蜂胶对小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

目的 探讨蜂胶软胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 用清洁级ICR近交系雌性小鼠,以0.08、0.17、0.50 g/kg·BW设3个剂量组,大豆油溶剂为对照组.按体重经口灌胃30 d,分别测定小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数,进行脾淋巴细胞转化和迟发型变态反应实验,检测抗体生成细胞和血清溶血素,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验和碳廓清及NK细胞活性测定.结果 与对照组相比,0.50 g/kg·BW剂量组能明显增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,提高迟发型变态反应能力,血清溶血素水平和碳廓清能力也明显提高;0.17、0.50 g/kg·BW剂量组能明显促进抗体生成细胞的生成,增强NK细胞活性.结论 蜂胶具有增强免疫力作用.     

破壁蛋白核小球藻对小鼠免疫调节作用

目的 探讨破壁蛋白核小球藻对健康小鼠免疫系统的影响.方法 选用BalB/c正常小鼠,随机分组,经口给予小鼠不同剂量的小球藻粉水溶液0,0.15,1.50,4.50g/(kg·bw)每日1次,30 d后测量体重增长值、胸腺体重比值、脾脏体重比值、迟发型变态反应、刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化、抗体生成细胞数、半数溶血值、小鼠碳廓清能力、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、杀伤细胞(NK)活性.结果 破壁蛋白核小球藻能促进小鼠体重增长,提高小鼠的脾脏体重比值,增强小鼠的迟发型变态反应能力.增强ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化能力,增强巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力,增强NK细胞活性,对胸腺体重比值、抗体生成细胞数、半数溶血值、单核-巨噬细胞碳廓清能力无显著影响.结论 破壁蛋白核小球藻对健康小鼠具有免疫调节作用.     

灵芝多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

[目的]探讨灵芝多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]实验动物采用清洁级ICR近交系雌性小鼠。以0.14、0.28、0.84、1.68g/kg.bw设4个剂量组,另设一个蒸馏水对照组。小鼠按体重经口灌胃30d,分别测定小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数,进行脾淋巴细胞转化实验,迟发型变态反应实验,抗体生成细胞检测,血清溶血素的测定,小鼠碳廓清测定,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验及NK细胞活性的测定。[结果]与蒸馏水对照组相比,在细胞免疫功能方面,受试物0.84g/kg.bw剂量组对ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力明显增强;0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量组DNFB诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应明显增强(P<0.05)。在体液免疫功能方面,0.84g/kg.bw剂量组明显促进小鼠抗体生成细胞的生成,而各剂量组小鼠血清溶血素水平无明显差异;在单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能方面,受试物0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬率明显提高,0.28g/kg.bw剂量组吞噬指数明显提高;0.84g/kg.bw剂量组对小鼠碳廓清能力明显提高(P<0.05);在NK细胞活性方面,0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量组NK细胞活性亦有明显升高(P<0.05)。[结论]灵芝多糖具有增强免疫力作用。     

破壁灵芝孢子粉对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

目的研究破壁灵芝孢子粉对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法分别以0．125、0．25、0．75g／kg·bw剂量的破壁灵芝孢子粉经口给予ICR清洁级小鼠连续30d后,测定ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化功能、迟发型变态反应、小鼠抗体生成细胞和溶血素水平、小鼠碳廓清能力、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力以及NK细胞活性。结果0．25、0．75g／kg·bw剂量的kg·bw破壁灵芝孢子粉能增强ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力、并提高血清溶血素水平;0．25g／kg·bw剂量的破壁灵芝孢子粉能促进DNBF诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞的生成,并增强碳廓清能力。结论破壁灵芝孢子粉具有提高小鼠免疫力作用。     

紫菜多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

[目的]观察紫菜多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]分别经口给予实验小鼠500、1000、2000mg/kg.bw3个剂量的紫菜多糖。30d后,测定小鼠脏器/体重比值、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能、NK细胞活性和白介素-2的值。[结果]各剂量组对小鼠胸腺/体重比值、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力、小鼠NK细胞活力和小鼠血清溶血素水平均无影响;500和2000mg/kg.bw剂量组能升高小鼠脾/体重比值;2000mg/kg.bw剂量组的紫菜多糖能明显增强DNFB诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应、增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、能促进抗体生成细胞的生成,并能促进体液细胞白介素2数值的增加;1000、2000mg/kg.bw剂量组使碳廓清能力增强。[结论]紫菜多糖具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用。     

灵芝洋参复合物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨灵芝洋参复合物对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法经口连续给予小鼠不同剂量灵芝洋参复合物,溶剂对照组给予蒸馏水,每日一次,连续30 d。检测小鼠碳廓清能力、刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体细胞生成、半数溶血值、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力及自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性。结果 0. 90 g/kg剂量组灵芝洋参复合物可明显增加溶血空斑数; 0. 30 g/kg和0. 90 g/kg剂量组灵芝洋参复合物可使小鼠足趾肿胀度、半数溶血值和NK细胞活性明显增加; 0. 15 g/kg、0. 30 g/kg和0. 90 g/kg剂量组灵芝洋参复合物可促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增值能力。结论灵芝洋参复合物对小鼠免疫功能具有增强作用。     

姜黄提取物免疫调节作用实验研究

目的探讨姜黄提取物的免疫调节作用。方法 ICR雌性小鼠,经口灌胃给药,剂量分别为0.30、0.60、1.80g/kg·bw,连续30d后,进行细胞免疫实验(迟发型变态反应和ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞转化实验)、体液免疫实验(抗体生成细胞检测和血清溶血素水平(HC50)测定)、巨噬细胞吞噬能力测定(碳廓清实验和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验)和NK细胞活性测定。结果姜黄提取物能提高小鼠的血清溶血素水平(0.60、1.80g/kg·bw剂量组HC50与对照组比较分别提高了11.1、18.6)及脾淋巴细胞转化能力(0.30、1.80g/kg·bw剂量组OD差值与对照组比较分别提高了0.104、0.111)。结论姜黄提取物具有增强免疫力作用。     

大豆肽免疫调节作用实验研究

目的探讨大豆肽的免疫调节作用。方法ICR雌性小鼠,经口灌胃给药,剂量分别为0.37、0.73、2.20 g/kg·bw,连续30天后,进行细胞免疫实验(迟发型变态反应和ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞转化实验)、体液免疫实验(抗体生成细胞检测和血清溶血素水平(HC50)测定)、巨噬细胞吞噬能力测定(碳廓清实验和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验)和NK细胞活性测定。结果大豆肽能提高小鼠的血清溶血素水平(0.37、0.73、2.20g/kg·bw剂量组HC50与对照组比较分别提高了19.8、17.1、18.3,P0.01)、碳廓清吞噬指数(0.73 g/kg·bw剂量组吞噬指数与对照组比较提高了1.21,P0.01)及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞百分率(0.73 g/kg·bw剂量组吞噬百分率与对照组比较提高了14%,P0.01)。结论大豆肽具有增强免疫力作用。     

复合氨基酸营养液增强免疫功能的动物实验研究

目的 评价复合氨基酸营养液对机体免疫功能的影响.方法 以SPF级昆明种小鼠为实验对象,设置低、中、高3个剂量组,分别是人群推荐日摄入量3.33ml/kg bw 的5倍、10倍、20倍,同时设阴性对照组.连续灌胃给予受试物1个月,然后按照保健食品检验与评价技术规范的方法,进行淋巴器官/体重比值测定、迟发型变态反应实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、碳廓清实验、ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化实验、NK细胞活性测定实验、血清溶血素的测定和抗体生成细胞检测实验.结果 复合氨基酸营养液对小鼠体重、淋巴器官/体重比值无明显影响,显著增强ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和二硝基氟苯诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应,显著升高小鼠血清溶血素含量、增强小鼠碳廓清能力和增强抗体生成细胞能力.对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞功能和NK细胞活性无明显影响.结论 复合氨基酸营养液具有增强机体免疫功能的作用.     

北京蜂胶对老龄小鼠抗氧化功能影响的实验研究

目的探讨北京蜂胶对老龄小鼠抗氧化功能的影响。方法按照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003年版)中抗氧化功能检验方法,采用0.183、0.367、1.101g/kg.bw剂量的北京蜂胶给小鼠经口灌胃30d,按试剂盒说明分别测定丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)。结果与阴性对照组比较,0.183、0.367、1.101g/kg.bw剂量组能显著提高血清GSH-Px活力,1.101g/kg.bw剂量能显著降低血中MDA含量,对血清SOD活力无明显影响。结论北京蜂胶具有抗氧化功能。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.