摆形矫治器用于安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错(牙合)畸形对上颌牙列和骨骼的影响

目的 采用摆形矫治器对上颌磨牙远中移动的同时,观察对上颌前牙及双尖牙的副影响。方法 在临床上收集12名患者,男4名,女8名,平均年龄11.1岁,患者均为安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错(牙合)畸形,非拔牙矫治,均使用摆形矫治器远中移动磨牙来纠正Ⅱ类磨牙关系为Ⅰ类磨牙关系,牙弓内获得足够的间隙。比较治疗前后的头影测量片。结果 上颌磨牙远中倾斜8.34°(SD=8.37°),远中移动3.37mm(SD=2.10mm);上颌切牙移动2.4mm(SD=4.57);(牙合)平面向前上倾斜1.09°(SD=1.76°);下面高(ANS-Me)增加2.79mm(SD=2.03mm)。结论对摆形矫治器远中移动磨牙的疗效是肯定的,但是在治疗过程中,支抗的丧失,上颌切牙的唇倾、前牙覆(牙合)覆盖增加以及下面高的增加是治疗的副影响,而且磨牙远中移动的过程中,伴有牙冠较大量的远中倾斜。因此,提醒临床医生在使用类似的矫治器时应慎重。     

改良摆形矫治器矫治安氏Ⅱ类错的临床研究

目的评价改良摆形矫治器远移磨牙效果及对牙颌面结构的影响。方法选择11例安氏Ⅱ类错、上牙弓中度以下拥挤患者,采用改良摆形矫治器远移磨牙获得间隙,每一病例在应用改良摆形矫治器前后进行头影测量分析。结果11例患者在9.4±1.7周内上第一磨牙3.76mm、上第二前磨牙1.65mm的远中移动,伴切牙2.37mm的近中移动,同时上第一磨牙、切牙倾斜移动,且上第一磨牙、上第二前磨牙和切牙治疗前后的位置变化在水平方向具有显著性差异,而在垂直方向的差异无显著性。结论改良摆形矫治器具有简便、前牙支抗丢失少的优点,可在临床中广泛应用。     

改良Distal-Jet矫治器推上颌磨牙向远中的应用

目的探讨改良Distal- Jet矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙的临床疗效。方法对15例上颌磨牙近中移动所致的错!畸形患者采用改良Distal- Jet矫治器推上颌磨牙向远中,并结合固定矫治器对错!畸形进行矫治。结果应用改良Distal- Jet矫治器推上颌磨牙向远中取得了较好的效果,磨牙为中性!关系,前牙覆!覆盖正常。结论改良Distal- Jet矫治器能有效地远中移动上颌磨牙。     

改良式摆型矫治器配合治疗伴牙列拥挤的功能性前牙反[牙合]

目的评价改良式摆型矫治器与固定矫治器结合治疗恒牙早期功能性反[牙合]伴牙列拥挤的治疗效果。方法选择恒牙早期功能性反[牙合]且上颌牙列拥挤的患者10例，上颌采用改良式摆型矫治器远中移动第一磨牙，同时下颌戴用活动式全牙列骀垫打开咬合，最后全口粘结固定矫治器完成治疗。分别于矫治前（T1）、改良式摆型矫治器治疗后（T2）、固定矫治器治疗后（T3）拍摄正中[牙合]位的X线头颅侧位定位片，进行头影测量分析。结果10例患者经改良式摆型矫治器治疗后上颌第一磨牙平均远中移动3．78mm，远中倾斜3．84°，上前牙平均唇向倾斜移动1．52mm；固定矫治器治疗后前牙反[牙合]解除，牙齿排列整齐，前牙覆[牙合]覆盖正常。结论改良式摆型矫治器能有效地远中移动上颌磨牙；与固定矫治器结合治疗恒牙早期功能性反[牙合]伴牙列拥挤疗效满意。     

改良摆形矫治器矫治安氏Ⅱ类错[牙合]的临床研究

目的评价改良摆形矫治器远移磨牙效果及对牙颌面结构的影响。方法选择11例安氏Ⅱ类错[牙合]、上牙弓中度以下拥挤患者，采用改良摆形矫治器远移磨牙获得间隙，每一病例在应用改良摆形矫治器前后进行头影测量分析。结果11例患者在9．4±1．7周内上第一磨牙3．76mm、上第二前磨牙1．65mm的远中移动，伴切牙2．37mm的近中移动，同时上第一磨牙、切牙倾斜移动，且上第一磨牙、上第二前磨牙和切牙治疗前后的位置变化在水平方向具有显著性差异，而在垂直方向的差异无显著性。结论改良摆形矫治器具有简便、前牙支抗丢失少的优点，可在临床中广泛应用。     

改良式摆型矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙的疗效分析

目的 评价改良式摆型矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙的疗效。方法 选择14例牙性安氏Ⅱ类错的患者,应用改良式摆型矫治器远移上颌第一磨牙,通过矫治前和磨牙远移到位后的X线头影测量分析评价其疗效。结果 磨牙平均向远中移动3.85mm,牙冠远中倾斜3.22°;切牙近中倾斜移动2.08mm,覆盖增加1.68mm。结论 改良式摆型矫治器能有效地整体远中移动上颌磨牙,快速矫正磨牙关系,但也会引起少量的支抗丧失和切牙唇向移动。     

早期远移磨牙矫治上颌第二前磨牙阻生的临床研究

目的:探讨远中移动上颌第一磨牙,结合直丝弓矫治伴有第二前磨牙阻生的II类错畸形的有效性。方法:选取处于替牙晚期、上颌中重度拥挤的24例患者,采用活动矫治器单侧或双侧远移上颌第一磨牙,开辟间隙并进行第二期固定矫治;统计学分析治疗前后的X线头影测量结果,评估临床疗效。结果:上颌第一磨牙平均远中移动4.5 mm,两侧磨牙和尖牙达到I类关系,上颌前牙唇倾度增加。结论:早期远中移动上颌第一磨牙并结合直丝弓技术可促进第二磨牙正常萌出。     

改良摆型矫治器远移上颌磨牙的疗效分析

［摘要］ 目的 分析改良摆型矫治器远移上颌磨牙的疗效。 方法 选择20例牙源性安氏Ⅱ类错牙合畸形的患者,采用改良摆型矫治器远移上颌磨牙,矫治前后进行X线头影测量和模型测量分析。 结果 4~6个月两侧磨牙平均远移5 mm,获得足够间隙。结论 改良摆型矫治器是一种经济,简便的远移上颌磨牙装置,效果可靠。     

上颌前方牵引与Pendulum矫治器联合应用治疗恒牙早期前牙反的研究

目的评价上颌前方牵引与Pendulum矫治器联合应用治疗恒牙早期前牙反的疗效。方法选择恒牙早期前牙反患者12例,其中男4例,女8例,年龄9～12岁,平均10.7岁,均伴有不同程度的上颌牙列拥挤。先采用上颌前方牵引治疗3～6个月,然后使用改良型Pendulum矫治器推上颌磨牙远中移动2～6个月,提供间隙供上颌牙列排齐,最后采用MBT直丝弓矫治技术完成治疗。通过头影测量分析评价治疗效果。结果矫治结束后,12例患者均建立正常覆、覆盖关系,ANB增加2.57°,前牙覆盖增加6.32 mm;上中切牙唇倾度增加8.58°,前移5.22 mm;上颌第一磨牙远中倾斜3.17°,远中移动2.87mm。结论对于伴有上颌拥挤的恒牙早期前牙反患者,上颌前方牵引联合Pendulum矫治器远中移动磨牙可以取得良好的疗效,但临床选择病例应慎重,避免上颌切牙过度唇倾。     

摆型矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙矫治安氏II类错

目的　研究改良摆型矫治器对牙和面部骨骼结构的影响。方法　选择安氏Ⅱ类错16例 ,其中女 13例 ,男 3例 ,年龄 9 3～ 2 2 8岁 ,平均 13 6岁。采用摆型磨牙远中移动矫治器治疗。摆型矫治器推磨牙向远中的疗程为 1～ 6个月 ,平均 3 7个月。以X线头影测量分析和模型测量分析为测定手段。结果　①每侧磨牙平均向远中移动 3 5 9mm ,主要为磨牙向远中倾斜移动。②切牙牙冠平均向近中移动 3 2 8mm ,主要为切牙的近中倾斜移动 ,前牙的覆盖增加 ,达 1 5 6mm。③牙列出现较大的间隙 ,双侧分别达 6 70mm和 6 5 9mm。④磨牙垂直向移动较少 ,推磨牙后 ,磨牙平均伸长仅0 6 9mm。⑤磨牙区、双尖牙区与尖牙区的宽度均增加 ,分别达 2 0 3mm、1 6 6mm和 1 10mm。⑥摆型矫治器对面部骨骼结构无明显的直接影响。结论　摆型矫治器能有效地远中移动上颌磨牙 ,快速矫正磨牙关系。但也可导致磨牙倾斜及切牙唇向倾斜移动 ,临床治疗中应予注意     

Bipendulum and Quad Pendulum for Non-Compliance Molar Distalization in Adult Patients

BACKGROUND: Pendulum appliances are often used for compliance-independent molar distalization in the upper arch. However, the treatment of adult patients entails specific modifications to the pendulum appliance. Since both first and second molars have to be distalized in adult patients with a sagittal maxillary arch length discrepancy, it is appropriate to distalize the molars consecutively. TWO CASE REPORTS: The two case reports presented below show the clinical procedure using the bipendulum as well as the quad pendulum for unilateral and bilateral distalization of the second followed by the first molars. The treatment is compliance-independent.     

An evaluation of the pendulum distalizingappliance

Interest in nonextraction therapy has accelerated the use and development of several molar distalizing appliances requiring minimal patient compliance. The Pendulum appliance, developed by Hilgers, has become one of the more popular designs. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of the Pendulum appliance in correcting Class II malocclusions via molar distalization. Seven patients were treated using this appliance. Lateral cephalographs were taken before treatment and immediately after removal of the appliance. Measurements were taken to evaluate molar movement and changes in angulation. Anchorage loss was measured by evaluating mesial incisor movement and angular changes. Changes in vertical dimension were also noted. Distalization occurred quite rapidly with overcorrection beyond a Class I molar relationship completed in an average time of 3.4 months. Mean distal movement of the upper first molars was 5.1 mm. This movement was accompanied by a mean change in angulation of 15.7°. Anchorage loss was evident with a mean increase in incisor angulation of 4.9° and an average advancement atthe incisal edge of 3.7 mm. Vertical dimension was virtually unaffected. This appliance was an effective means of distalizing molars into a Class I relationship with little patient cooperation. Some side effects were evident such as anchorage loss in the form of increased overjet and molar tipping. These side effects must be taken into account for when considering the use of this appliance.     

Pendulum and modified pendulum appliances for maxillary molar distalization in Class II malocclusion – a systematic review

Objective: The main purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the quantitative effects of the pendulum appliance and modified pendulum appliances for maxillary molar distalization in Class II malocclusion.

Materials and methods: Our systematic search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus and key journals and review articles; the date of the last search was 30 January 2017. We graded the methodological quality of the studies by means of the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, developed for the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP).

Results: In total, 203 studies were identified for screening, and 25 studies were eligible. The quality assessment rated four (16%) of the study as being of strong quality and 21 (84%) of these studies as being of moderate quality. The pendulum appliances showed mean molar distalization of 2–6.4?mm, distal tipping of molars from 6.67° to 14.50° and anchorage loss with mean premolar and incisor mesial movement of 1.63–3.6?mm and 0.9–6.5?mm, respectively. The bone anchored pendulum appliances (BAPAs) showed mean molar distalization of 4.8–6.4?mm, distal tipping of molars from 9° to 11.3° and mean premolar distalization of 2.7–5.4?mm.

Conclusions: Pendulum and modified pendulum appliances are effective in molar distalization. Pendulum appliance with K-loop modification, implant supported pendulum appliance and BAPA significantly reduced anchorage loss of the anterior teeth and distal tipping of the molar teeth.     

上颌第二磨牙萌出对“摆”式矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙疗效的影响

目的研究上颌第二磨牙不同萌出阶段对”摆”式矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙疗效的影响。方法选择上颌牙列轻中度拥挤，磨牙远中关系的病例25例。根据上颌第二磨牙萌出情况分为未萌组（15例）和萌出组（10例）。采用“摆”式矫治器远中移动上颌磨牙。以X线头影测量分析为测定手段。结果①两组的磨牙远中移动距离无显著差异。②未萌组的上颌第一磨牙远中倾斜要大于萌出组，但未萌组的上颌第二磨牙远中倾斜要小于萌出组。③萌出组的上颌第一磨牙相对伸长较多。④上颌中切牙唇向倾斜移动量和前牙覆盖增加量在萌出组较大。结论①萌出的上颌第二磨牙对上颌磨牙远中移动无明显影响。②上颌第二磨牙萌出与否对磨牙远中倾斜有较大影响。③萌出的上颌第二磨牙造成较多支抗丧失。④上颌第二磨牙萌出者在治疗后其上颌第一磨牙伸长较多。     

Comparative evaluation of molar distalization therapy with erupted second molar: Segmented versus Quad Pendulum appliance

Background

There are controversial opinions about the effect of erupted second molars on distalization of the first molars. Most of the distalizing devices are anchored on the first molars, without including second molars; so, differences between sequentially distalize maxillary molars (second molar followed by the first molar) or distalize second and first molars together are not clear. The aim of the study was to compare sequential versus simultaneous molar distalization therapy with erupted second molar using two different modified Pendulum appliances followed by fixed appliances.

Methods

The treatment sample consisted of 35 class II malocclusion subjects, divided in two groups: group 1 consisted of 24 patients (13 males and 11 females) with a mean pre-treatment age of 12.9 years, treated with the Segmented Pendulum (SP) and fixed appliances; group 2 consisted of 11 patients (6 males and 5 females) with a mean pre-treatment age of 13.2 years, treated with the Quad Pendulum (QP) and fixed appliances. Lateral cephalograms were obtained before treatment (T1), at the end of distalization (T2), and at the end of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy (T3). A Student t test was used to identify significant between-group differences between T1 to T2, T2 to T3, and T1 to T3.

Results

QP and SP were equally effective in distalizing maxillary molars (3.5 and 4 mm, respectively) between T1 and T2; however, the maxillary first molar showed less distal tipping (4.6° vs. 9.6°) and more extrusion (1.1 vs. 0.2 mm) in the QP group than in the SP group, as well as the vertical facial dimension, which increased more in the QP group (1.2°) than in the SP group (0.7°). At T3, the QP group maintained greater increase in lower anterior facial height and molar extrusion and decrease in overbite than the SP group.

Conclusion

Quad Pendulum seems to have greater increase in vertical dimension and molar extrusion than the Segmented Pendulum.     

The Hybrid Hyrax Distalizer,a new all-in-one appliance for rapid palatal expansion,early class III treatment and upper molar distalization

Abstract

Growing class III patients with maxillary deficiency may be treated with a maxillary protraction facemask. Because the force generated by this appliance is applied to the teeth, the inevitable mesial migration of the dentition can result in anterior crowding, incisor proclination and a possible need for subsequent extraction therapy. The Hybrid Hyrax appliance, anchored on mini-implants in the anterior palate, can be used to overcome these side-effects during the facemask therapy. In some class III cases, there is also a need for subsequent distalization after the orthopaedic treatment. In this paper, clinical application of the Hybrid Hyrax Distalizer is described, facilitating both orthopaedic advancement of the maxilla and simultaneous orthodontic distalization of the maxillary molars.     

Biomechanics of a modified Pendulum appliance--theoretical considerations and in vitro analysis of the force systems

The aim of this study was to analyse the acting forces and moments induced by a special orthodontic appliance, the Pendulum K, for molar distalization in the transverse and sagittal planes. The purpose-designed test set-up (artificial maxilla with anchorage unit and two electrothermodynamic molars, an electronic measuring unit, a unit with force-moment sensor, an analogue/digital converter, and a data read-out unit) allowed simulation of in vivo conditions on the one hand and precise determination of the force systems on the other. The appliances investigated were three specimens of the Pendulum K. In vitro measurement of the resulting force systems revealed that the forces and moments in the transverse and sagittal planes remained almost constant over a 3 mm measuring increment when the distal screw was continuously activated (10 activations/mm). Without reactivation of the incorporated distal screw, however, a marked decline in the force systems was recorded. The Pendulum K allows translatory distalization of the upper molars and thus dental arch expansion, dispensing with the need for permanent teeth to be extracted, subject to a corresponding indication. This is achieved by continuous adjustment of an incorporated distal screw and by specific pre-activations of the Pendulum springs.     

应用Damon技术矫治上颌牙列拥挤的牙弓测量分析

目的:分析和探讨不同牙龄阶段使用Damon矫治技术非拔牙治疗上颌牙列拥挤的机制.方法:选取24例骨性Ⅰ类上颌拥挤大于5mm的病例,采用Damon矫治技术进行非拔牙正畸治疗,按照治疗前第二磨牙萌出情况分为未萌出组(G1)9例和已萌出组(G2)15例.对2组患者治疗前和上颌牙列排齐后作模型和X线头影测量,使用SPSS15.0软件包作t检验,比较2组间差异,逐步回归分析牙弓周长变化与牙弓长度及牙弓宽度各指标变化间的关系.结果:上颌牙列排齐后,牙弓长度、前磨牙间宽度和磨牙间宽度均显著增加,但增加量2组间无显著差异.逐步回归分析显示,牙弓周长的增加(Y)与牙弓长度的变化(X1)和前磨牙区牙弓宽度的变化(X2)高度相关,回归方程为Y=1.35X1 0.63X2 1.77.切牙唇向移动和第一磨牙远中移动量G1组分别为1.2mm和2.4mm,G2组分别为2.5mm和0.9mm,2组有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:Damon技术主要通过增加牙弓长度和前磨牙间牙弓宽度来增加牙弓周长,从而达到非拔牙治疗牙列拥挤的目的.除前牙唇向移动外,在第二磨牙萌出前,可由第一磨牙远中移动获得间隙.     

Combined Therapy with Pendulum and Lingual Arch Appliances in the Early Mixed Dentition

PATIENTS AND METHOD: In 20 patients with arch length deficiency and anterior crowding, pendulum and lingual arch appliances were inserted simultaneously in the upper and in the lower arch respectively to gain space. The patients were divided into two groups according to their dental eruption stage: ten children (six boys, four girls; mean age: 9 years, 6 months) were in the early mixed dentition, while an adolescent comparison group of the same size (three boys, seven girls; mean age: 12 years, 3 months) were in the permanent dentition at the beginning of treatment. AIM: The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether simultaneous therapy with pendulum and lingual arch appliances is to be recommended, i.e. whether this therapy should take place as interceptive treatment in the early mixed dentition or only in the permanent dentition in adolescence. Parameters were the extent and quality of dentoalveolar effects and the side effects (mesial movement of the incisors, protrusion of the incisors, tipping of molars). RESULTS: The treatment course was documented by means of study casts and lateral cephalograms. Assessment of the diagnostic records yielded the following findings: In the early treatment group the maxillary molars were distalized by the pendulum appliance by a mean distance of 4.0 +/- 1.46 mm, resulting in distal tipping by 6.1 +/- 2.18 degrees. The incisors were moved reciprocally by 1.08 +/- 1.06 mm to anterior and protruded by 7.65 +/- 4.84 degrees. In the comparison group molar distalization and molar tipping were less pronounced (2.86 +/- 1.54 mm/4.25 +/- 3.78 degrees ), while mesial movement of the incisors was comparably high at 1.62 +/- 0.99 mm. At only 3.8 +/- 2.9 degrees, incisor protrusion was significantly less pronounced than in the early treatment group (p = 0.045). The proportion of molar distalization in the total movement was higher in patients in the early mixed dentition: 79.83 +/- 15.38% vs 60.71 +/- 26.64%. During the early therapy with the lingual arch appliance in the lower arch, the molars were uprighted to the distal by 2.4 +/- 0.97 degrees and the incisors were tipped to labial by 5.0 +/- 1.83 degrees. In the adolescent control group, molar uprighting was less pronounced and the degree of incisor protrusion was significantly lower (2.75 +/- 1.11 degrees, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: With the appropriate indication, the combined therapy with the two compliance-independent appliances described can be recommended for gaining sagittal arch length in the early mixed dentition.     

Maxillary molar distalization: Pendulum and Fast-Back, comparison between two approaches for Class II malocclusion

Objectives

To compare the dento-alveolar and skeletal effects produced by two different molar intraoral distalization appliances, Pendulum and Fast-Back, both followed by fixed appliances, in the treatment of Class II malocclusion.

Materials and methods

41 patients for Pendulum (18 males and 23 females) and 35 for Fast-Back (14 males and 21 females) were selected, with a mean age at the start of treatment of 12.11 years in the Pendulum group and 13.3 for in the Fast-Back group. The durations of the distalization phase were 8 months in the Pendulum group and 9 months in the Fast-Back group, and the durations of the second phase of treatment with fixed appliances were 19 months in the Pendulum group and 20 months in the Fast-Back group. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at 3 observation times: before treatment, after distalization and after comprehensive orthodontic treatment.

Results

During molar distalization the Pendulum subjects showed greater distal molar movement and less anchorage loss at both the premolars and maxillary incisors than the Fast-Back subjects. Pendulum and Fast-Back produced similar amounts of distal molar movement and overcorrection of molar relationship at the end of distalization though the Fast-Back induced a more bodily movement. Very little change occurred in the inclination of the mandibular plane at the end of the 2-phase treatment in both groups. At the end of treatment the maxillary first molars were on average 1 mm more distal in the Pendulum group compared to the Fast-Back group, while the total molar correction was 3.2 mm with 3.9° of distal inclination for the Pendulum and 2 mm with 1.1° of mesial inclination for the Fast-Back. Both appliance were equally effective in inducing a satisfactory Class I relationship in 97.2% of the cases.

Conclusion

The Pendulum and the Fast-Back induce similar dentoskeletal effects. The use of the two distalization devices, therefore, can be considered clinically equivalent.