都市环境电磁辐射对青少年神经行为的影响

目的　探讨都市环境各频段电磁波同时混合存在于一个环境内对青少年神经行为的影响。方法　利用WHO推荐的神经毒理学行为试验—神经行为核心测试组合进行检测。结果　高背景环境电磁射组青少年提转捷度、数字译码得分明显高于低背景环境电磁辐射组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,而其 (16～ 18岁 )目标追踪试验的总点数和正确点数均明显低于低背景环境电磁辐射组 (P均 <0 0 5 )。结论　大都市现有环境电磁辐射对青少年的手工操作敏感度及眼手协调能力、视觉感知、记忆、模拟学习能力无不良影响 ,但对青少年 (特别是 16～ 18岁的女性 )心理运动稳定性、手部运动速度可能有一定的影响     

都市环境电磁辐射对青少年心电图和外周血细胞的影响

目的阐明电磁波同时混合存在于一个环境内是否会对青少年的心电活动和外周血细胞产生影响。方法采用心电图仪和全自动血球计数仪对106例青少年心电图和血常规进行检查。结果高背景环境电磁辐射组心率、PR间期、QRS波时间、QT间期、外周血血红蛋白含量和血小板数量与低背景环境电磁辐射组相比差异均无显著性,外周血白细胞总数明显低于低背景环境电磁辐射组(P<005)。从外周血白细胞分类来看,高背景环境电磁辐射组外周血单核细胞数量和男外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数量明显高于低背景环境电磁辐射组(P<005)。结论大都市现有环境电磁辐射对青少年(14～18岁)心电活动无明显影响,对外周血白细胞可能有一定的影响,主要表现在外周血白细胞总数下降,单核细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞数量相对增多,值得进一步研究。     

高特质焦虑大学生静息态功率谱研究

探究不同水平特质焦虑大学生大脑神经元振荡特异性改变,为对特殊高校学生群体的临床干预提供依据.方法 运用状态-特质焦虑量表中的特质焦虑分量表,对某高校310名大学生进行测试,按照被试特质焦虑得分的分布,选取前后各27%的人划分为低特质焦虑组(15名)和高特质焦虑组(15名).经过预处理后将数据划分为δ(1~<4),θ(4~<8),α(8~<13),β(13~<30),γ(30~100) Hz 5个频段,计算各个电极的功率值,考察功率谱与特质焦虑得分的相关性.结果 高特质焦虑实验组在δ频段的额区、中央区(t值分别为3.47,2.62);θ频段的额区(t=2.22);β频段的额区、中央区、右侧颞区、后区(t值分别为2.77,2.23,3.65,2.35);γ频段的额区、左侧颞区、中央区、右侧颞区、后区(t值分别为2.83,2.22,2.64,2.43,2.09)功率低于低特质焦虑实验组(P值均<0.05).在δ频段中央区,θ频段的额区,β频段的额区、中央区、后区,γ频段的额区、左侧颞区、中央区、后区功率谱值与特质焦虑得分呈负相关(r值分别为-0.63,-0.51,-0.62,-0.53,-0.54,-0.59,-0.56,-0.55,-0.49,P值均<0.05).结论 高特质焦虑大学生功率谱较低特质焦虑大学生降低,特质焦虑程度与功率谱具有相关性.高特质焦虑个体在大脑静息状态下脑电信号发生改变可能是与特质焦虑影响大学生注意力、工作记忆等有关.     

哈尔滨市6～11岁儿童脑电相对功率特征分析

目的 了解6～11岁儿童定量脑电图脑电功率谱的活动特征,为正常儿童脑电图相对功率常模的建立提供参考资料.方法 以哈尔滨市180名6～11岁正常儿童为样本,记录安静状态下的θ,α,β,SMR频段脑电相对功率,以及θ/α,θ/β,θ/SMR比值.结果 6～11岁儿童θ波、α波、β波、SMR波脑电相对功率平均值分别为(23.00±3.00),(14.49±3.35),(5.79±1.27),(7.17±1.63);θ/β,θ/α,θ/SMR功率比值平均值分别为(4.24±1.42),(1.66±0.39),(3.36±0.89);脑电相对功率重测相关系数均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).除θ与SMR波的相对功率外,其他脑电相对功率各指标之间相关均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).结论 了解6～11岁儿童各年龄段脑电相对功率特征,可为建立正常儿童脑电相对功率常模及评估脑电生物反馈训练效果提供数据资料.     

妥泰与脑电图改变的相关性研究

目的:研究妥泰对脑电图变化的影响。方法:应用药物定量脑电图,对癫痫患者和健康人口服妥泰前后的脑电图变化进行动态观察和定量分析。结果:妥泰对脑电图背景的影响,主要表现在慢波(σ-θ频段)功率升高,双枕总功率和全脑总功率升高(P<0.05)。在癫痫患者中,α、β频段功率也增高,而健康人中无明显变化。结论:妥泰对人类脑电活动有影响,且与其他抗癜痫药不同。     

学习困难儿童的静态脑电生理研究

为了探讨学习困难儿童的脑功能变化,作者应用脑电图及脑电地形图技术对32名学习困难儿童和32名正常儿童进行了配对研究。结果表明,学习困难儿童慢波功率高于正常儿童,α频段尤其α_2频段功率低于正常儿童,(δ+θ)/(α+β)显示慢波增多是学习困难儿童脑电的主要特征。本研究提示学习困难存在有一定的神经生理基础,其发病机制与大脑发育迟滞有关。     

低浓度锰接触者脑生物电早期影响的研究

作者选择四川省攀枝花钢铁厂155名电焊工为观察组,另选该厂非接触锰的134名工人为对照组,两组均进行脑电图检查。采用脑波指数(index)分析,观察长期低浓度接触锰的脑生物电改变。研究发现θ波指数观察组明显高于对照组(P值<0.01,P<0.05)而α、β、δ波指数均无明显变化。提示低浓度锰接触者脑生物电有明显变化,表现为θ波活动增多,并认为脑电θ波活动的增多可作为锰对人体脑生物电影响的一项较敏感的早期诊断指标之一。     

铅作业工人脑电图及脑电地形图的改变

目的探讨铅作业工人脑电图和脑电地形图的改变.方法本文通过铅排版作业工人(35名)与正常健康人群(35名)的比较,采用神经电生理的方法分别从定性和定量两方面评价低水平铅接触工人的脑电图和脑电地形图的异常改变.结果铅作业工人的脑电图特征瘟主波率明显减少, β主波率增加,低波幅(占45.71%),广泛性异常(17.14%)和弥散性异常(28.57%)增多 .脑电地形图特点为高功率值,θ频带异常分布,以弥散性损害为著,δ功率值在F7-A1(左前颞)区较正常组升高,β功率值在FP2-A2(右额极)区较正常组升高,β功率值在C4-A2(右中央)区较正常组人群升高.结论发现低水平铅接触影响作业工人的脑电活动,出现异常脑电波.     

抽动障碍(TD)儿童脑电特征及与脑功能的关系

目的:探讨抽动障碍(TD)儿童的脑电特征,比较TD儿童与对照组儿童脑电图、脑功能的特征。方法:采用病例对照研究方法,以4~15岁126例TD儿童及81例对照组儿童作为研究对象,所有儿童都进行脑电图及额部脑功能检查。结果:①TD组额部脑电频率均慢于对照组(P<0.05),右前额明显(P<0.05)。②TD组前额θ波脑电功率及θ/SMR、θ/β、α/SMR、α/β脑电功率比值均高于对照组。③TD组儿童前额脑电频率与前额θ波、前额θ/β脑电功率比值有负相关关系。结论:TD儿童的脑电活动落后于正常对照组儿童,尤其是前额叶功能不足。     

学习困难儿童的静态脑电生理研究

为了探讨学习困难儿童的脑功能变化，作者应用脑电图肮脏了电地形图技术对３２名学习困难儿童和３２名正常儿童进行了配对研究。结果表明，学习困难儿童慢波功率高于下沉儿童，α频段尤其α２频段功率低于正常儿童，（δ＋θ）／（α＋β）显示慢波增多是学习困难儿童脑电的主要特征。本研究提示学习困难存在有一定的神经生理基础，其发病机制与大脑发育迟滞有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.