输尿管肾镜直视下套石篮取石的体会

应用ＷＯＬＦ输尿管肾镜直视下套石篮取石法治疗１８９例输尿管结石，其中６７例为ＥＳＷＬ后结石未粉碎而再行输尿管肾镜套石篮取石，１４例有肾绞痛和血尿症状而Ｂ超和ＩＶＰ未见明显结石，经输尿管肾镜探查证实为输尿管结石并行套石篮取石。结果：套石篮取石成功１７４例，总有效率为９２．１％。术后并发高热４例，均经对症处理治愈；输尿管穿孔８例，均立即行开放手术；输尿管粘膜脱垂１例，行保守治疗。其并发症发生率为７％（１３／１８９）。认为，应用此术治疗输尿管结石必须正确掌握适应证；术中扩张输尿管口是减少术后并发症、提高成功率的关键，此术具有创伤小、手术及住院时间短等优点，是治疗输尿管结石较为理想的方法。     

输尿管肾镜直视下套石蓝取石的体会

应用ＷＯＬＦ输尿管肾镜直视下套石蓝取石法治疗１８９例输尿管结石，其中６７例为ＥＳＷＬ后结石未粉碎而再行输尿管肾镜套石蓝取石，１４例有肾绞痛和血尿症状而Ｂ超和ＩＶＰ未见明显结石，经输尿管肾镜探查证实为输尿管结石并行套石蓝取石。结果：套石蓝取石成功１７４例，总有效率为９２．１％，术后并发高热４例，均经对症处理治愈；输尿管穿孔８例，均立即行开放手术；输尿管粘膜脱垂１例，行保守治疗。其并发症发生率为７％。     

后腹腔镜输尿管上段复杂性结石切开取石术中结石移位的预防与处理

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管上段复杂性结石切开取石术中结石移位的预防与处理。方法 回顾性分析13例复杂性输尿管上段结石行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术中结石移位患者的临床资料。结果 10例结石移位入肾盂,2例结石移位入肾上盏,1例移位入肾中盏。10例患者使用套石篮取石成功,3例患者使用输尿管软镜取出结石。结论 直接套石篮取石,必要时使用输尿管软镜可以有效处理后腹腔镜输尿管上段复杂性结石切开取石术中结石移位。
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套石篮治疗输尿管中,下段结石197例报告

报告套石篮在X线电视监视下取石或输尿管镜窥视下套石治疗输尿管中、下段结石197例,取石成功率95.65%,随访观察,疗效满意;指出:套石技巧及关键是严格掌握适应证、术前认真阅片;认为:套石篮取石目前仍不失为治疗输尿管中、下段结石的一种较好方法,能发挥其独到的治疗作用,有效地减少并发症发生。     

急诊输尿管镜下取（碎）石治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛（附256例报告）

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜下取石治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛临床应用价值。方法总结256例急诊输尿管镜下取石手术治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛患者资料。结果256例患者中244例（其中输尿管中段结石21例,下段结石223例）一次取石成功,成功率95．3％（244／256）;12例未成功（其中输尿管中段结石3例,输尿管下段结石9例）,7例术中发现结石已排入膀胱,5例因输尿管下段狭窄入镜困难放弃,术后ESWL,2个月内复查结石均排净。结论该方法安全、高效,损伤小,可作为治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛优选方法。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗经皮肾镜取石术后残留结石

目的探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光治疗经皮。肾镜取石术后残留结石的疗效。方法收集经皮肾镜取石术后残留结石患者43例,残石直径6—30mm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘置入Wolf输尿管软镜（6／8．8F,上下弯180／270°）抵达肾盂,以200μm光纤,〈30W钬激光粉碎残留结石,较大碎石用取石篮取出。结果43例患者均找到残余结石,结石寻及率100％（43／43）,42例患者成功粉碎结石,碎石成功率97．7％（42／43）。8例联合经皮肾镜碎石取石,无严重并发症发生。结论输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗经皮肾镜取石术后残留结石安全、有效。     

自制套石篮和四爪钳在输尿管取石中的应用

应用输尿管镜处理输尿管结石,目前在临床上应用广泛,尤其以应用套石篮较为简便,但套石篮的使用寿命较短,国内又无合适产品。我院自1990年起使用自制套石篮和四爪钳摘取输尿管结石400例,取得良好效果,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料本组400例,男256例,女144例,平均年龄34岁。输尿管上段结石148例,中段结石100例,下段结石152例。结石直径0.5～1.2cm,平均0.8cm。1.2　套石篮和四爪钳的制作套石篮的制作:利用F4和F6输尿管导管内的闭孔钢丝(长73cm)4～6根,将其并拢对齐后用钳子将其一端扭紧在一起呈“麻花状”,使扭紧长度为0.8cm。取1c…     

斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜处理输尿管上段复杂结石

目的：探讨斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜处理输尿管上段复杂结石的安全性及有效性。方法2009年1月～2012年10月,采取斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜治疗输尿管上段复杂结石67例,气管插管全麻,先行经皮肾镜处理结石,向下移位结石再行输尿管镜将移位结石碎石并经工作通道冲出。结果67例手术均一次完成,手术时间46～106 min,平均76 min。一次结石清除率92．5％（62/67）,结石残留5例,配合ESWL 2周后结石完全清除。均无大出血、输尿管撕脱、脏器损伤等并发症。结论斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜处理输尿管上段复杂结石具有体位舒适,避免术中体位变换带来的不便,手术时间短,有利于术中麻醉监护,碎石取石效果好,并发症少的优点,治疗的安全性高,值得临床推广。     

经皮肾取石和输尿管镜碎石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较经皮肾取石和输尿管镜碎石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法回顾性地分析66例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,经皮肾取石31例,输尿管镜碎石35例。分别对其结石清除率、手术时间、住院时间、并发症发生率、术后辅助治疗、住院费用等数据进行对比分析。结果经皮肾取石术后结石清除率为93．5％（29／31）,平均血红蛋白下降约3．89％,并发症发生率为6．5％（2／31）,平均住院时间为8.3天,平均住院费用为8976元。输尿管镜碎石术后一个月结石清除率为77．1％（27／35）,平均血红蛋白下降约0．29％,并发症发生率为8．6％（3／35）,平均住院时间为7．6天,平均住院费用为8631元。结论经皮。肾取石较输尿管镜碎石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石结石清除率高,并发症少,安全有效,可作为嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的一线治疗方法。     

微创手术治疗输尿管上段结石256例报告

目的：探讨输尿管上段结石的微创手术治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析输尿管镜、后腹腔镜以及经皮肾镜治疗输尿管上段结石患者256例的临床经验,其中接受输尿管镜取石术176例,后腹腔镜取石术45例,经皮肾镜取石术35例。结果：本组结石长径6～25mm。输尿管镜取石成功率为81．3％,失败原因主要为输尿管扭曲、狭窄或结石下方有息肉梗阻;腹腔镜和经皮肾镜手术均获成功。所有患者术中留置双J管,1～3个月后拔除,无严重并发症发生。结论：微创手术治疗输尿管上段结石安全有效。对于较小结石,可选择输尿管镜取石;若结石体积较大、靠近UPJ、并肾内结石或输尿管镜手术失败,腹腔镜或经皮肾镜可提高手术成功率,并减少术后结石残留。     

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and finasteride on prostate cancer risk

PURPOSE: Retrograde stone migration during ureteroscopic lithotripsy occurs in 5% to 40% of proximal and distal ureteral stone cases. This migration increases morbidity and the need for auxiliary procedures. The Dretler stone cone (Medsource, Norwell, Massachusetts) is a novel device to prevent proximal stone migration and facilitate fragment extraction during ureteroscopic lithotripsy. We assessed the safety and efficacy of the Dretler stone cone in the clinical setting and compared it prospectively with a conventional flat wire basket during ureteroscopy for ureteral calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To our knowledge we report the initial clinical use of the Dretler stone cone in 50 consecutive patients with ureteral calculi undergoing ureteroscopic extraction. Calculi were situated above the sacroiliac joint in 24 cases, over the sacroiliac joint in 15 and below the sacroiliac joint in 11. Pneumatic lithotripsy was done in 42 cases. In the remaining 8 cases ureteroscopic (3) or fluoroscopic (5) intact stone extraction was performed. The later 23 cases using the Dretler stone cone were prospectively compared with 20 of ureteroscopic intracorporeal lithotripsy using a standard flat wire basket. RESULTS: The Dretler stone cone was successfully placed in all 50 cases. In 41 patients it was placed via cystoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance, while 9 impacted stones required ureteroscopic placement. Six patients in whom the Dretler stone cone was used had residual fragments less than 3 mm. No patient required auxiliary procedures. In the prospective trial no patients in Dretler stone cone group had residual fragments greater than 3 mm. or required auxiliary procedures. However, in the flat wire basket group residual stones greater than 3 mm. were present in 6 cases (30%, p <0.001), while auxiliary procedures were required in 4 (20%, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Dretler stone cone represents a new generation of basketry that minimizes proximal ureteral stone migration and allows safe extraction of fragments during ureteroscopic lithotripsy. In our experience it is associated with a lower incidence of significant residual fragments and fewer auxiliary procedures than conventional flat wire baskets.     

拦截网篮或封堵器和无封堵装置在治疗输尿管上段结石手术中的前瞻性比较

目的比较经输尿管镜拦截网篮或封堵器固定和不用任何封堵装置的情况下,用钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全胜。方法2010年1月至2012年6月前瞻．胜研究应用拦截网篮或封堵器和不用任何封堵装置进行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段结石240例,并对临床资料进行分析。将患者随机分3组,每组80例。A组使用N—trap网篮,B组使用封堵器,C组不用任何封堵装置。结果A组：77例成功完成拦截网篮固定下钬激光碎石取石,成功率96.3％（77／80）。2例在进镜时结石上漂,术中未发现结石;1例输尿管近端扩张明显,拦截网篮未固定住结石,上移至肾盂。B组：72例成功完成封堵器固定下钬激光碎石,成功率90．0％（72／80）。2例在进镜时结石上移,术中未发现结石;3例息肉包裹的结石在放置封堵器前出现结石漂移至肾盂;3例在放置封堵器时出现结石移至肾盂。C组：60例成功完成单纯钬激光碎石,成功率75．0％（60／80）。4例在进镜时结石上移,术中未发现结石;16例边碎石边上移,最终较大碎块进入肾盂。三组均未发生输尿管撕裂、黏膜袖状剥脱、菌血症等并发症。结论经输尿管镜拦截网篮或封堵器固定下用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段结石,结石不易上漂,原位碎石效率高,均是治疗输尿管上段结石安全、高效的方法。     

Prevention of retrograde calculus migration with the Stone Cone

Retrograde calculus migration during ureteroscopic lithotripsy remains a problem in 5–40% of cases. We assessed the safety and efficacy of the Stone Cone device, in comparison with the standard flat wire basket. A total of 56 consecutive patients with ureteral calculi, suitable for ureteroscopic extraction and/or lithotripsy, where included in this prospective study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. In group A (30 patients), we used the Stone Cone, while in group B (26 patients) we used the standard flat wire basket. The Stone Cone was placed through a cystoscope under fluoroscopic guidance, or when necessary under direct ureteroscopic control. Whenever necessary, intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy took place in both groups. Statistical significance was assessed by the paired t-test. The mean operative time was 48.5 min in group A, and 42.4 min in group B. Intact calculus extraction was possible in 16.6% in group A, and in 7.6% in group B (P<0.01). Retrograde stone migration was revealed in 23% in group B only (P<0.001). Also, residual fragments >3 mm were recorded in 30.7% in group B only (P<0.001). None of the patients in group A required auxiliary procedures, in contrary to 23% in group B (P<0.001). No major complications were recorded in group A, while in group B a case of major ureteral mucosal abrasion was recorded. The Stone Cone is safe and efficient in preventing retrograde stone migration and in minimizing residual fragments during ureteroscopic lithotripsy in comparison with the flat wire basket.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 总结输尿管软镜结合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及并发症,探讨手术技巧.方法 38 例输尿管上段结石患者接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先使用8/9.8 F 输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜,钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎屑.结果 35 例患者一期顺利碎石,3 例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘,留置输尿管内支架2 周后再次手术成功.手术时间31~56 min,平均42 min.术后7 例患者发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1 个月拔除内支架,2 周后复查KUB,结石清除率92.1%.结论 输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,即便输尿管结石进入肾内,也可一期处理,避免了额外的体外碎石操作.     

Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial

PURPOSE: During ureteroscopic basketing of ureteral calculi a stone may become engaged in the basket and the basket impacted in the ureter. We describe an endoscopic technique of managing the impacted basket and stone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ureteroscope is back loaded off of the basket, and passed into the ureter beside the basket and stone. The holmium:YAG laser is used to irradiate a basket wire, fracturing the wire and releasing the stone. The basket is removed and the stone managed by holmium:YAG lithotripsy. RESULTS: We successfully treated 3 consecutive patients with this technique. No injuries were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The holmium:YAG laser may be used to free an impacted stone basket containing a ureteral calculus.     

Complications of ureteral endoscopy

Use of the rigid ureterorenoscope has become widely accepted for the diagnosis of ureteral lesions, and for the removal and disintegration of ureteral calculi. Few complications have been reported. During the last 3 years 128 ureteroscopic procedures were performed for a variety of indications (98 for stone disease). There were 26 complications: 22 minor with no morbidity and 4 major that required surgical correction. Minor complications consisted of asymptomatic ureteral perforations in 6 patients, perforations with urinary extravasation, pain, ileus or fever in 4, migration of the stone into the kidney in 10 and migration of the stone outside the ureter with the calculus left in situ in 2. Major complications included ureteral perforation during basket extraction of an upper ureteral stone, urinoma following perforation and requiring drainage, stenosis of the intramural ureter that was corrected by marsupialization and aseptic necrosis of the ureter that was treated by ileal replacement.     

Transurethral ureteroscopic removal of ureteral calculi

Rigid ureteroscopy was used for transurethral removal of ureteral stones. Calculi were extracted under direct vision using flexible grasping forceps or a stone basket. If the size of the stone precluded the use of these techniques, we disintegrated the stone using an electro-hydraulic lithotriptor (EHL) or ultrasonic lithotriptor (USL). Between January, 1985 and October, 1985, 35 ureteroscopic procedures were performed for removal of ureteral stones. In 27 cases (77%) the stone was removed successfully. All stones could be removed in mid and lower ureter. However, in upper ureter, the success rate was only 50%. In 8 instances, ureteroscopy failed to remove the ureteral calculus and 6 underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 2 open surgery. Of the ureteral stones, 12 were removed with grasping forceps or a basket manipulation. EHL and USL were used successfully to remove calculi in 15 cases. To make smooth passage of the ureteroscope, a 6F UPJ occlusion balloon catheter was introduced into the ureter and the balloon was inflated in the intramural ureter for 24 hours preoperatively. We have found this to be a useful procedure for smooth passage of the ureteroscope. Most common complication of ureteroscopic stone removal was fever (29%). In 1 case, the ureter was penetrated by the scope. The patient was treated with an indwelling ureteral catheter for 2 weeks. After the catheter was removed, an excretory urogram demonstrated normal ureter without extravasation or obstruction. We conclude that ureteroscopic stone removal can be done safely with careful passage of the scope and careful manipulation of calculi.     

输尿管镜用于中下段输尿管结石治疗的临床分析

目的探讨输尿管半硬镜联合钬激光碎石、套石蓝取石在输尿管中下段结石治疗中的安全、有效性。方法回顾分析2004～2011年间800例输尿管中下段结石患者的临床资料并比较各类输尿管镜联合不同碎石、取石技术的治疗效果,其中气压弹道碎石340例,钬激光碎石460例。结果输尿管半硬镜下钬激光碎石联合套石蓝取石术放镜成功率100%、平均手术时间（34.2±10.3）min、结石移位率1.3%、管壁损伤率1.1%、中转开放术率0.4%、术后残石率0.9%,主要技术指标均优于传统输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术。结论输尿管半硬镜联合钬激光碎石、套石蓝取石技术治疗输尿管中下段结石便捷、安全、高效,值得临床推广。     

Ureteric stone surgery in practice

From 1983 to 1986 140 patients underwent surgery for ureteric calculus. In approximately 30% "blind" basket extraction was considered appropriate and continued to be effective. Increasing expertise with the rigid ureterorenoscope led to a considerable reduction in open ureterolithotomy (15% in 1985-86), the majority following failed ureteroscopic extraction. In the same year both "blind" basket extraction and ureteroscopy were successful in 82 and 86% of attempts respectively. Electrohydraulic and ultrasonic lithotripsy were used in 12 patients to reduce large impacted calculi. The commonest complication of ureteroscopic stone surgery was perforation; this occurred in 14% of cases, though it was usually trivial and near the vesicoureteric junction. Perforations higher in the ureter tended to follow endoscopic lithotripsy and were often associated with urinary extravasation. Extra-ureteric stone fragments were also occasionally observed in such cases. There were no serious sequelae, although the in-patient stay was prolonged beyond the 48 h customary for uncomplicated extraction. The results suggest that ureteroscopic stone extraction, which can be conveniently introduced into urological practice, should become a standard endoscopic procedure.     

输尿管软镜技术治疗输尿管上段结石手术技巧探讨

目的 探讨输尿管软镜技术治疗输尿管上段结石的手术技巧.方法 96例输尿管上段结石患者接受一期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先以Wolf 8.0 ～ 9.8F输尿管镜在镍钛导丝引导下直接扩张输尿管开口进入输尿管,沿导丝放置一次性导引鞘,遇到输尿管节段性狭窄时,在硬镜下直接置入输尿管球囊进行扩张,扩张后再置入输尿管导引鞘,引入输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎片.结果 94例患者一期成功置鞘碎石,2例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘.手术时间30～75 min,平均45 min.术后9例患者寒战发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1个月拔除D-J管,复查CT/KUB,结石清除率94.79％ (91/96).结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石技术是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,熟练掌握手术技巧及灵活采用辅助手段,能够显著提高一期输尿管软镜手术的置管成功率.