levels during and after parenteral feeding of very low birth weight infants: examination of losses into intravenous administration sets and a method of prevention by addition to a lipid emulsion

Very low birth weight infants have little storage of hepatic retinol and are, therefore, highly dependent upon an exogenous supply. The recent association between low serum retinol level and bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the persistently low serum levels of retinol during total parenteral nutrition prompted a prospective study to evaluate serial changes in serum retinol levels during 1 month of total parenteral nutrition (retinol dose 455 micrograms/d) and again during 1 month of total enteral feeding (retinol dose 200 to 300 micrograms/d) in the same infants. Infants were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of infants weighing less than 1,000 g (n = 24) and group 2 consisted of infants weighing 1,000 to 1,500 g (n = 17). Although initial mean levels of retinol were similar in both groups (14.8 +/- 0.9 and 13.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/dL), there was wide variation between infants. In group 1 infants, there was a significant (P less than .01) decline in retinol level by the second week of life (to 9.2 +/- 1 micrograms/dL), which persisted during total parenteral nutrition, but increased to 13.4 +/- 2 after 1 week of enteral feeding. This level was maintained throughout enteral feeding. In group 2 infants, there was no significant change in serum retinol level throughout the study. During total parenteral nutrition, several infants had retinol levels below 10 micrograms/dL, a level associated with signs of retinol deficiency in older children. Because losses of retinol are known to occur in smaller volume total parenteral nutrition solutions, it was speculated that losses of retinol in our patients were due to retinol losses in the total parenteral nutrition delivery system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

静脉补充谷氨酰胺对外科手术新生儿喂养耐受的影响

目的 评价含丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gin)肠外营养(PN)对接受外科手术新生儿喂养耐受的影响.方法 对两家儿童医疗中心2006年1月至2007年1月收治的40例接受外科手术的新生儿进行研究,采用平行、随机、双盲、对照实验,随机分为常规PN组(对照组)和常规PN+Ala-Gln组(研究组),二组各20例,对照组氨基酸的剂量为2～3g·kg-1·d-1;研究组添加0.3g·kg-1·d-1 Ala-Gln双肽,其中Ala-Gln双肽取代了处方中相应氨基酸的量.首要终点指标为术后开始喂养时间,术后达到全肠内喂养天数(标准配方摄入量≥120 ml·kg-1·d-1)、完全脱离肠外营养时间和病死率.结果 研究组和对照组比较,患儿术后开始喂养时间[研究组(8±4)d,对照组(8±5)d]、术后达到全肠内喂养天数[研究组(14±8)次,对照组(15±7)次]以及完全脱离肠外营养时间[研究组(15±8)d,对照组(16±7)d]差异均无统计学意义.对照组有3例死亡,研究组患儿无死亡,病死率通过非意向性分析,二组比较差异有统计学意义,OR值为0.789,95%CI为0.626～0.996.但是通过意向性分析,OR值为0.706,95%CI为0.136～3.658,病死率比较差异没有统计学意义.结论 本研究显示,静脉补充谷氨酰胺未能使接受外科手术的新生儿减少术后开始喂养时间和术后达到全肠内喂养天数,缩短全肠外营养应用时间;但关于是否能够降低患儿病死率,通过意向性分析和非意向性分析的结果有差异,尚需进一步研究.     

Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in preterm infants: a pilot study for the prevention of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition

In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was evaluated in preterm infants, in terms of its potential impact on fat absorption, advancement of enteral feeding, development of cholestasis, growth, nutritional status, and metabolic status. Although fecal fat excretion slightly decreased and achievement of full enteral feeding was earlier in the UDCA group, these differences were not significant. Interestingly, whereas serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity increased during the parenteral nutrition period in the placebo group, we observed a constant and significant decrease in the UDCA group. This observation warrants further investigation to determine the utility of prophylactic UDCA in preventing cholestasis in infants with prolonged parenteral nutrition.     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

Effect of early low-volume enteral substrate on subsequent feeding tolerance in very low birth weight infants

To determine the effect of small enteral feedings on small bowel function, 46 infants with birth weight less than 1500 g, selected on the basis of risk factors for feeding intolerance, were assigned randomly to one of two feeding groups. Group 1 received low-volume enteral feeds (12 ml/kg/day) in addition to parenteral alimentation for 10 days beginning on day 8 of life; group 2 received parenteral alimentation alone until day 18 of life. After this trial period feedings were increased by 15 ml/kg/day in all infants. Four infants (9%) developed necrotizing enterocolitis (one prior to any feeds, two in group 1, and one in group 2); two others were dropped from the study for reasons unrelated to feeding. The remaining 18 infants in group 1 had improved feeding tolerance compared with the 22 in group 2, as manifested by fewer days that gastric residuum totalled more than 10% of feedings (1.3 +/- 0.5 days vs 3.2 +/- 0.6 days, respectively, p less than 0.05) and fewer days that feedings were discontinued because of feeding intolerance (2.7 +/- 0.8 days vs 5.5 +/- 0.9 days, respectively, p less than 0.05). Consequently, 17 of 18 (94%) infants who had received the early low-volume enteral feedings achieved an enteral intake of 120 kcal/kg/day by 6 weeks of life, whereas only 14 of 22 (64%) infants in the delayed feeding group reached this intake (p less than 0.05). Peak total serum bilirubin concentrations were comparable in the two groups. The initiation of hypocaloric enteral substrate as an adjunct to parenteral nutrition improved subsequent feeding tolerance in sick infants with very low birth weight.     

The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis versus achieving optimal growth in preterm infants--an opinion

Very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants suffer marked growth delay despite well-intentioned efforts at combining enteral and parenteral nutrition. Fear of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has traditionally influenced neonatologists toward delaying and progressing slowly with enteral feeding, while supporting the infant with parenteral nutrition. Current evidence suggests significant benefits of enteral feeding that is started early and advanced at rates of 20-35 ml/kg/d. Conclusion: We conclude that fear of inadequate growth should replace the fear of NEC in guiding nutritional strategies for these infants.     

积极肠外营养支持方案在胎龄<34周早产儿中的应用

目的 探讨积极肠外营养支持方案(高初始剂量氨基酸和脂肪乳)在胎龄<34周早产儿肠外营养中的近期疗效及耐受情况.方法 根据早期应用氨基酸和脂肪乳剂量不同,将2019年5月至2019年12月收治,生后24小时内入院、胎龄<34周138例早产儿随机分2组.积极肠外营养组69例,氨基酸自2.5 g/(kg·d)始,逐日增加1....     

极低出生体重儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积高危因素分析

目的：胆汁淤积是婴儿肠外营养最常见的并发症,本研究旨在调查极低出生体重儿长期肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的高危因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年12月在重症监护室住院且肠外营养时间大于2周的极低出生体重儿204例,使用营养液前后定期检测肝功能,发生胆汁淤积的观察组和未发生胆汁淤积的对照组进行单因素及多因素分析。结果：204例极低出生体重儿发生胆汁淤积46例（22.5%）;单因素分析显示经鼻持续正压通气（CPAP）、呼吸衰竭、呼吸窘迫综合征、支气管肺发育不良及早产儿视网膜病在观察组的比例明显高于对照组;另外,与对照组相比,观察组出生体重低、吸氧时间长、第一次开奶时间晚、禁食时间长、肠外营养持续时间长、总氨基酸和总脂肪的摄入量高。Logistic回归分析显示禁食时间（OR:1.115,95%CI： 1.031~1.207）是胆汁淤积的高危因素。结论：胆汁淤积的发生是多因素的,危重儿尽早开展肠内营养,减少肠外营养时间,降低胆汁淤积的发生。     

早产儿血中胃动素水平对其胃肠道营养影响的研究

目的　探讨早产儿生后血中胃动素水平的变化及其对胃肠道营养的影响。方法　对72例早产儿应用放射免疫法监测其生后 12h内开奶前及第 3、7天空腹血中胃动素浓度 ;并以 16例正常足月新生儿作为对照。结果　 (1)早产儿组生后开奶前及第 3、7天空腹血中胃动素浓度分别为198 65± 5 8 42ng/L、2 48 83± 5 6 0 0ng/L、3 76 77± 13 9 46ng/L ,明显低于足月对照组的 3 0 0 3 3± 67 15ng/L、3 3 4 2 6± 83 81ng/L、5 10 64± 179 85ng/L(P <0 0 0 1及P <0 0 1) ;但随胎龄、日龄、奶量增加而升高 ,呈正相关 ;第 7天时已超过足月对照组生后开奶前水平。 (2 )喂养不耐受组早产儿生后空腹血中胃动素浓度均较喂养正常组低 ,尤以生后第 3天为显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(3 )早期喂养能改善早产儿胃动素水平和胃肠道动力 ,提高肠道喂养的耐受性。结论　早产儿消化道机能能适应胃肠道营养 ,早期喂养 (含微量喂养和非营养性吸吮 )可刺激其胃肠道出现迅速的适应性生长发育     

部分胃肠外营养在早产儿的临床应用

目的探讨早产儿胃肠外营养对血浆渗透压、血糖、生化及胆红素代谢、免疫功能、生长发育的影响。方法早产儿70例随机分为对照组和治疗组,在胃肠道喂养的基础上治疗组予静脉营养,对照组静滴10%葡萄糖、生理盐水和电解质;对两组进行有关指标监测。结果1.应用静脉营养后早产儿血浆渗透压、血糖、生化与输注前无显著性差异;2.两组黄疸出现时间、持续天数无显著性差异;3.治疗组血浆IgGI、gAI、gM、C3、CD4及CD4/CD8均高于对照组;4.治疗组出生体质量恢复时间、住院天数和体质量增长均优于对照组。结论胃肠外营养对血浆渗透压、生化、血糖及胆红素代谢无影响,胃肠外营养能促进早产儿体质量增长,缩短住院天数和能促进免疫功能。     

早期营养不足与支气管肺发育不良风险的Meta分析

目的 系统分析早期营养摄入与支气管肺发育不良(BPD)风险的相关性.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库,检索有关早期营养摄入与BPD相关的观察性研究,采用RevMan 5.3统计软件对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入8项研究...     

Are the stool characteristics of preterm infants affected by infant formulas?

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the type of formula consumed and the stool characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of preterm infants prospectively. Seventy-five preterm infants weighing < 2000 g in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were investigated. Four groups of 15 each were fed one of four commercial formula preparations (Prematil, Neonatal, Humana-0 and S-26) and the fifth group was breast-fed in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. The stool characteristics and gastrointestinal problems were recorded daily from the first day till the time they were discharged by the nurses of NICU. No significant differences of daily weight gain was observed between the groups. No significant difference was observed in daily frequency of stool, distention, vomiting and gas passage between the groups during the enteral + parenteral and full-enteral nutrition periods. The infants fed by Prematil during the enteral + parenteral nutrition period had a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence than infants receiving Humana-0 and breast milk. In the full-enteral nutrition period, infants receiving Prematil had a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence than all the other groups, whereas breast-fed infants had a lower percentage of hard stool than all the other groups. While the group fed with Humana-0 had a higher percentage of green stool occurrence in the enteral + parenteral nutrition period, no significant difference was observed in the full-enteral nutrition period. In the enteral + parenteral nutrition period no additional therapy affected stool characteristics or the gastrointestinal system except in the case of the infant receiving phototherapy for whom the daily number of detections was significantly high. In this study, it was shown that the color and consistency of stool in preterm infant differs according to the preterm infant formulas, but no differences were observed in the frequency of defecation or in gastrointestinal system problems. When the infant formulas were compared with breast milk, it was shown that they cause a higher percentage of hard stool occurrence. An increased number of formula feedings are necessary to obtain a similar daily weight gain, but the color and the frequency of the stool and the gastrointestinal system problems were similar for breast-fed and formula-fed infants.     

Enterale Ernährung von Frühgeborenen

To a large extent postnatal growth failure is caused by inadequate postnatal nutrition. Postnatal growth failure is associated with poor brain growth, low IQ, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Growth failure is a marker of poor neurocognitive outcome. Owing to safety concerns, parenteral nutrition is started too late and advanced too slowly, and enteral nutrition is started too late, withheld too often and advanced too slowly. The immediate postnatal priority is to reestablish the fetal condition of full parenteral nutrition as fast as possible and gradually introduce enteral nutrition. In the present paper early enteral feeding of preterm infants is reviewed with especial reference to nutritional needs, markers of early feeding tolerance, feeding techniques and supplementation of feeds.     

Frühzeitige enterale Ernährung bei sehr kleinen Frühgeborenen ist nicht mit nekrotisierender Enterokolitis assoziiert

Objective is to examine the evidence from randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials regarding the effect of early enteral feeding advancement in very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Searches were performed from Medline, as well as studies identified from abstracts, conference proceedings and references from relevant publications were retrieved. There was no evidence of an effect of early enteral feeding on the NEC incidence in VLBW infants on full parenteral nutrition. Among infants randomized to more rapid rates of early enteral feeding advancement again there was no effect on NEC. Small sample sizes, methodological limitations, different birth weight ranges, and different rates of early enteral feeding advancement do not allow to recommend one best feeding protocol for VLBW infants. There are suggested advantages of more rapid early enteral feeding advancement (overall reduction in days to achieve full enteral feeding and days to regain birth weight), however, the information regarding safety is limited (broad confidence intervals for the incidence of NEC).     

早产儿胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症临床研究

目的 探讨生后早期使用静脉营养的早产儿胆汁淤积症的临床特点,分析胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症(parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis,PNAC)的相关因素及防治措施.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年4月出生并在盛京医院住院治疗的早产儿,生后均早期使用静脉营养2周,后出现胆汁淤积,共89例,分为两组,PNAC组即符合PNAC诊断(未发现其他导致胆汁淤积原因)41例,多病因组(除胃肠外营养因素还有其他病因)48例.通过病例对照研究分析其临床特点.结果 早产儿胆汁淤积症的男女比例为2.18:1,平均胎龄(31.05 ±2.15)周,平均出生体重(1360.55±421.14)g,静脉营养平均使用时间为(26.22±9.78)d.PNAC组根据丙氨酸氨基转移酶是否升高又分为肝炎组与非肝炎组,两组在胎龄、静脉营养开始时间、生后黄疸出现时间、开奶时间、氨基酸起始剂量及脂肪乳最大剂量方面的差异均有统计学意义,(P＜0.05);根据胃肠外营养时间分为长期组(≥20d)与短期组(＜20 d),长期组的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素及胆汁酸水平均高于短期组,但P均≥0.05.多病因组患儿多合并感染,依次为细菌感染(75.0％)、真菌感染(20.83％)、巨细胞病毒感染(8.33％)和梅毒感染(2.08％)等.PNAC组和多病因组其他并发疾病的发生率差异无统计学意义.在预后方面,两组患儿经过保肝治疗后肝功能均较前明显好转,PNAC组的各项指标较多病因组降低更为显著(P＜0.05).结论 PNAC是早产儿胆汁淤积症发生的主要因素,PNAC早产儿肝损伤程度与胃肠外营养开始时间、使用时间、肠内喂养时间、氨基酸起始剂量及脂肪乳最大剂量有关.经保肝对症治疗后肝功能可以明显恢复,且效果优于多病因所致的胆汁淤积症.     

Minimal enteral feeding reduces the risk of sepsis in feed-intolerant very low birth weight newborns

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of minimal enteral feeding (MEF) nutritional practice in feed-intolerant very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Methods: A retrospective design using data reported in the clinical charts of VLBW newborns consecutively observed in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) that presents feed intolerance. During the study period, two feeding strategies were adopted: total parenteral nutrition (PN) (group 1) or PN plus MEF (group 2), for at least 24 h. Primary outcome was the time to reach full enteral feeding; secondary outcomes were the occurrence of sepsis, the time to regain birth weight, the length of hospitalization, the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Bell stage >II and death.
Results: In total, 102 newborns were evaluated: 51 in group 1, and 51 in group 2. Neonates in group 2 achieved full enteral nutrition earlier (8 days, interquartile range [IQR] 5) compared with subjects receiving total PN (11 days, IQR 5, p < 0.001). A reduction of sepsis episodes was observed in group 2 (15.7%) compared with group 1 (33.3%, p = 0.038). Additionally, subjects in group 2 regained their birth weight and were discharged earlier. The occurrence of NEC and death were similar in the two groups.
Conclusion: Minimal enteral feeding in very low birth weight infants presenting feed intolerance reduces the time to reach full enteral feeding and the risk of sepsis. This feeding practice does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and death.     

中美两家医院早产儿营养策略的对照研究

目的 对比中美两家医院的早产儿营养支持数据,以期找到差距及改善方法。方法 对2011年1 月至2012 年5 月北京协和医院儿科NICU（PUMCH 组）及2011 年1 月至2012 年1 月美国辛辛那提儿童医学中心辛辛那提大学医院NICU（CCHMC 组）收治的胎龄结果 PUMCH 组74 例、CCHMC 组82 例纳入研究。PUMCH 组胎龄和出生体重均显著大于CCHMC 组（PPPPPPP=0.018）。PUMCH 组败血症发生率显著高于CCHMC 组（32% vs 12%,P结论 PUMCH 组较CCHMC 组肠外营养时间延长、院内感染发生增加。需要推进强化母乳喂养、采取更积极的喂养方案以加快喂养进程。     

早期微量喂养对危重症新生儿胃肠道动力的影响

目的　在接受机械通气的新生儿中进行早期微量喂养 ,观察其对新生儿胃肠道动力的影响。方法　收集 1998年 9月至 1999年 2月间 ,机械通气的 13例患儿 ,分早期喂养组 (6例 )和常规喂养组 (7例 )。早期微量喂养组平均在生后 2 .5d开始开奶 (每 2小时 2ml/kg) ,常规喂养组为生后13 .6d ,两组均在生后第 3天开始静脉营养。当两组患儿病情稳定后 ,进行放射性核素胃食管显像和血胃泌素、胃动素测定。结果　早期微量喂养组的胃排空率 (32 .6± 12 .2 ) %快于常规喂养组 (16 .0± 5 .5 ) %、到达全量肠内营养时间为 (17.5± 8.0 )d对 (34.9± 17.7)d以及拔胃管时间 (12 .2± 8.3)d对 (31± 11.2 )d均明显缩短 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但两组在反流指数、血胃泌素、胃动素水平、恢复出生体重时间以及住院天数等方面差异不明显。结论　早期微量喂养能促进胃肠动力成熟 ,缩短到达全量肠内营养的时间并早日建立经口喂养 ,减少喂养困难的发生。     

短肠综合征的营养策略

短肠综合征是儿童肠衰竭的主要原因,由于手术切除、先天性缺陷或与疾病相关的吸收丧失引起,在常规正常饮食下无法维持蛋白质-能量、体液、电解质以及微量营养素的平衡,需要专门的营养治疗,治疗的目标是促进肠道适应以达到肠道自主,同时保持健康的生长和发育。营养治疗策略是异质的和复杂的,须量身定制。对肠外、肠内和口服营养的类型和持续时间尚无循证建议。提倡阶段化营养管理,肠外营养对于短肠综合征的婴儿和儿童的生存至关重要,谨慎的营养策略对于减少肠外营养持续时间以及降低肠外营养相关并发症发生的风险至关重要,鉴于肠道适应的需要,早期开始最低限度的喂养、根据肠道耐受性逐渐增加肠内营养的量、经口腔喂养以及多样化平衡饮食是必要的。母乳和混合饮食是不错的选择。