舒芬太尼和芬太尼对高血压病人气管插管应激反应的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼和芬太尼对高血压患者气管插管应激反应的影响,比较其气管插管期间血流动力学和血浆儿茶酚胺水平的变化。方法 60例择期全身麻醉手术的原发性高血压患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组(SF组)和芬太尼组(F组),分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、气管插管后3 min(T3)记录收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),并于各时点采静脉血检测血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素(E)水平。结果两组患者年龄、体重、性别比、血压比较差异无统计学意义(P(0.05);用药后两组患者SBP、DBP、HR均明显降低(P(0.05),气管插管时和气管插管后SF组DBP、HR变化幅度较小,明显低于F组,差异有统计学意义(P(0.05);两组患者各时点NE的变化差异无统计学意义(P(0.05),气管插管即刻和气管插管后F组E水平明显升高(P(0.05),并且与SF组比较差异有统计学意义(P(0.05)。结论舒芬太尼比芬太尼能更有效地抑制高血压病人气管插管的应激反应,维持血液动力学稳定,抑制血浆儿茶酚胺释放,对提高全麻诱导和气管插管期间的安全性有重要临床意义。     

右美托咪定对气管插管时应激反应的影响

【目的】探讨右美托咪定对气管插管时应激反应的影响。【方法】选择期胃肠道癌症行手术治疗患者50例,随机分为右美托咪定治疗组（D组,n=25）和对照治疗组（C组,n=25）。麻醉诱导前20min开始使用右美托咪定或等容量生理盐水。比较给药前（T1）、插管前（T2）、插管后即刻（T3）、插管后5min（T4）时平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）及血液去甲肾上腺素（NA）浓度。【结果】两组血压和HR在T2时最低,与T1相比有统计学意义;与C组相比,D组MAP在T2、T4时升高（P〈0．05）;HR在T2、T3、T4时则降低（P〈0．05）。D组NA浓度在T2、T3、T4时降低（P〈0．05）。【结论】右美托咪定能明显稳定气管插管时的血流动力学,减轻应激反应。     

异丙酚复合芬太尼用于经鼻盲探气管插管的临床观察

目的评价经鼻盲探气管插管患者异丙酚复合芬太尼的麻醉效果。方法全麻患者60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,男52例,女8例,年龄18—52岁,体重52～75kg,随机分为两组：常规镇静组（Ⅰ组）30例和异丙酚复合芬太尼组（Ⅱ组）30例。静注芬太尼2彬kg、异丙酚2mg／kg麻醉诱导,然后以6mg,／（kg·h）速率持续榆注异丙酚,3～5min后经鼻行盲探气管插管,连续监测收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、心电图、动脉血氧饱和度,分别于麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管时（TI）、气管插管后5min（T2）,记录SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、RR,计算气管插管一次性成功率,观察诱导过程中呼吸抑制发生情况。结果与T0比较,T1时Ⅱ组患者SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、RR均降低,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,1组患者均明显升高（P〈0．05）,并且两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;T2时Ⅰ组上述指标略降低,与T0比较仍差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组患者经鼻盲探气管插管一次性成功率高,气管插管完成时闻较快（P〈0．05）,但呼吸暂停时间和呼吸抑制发生率两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论异丙酚2mg／kg复合芬太尼2ug／kg麻醉诱导,然后输注异丙酚6mg／（kg·h）用于经鼻盲探气管插管,麻醉效果良好,血流动力学稳定,气管插管一次性成功率高,但存在一定程度的呼吸抑制发生率,术中应加强监测。     

气管插管患者的护理

气管插管是对呼吸功能障碍患者建立有效通气最有效的方法,在危重症患者抢救中起到至关重要的作用.教科书规定,气管插管维持时间一般不超过72h.     

艾司洛尔对气管插管应激反应的影响

目的：探讨艾司洛尔对气管插管应激反应的影响。方法：选择全麻下非心脏手术患者60例,随机分为生理盐水组（C组）和艾司洛尔组（E组）各30例。观察两组患者全麻诱导前,予以艾司洛尔或生理盐水前的基础值,及插管前,插管时,插管后1min,3min,5min的无创血压、心率及心输出量的变化。结果：在气管插管后,C组患者的平均动脉压、心率、心输出量上升的幅度均明显大于E组（P〈0．05）。结论：艾司洛尔可以抑制气管插管应激反应。     

光棒气管插管的应用

目的探讨光棒气管插管的技巧。方法 200例气管插管全身麻醉患者用光棒插入气管导管内行气管插管术。结果 98.7%患者在光棒插管下获得成功。结论采用光棒行气管插管术,掌握技巧后很容易获得成功,且方法简便、快捷、安全、并发症少、成功率高。     

三种表面麻醉方法联合应用对全麻气管插管、拔管时应激反应的比较

目的观察2%利多卡因溶液喉头和声门下喷雾及复方利多卡因乳膏联合应用在开颅手术中抑制气管插管及拔管时应激反应的效果。方法择期行开颅手术的患者90例(ASAⅠ^Ⅱ级),随机分为三组,每组30例患者。A组患者用2%的利多卡因溶液行咽喉黏膜喷雾表面麻醉、然后用喉麻管给予生理盐水2 ml进行声门下喷雾、气管导管前部涂上水溶明胶进行气管插管;B组患者在2%的利多卡因咽喉黏膜表麻之后,用喉麻管给予2%利多卡因溶液2 ml进行声门下喷雾、气管导管前部涂上水溶明胶进行气管插管;C组患者在2%的利多卡因咽喉黏膜表面麻醉之后,用喉麻管给予2%利多卡因2 ml进行声门下喷雾、气管导管前部涂上复方利多卡因乳膏2 g后进行气管插管,术中行机械通气。记录气管插管前(T0)、插管即刻(T1)、插管后3 min(T2)、拔管即刻(T3)、拔管后3 min(T4)以及拔管后5 min(T5)各时点患者心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)的变化,同时采集静脉血测各时点肾上腺素(AD)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、血浆皮质醇(CORT)的含量。记录手术时间、麻醉时间、麻醉苏醒期患者躁动及拔管后24 h咽喉疼痛的发生情况。结果 C组各时点患者HR、SBP、DBP的变化以及静脉血AD、NE、CORT的含量均明显低于A、B两组(P<0.05),且苏醒期躁动及拔管后24 h患者咽喉疼痛的发生率明显低于A、B两组(P<0.05)。结论三种表面麻醉方法联合应用可提高患者对导管的耐受性。     

盲探气管插管装置在困难插管中的应用

困难气管插管的病人因生理、病理解剖位置异常j麻醉后常无法完成气管插管，这不仅会影响麻醉和手术的顺利实施，而且随时会危及病人的生命安全。对在临床中遇到部分各种原因插管困难的病人，作者采用上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院麻醉科朱也森教授研制的盲探气管插管装置进行插管，取得了满意的效果，现报告如下。     

ICU患者经口气管插管与经鼻气管插管后行气管切开的比较

目的探讨经口气管插管与经鼻气管插管在ICU留置时间,比较两组气管插管后行气管切开的比例。方法将42例气管插管患者随机分为经口气管插管组24例和纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管组18例,比较两组患者插管留置时间及插管后再行气管切开率。结果经鼻气管插管留置时间明显长于经口气管插管,经鼻气管插管后行气管切开的比例明显低于经口气管插管。结论纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管在ICU是有效的,插管留置时间更长,部分经鼻气管插管患者避免行气管切开。     

Complications of a Retrograde Intubation in a Trauma Patient

The authors report the case of an elder woman involved in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) requiring emergent intubation using the technique of retrograde intubation (RI). Since RI is a blind technique, potential complications arising from its use are numerous and may result in increased morbidity and mortality. Such was the case of this RI that involved incorrect placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT), resulting in suboptimal ventilation and increased morbidity. Additionally, this case illustrates how the failure to detect this error in multiple settings (ambulance, helicopter, emergency department) led to unnecessary and potentially deleterious procedures and significant delay in providing the basics of trauma care, oxygenation and ventilation. Although theoretical complications of RI have been addressed in the past, there have been very few published reports of actual complications. The emergency physician must be aware of difficult airways, options available to establish alternative airways, and methods to confirm appropriate placement of the ETT. The authors also discuss the indications, procedures, and complications involved in performing an RI.     

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治慢性阻塞性肺病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床价值。方法:对32例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭的患者,通过纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管连接呼吸机辅助呼吸,辅予纤支镜下吸痰及灌洗,比较治疗前后血气分析的结果,统计其抢救成功率、并发症发生率及机械通气时间来评价疗效。结果:纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管抢救COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭成功率为84.38%,平均机械通气时间为8.35±2.15天,并发症少。结论:纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭疗效好,并发症少,值得推广。     

Out-of-hospital Rapid-sequence Induction for Intubation of the Pediatric Patient

Objective: To determine the effectiveness and morbidity of out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction (RSI) for endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the pediatric population.
Methods: The medical records were retrospectively reviewed for a consecutive series of pediatric patients undergoing out-of-hospital RSI by flight paramedics from July 1990 through July 1994. Patient demographics, pharmacologic agents, ED arterial blood gas data, pulmonary complications, and RSI-related complications were abstracted.
Results: Forty patients (31 injured, 9 medical) with a mean age of 8.1 years (range 0.5–17 years) underwent out-of-hospital RSI. Indications for intubation included hyperventilation ( n = 20), combativeness ( n = 16), apnea ( n = 5), and unknown ( n = 5). Intubation mishaps occurred in 13 patients (33%); these included multiple attempts ( n = 9), aspiration ( n = 8), and esophageal intubation ( n = 1). The success rate of ETI was 97.5% (one failed attempt). Hemodynamic side effects occurred in three patients (8%); all three had bradycardia, with one developing hypotension. Bradycardia was associated with failure to pretreat with atropine (p < 0.05). Sixteen pulmonary complications, seven pneumonia (18%) and nine atelectasis (22.5%), occurred in 13 patients within the first ten hospital days. Intubation mishaps were not associated with pulmonary complications. There were six deaths, none associated with RSI.
Conclusions: 1) Rapid-sequence induction is an effective method for obtaining airway control in the critically ill pediatric patient. 2) Intubation mishaps did not influence the rate of pulmonary complications. 3) Omission of atropine was associated with bradycardia during RSI in pediatric patients.     

Assessment of a New Method to Distinguish Esophageal from Tracheal Intubation by Measuring the Endotracheal Cuff Pressure in a Porcine Model

Objectives: With the knowledge of differences in anatomic structures between the trachea and the esophagus, the authors conducted an animal study to evaluate the usefulness of endotracheal cuff pressure in distinguishing endotracheal and esophageal intubations. Methods: Six swine were anesthetized and endotracheally intubated with 7.5-mm cuffed endotracheal tubes. The intubations were confirmed by fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Each pilot balloon was connected to a 10-mL syringe and a manometer via a three-way stopcock. The cuff pressures were measured for each 1-mL incremental filling of air (1–10 mL). After removal of the endotracheal tubes, each swine was then intubated with the same endotracheal tubes into its esophagus. The cuff pressures of the esophageal intubation were measured with the same procedure. The cuff pressures and the pressure–volume relationships in both intubations were compared. Results: The cuff pressure increased significantly in the esophageal intubation in comparison with the endotracheal intubation in all the comparisons from 1 mL to 10 mL (p = 0.028 for all Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). The slope of the pressure–volume curve of the cuff pressure was also significantly higher in the esophageal intubation during the inflation of the cuff on average (0.047 vs. 0.032 cm H₂O/mL; p = 0.001), particularly in the first 5 mL of air inflation. Conclusions: The cuff pressure in the esophageal intubation was significantly higher than that in the endotracheal intubation under the same inflated volume from 1 to 10 mL. This may provide the basis for an adjunctive, simple, rapid, and reliable method to verify endotracheal intubation.     

芬太尼复合不同浓度七氟醚吸入诱导对气管插管反应的影响

目的:比较肺活量吸入诱导法中不同七氟醚维持诱导浓度对气管插管反应的影响.方法:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,年龄20~50岁,将择期行腹腔镜手术的女性患者60例随机分为A、B、C三组各20例.各组诱导前静脉注射2μg·kg-1芬太尼,2 min后使用肺活量法吸入8%七氟醚,意识消后失立即静脉注射0.2 mg·kg-1顺式阿曲库铵,同时三组分别换用3%,5%和8%七氟醚维持诱导,面罩机械通气3 min后气管插管,使用Narcotrend监测诱导期的麻醉深度,记录诱导过程中和气管插管后意识消失的时间,气道反应及血流动力学变化.结果:(1)插管前C组MBP下降最明显,达基础值(MBPbase)的33.6%(P <0.001);(2)插管后1min,三组MBP上升至最大值,与MBPbase相比无统计学差异(P >0.05);与插管前相比,三组上升幅度为A组34.9%(P <0.01)、B组27.7%(P <0.001)和C组32.9%(P <0.01).插管后2 min三组HR上升到最大值,与插管前比较,三组上升幅度分别为A组20.0%(P <0.01)、B组15.2%(P <0.001)和C组20.6%(P <0.01).(3)诱导插管过程中,C组MBPmin较MBPbase下降42.2%(P <0.001),C组HRmax较HRbase升高22.3%(P <0.01).(4)C组MBP降低<30% MBPbase和HR升高>100次/分的发生率均高于A、B组(P <0.001).结论:芬太尼2μg·kg-1复合3%、5%、8%七氟醚吸入诱导均可减轻气管插管反应,芬太尼与5%七氟醚复合诱导血流动力学最稳定.     

光学喉镜在急诊气管插管中的临床价值

目的:评价光学喉镜在急诊气管插管中的临床应用价值.方法:将我院2011年1月至2011年7月急诊气管插管的58例患者随机分为观察组(应用Truview/TMEVO2光学喉镜进行气管插管)和对照组(普通喉镜进行气管插管)各29例,比较两组插管效果.结果:两组喉镜使用力量比较、建立有效气道的时间均差异不明显(P＞0.05);观察组气道声门的暴露C/L分级、IDS评分、气管插管过程中SpO2的最低下降值及气管插管后并发症发生率明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:光学喉镜应用于急诊气管插管中可增加气管插管的成功率,减少并发症.     

Human Patient Simulation Is Effective for Teaching Paramedic Students Endotracheal Intubation

Objectives: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether the endotracheal intubation (ETI) success rate is different among paramedic students trained on a human patient simulator versus on human subjects in the operating room (OR). Methods: Paramedic students (n= 36) with no prior ETI training received identical didactic and mannequin teaching. After randomization, students were trained for ten hours on a patient simulator (SIM) or with 15 intubations on human subjects in the OR. All students then underwent a formalized test of 15 intubations in the OR. The primary outcome was the rate of successful intubation. Secondary outcomes were the success rate at first attempt and the complication rate. The study was powered to detect a 10% difference for the overall success rate (α= 0.05, β= 0.20). Results: The overall intubation success rate was 87.8% in the SIM group and 84.8% in the OR group (difference of 3.0% [95% confidence interval {CI} =?4.2% to 10.1%; p = 0.42]). The success rate on the first attempt was 84.4% in the SIM group and 80.0% in the OR group (difference of 4.4% [95% CI =?3.4% to 12.3%; p = 0.27]). The complication rate was 6.3% in the SIM group and 4.4% in the OR group (difference of 1.9% [95% CI =?2.9% to 6.6%; p = 0.44]). Conclusions: When tested in the OR, paramedic students who were trained in ETI on a simulator are as effective as students who trained on human subjects. The results support using simulators to teach ETI.