肾外肾母细胞瘤一例误诊

【病例】　男,1 5岁。入院前1天洗澡时其母无意中发现患儿腹部有一肿物,约鸭蛋大小,不活动。无其他不适。查体:发育正常,营养中等。腹软,未见胃肠型,左中上腹部可触及一5cm×6cm大小的实质性肿物,表面光滑,中等硬度,不活动,轻压腹部无明显不适。查血、尿常规正常。B超检查示左中上腹部有4cm×5cm实质性肿物,表面光滑,边界清楚,内部回声欠均匀,下极与肾上极重叠;双肾大小、形态正常,左肾位置下移。静脉尿路造影示双侧肾盂、肾盏、输尿管显影正常。诊断:腹膜后肿物性质待查,神经母细胞瘤?行手术治疗。术中见肿物位于左中上腹部腹膜后,5 0cm…     

肾透明细胞癌伴肾上腺隐球菌感染1例

患者,男,58岁。因全身乏力1个月,加重1周,伴有面色变黑,一过性意识障碍1天入院。行B超、腹部增强CT、MRI检查示左肾占位、双肾上腺占位性病变。查血中皮质醇水平低下,而促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)明显升高。行左肾癌根治术 左肾上腺切除术。术中发现左肾中肿物1个,大小为3.6 cm×3.2 cm,边缘光滑,突出于肾轮廓。左肾上腺区触及肿物1个,大小为3 cm×5 cm。病理检查:左肾及周围脂肪组织标本,肾脏大小为13cm×6.8 cm×4.5 cm。左肾外侧缘中部见半球形肿物向后方突出。剖开肾脏见中部一直径约3 cm肿物突出肾表面,边界清楚,肿物切面灰黄色散在…     

肾中间型上皮样血管内皮瘤1例

患者女性,33岁。左腰部疼痛1年半,外院CT示左肾占位性病变,左肾癌可能性大。入院后腹部彩超示左肾上极可见一个3.33 cm×2.87 cm的等回声实质性光团,包膜不完整,界限欠清,呈圆球形,不向肾表面凸出,内部回声欠均匀。CDFI示周围血管围绕,考虑为左肾上极实质性占位。临床诊断:左肾占位,左肾癌。于腹腔镜下行左肾肿瘤根治术。术中见左肾正常大小,表面光滑,剖开后见左肾上极有一灰白色肿块,大小2.5 cm×2 cm×1 cm,与周围组织界限清,质     

CT诊断左肾横纹肌肉瘤1例

患者女,30岁,以"左腰部反复阵发性酸痛6天,发热(39.6℃)1天"入院。查体:左中上腹部触及约10cm×8cm包块,质偏硬,压痛明显,活动度差。左肾区叩击痛。CT(图1):左肾体积增大,肾实质内见约5cm×9cm×10cm不规则混杂稍高密度影,边界欠清,CT值约32～69HU,病灶与相邻肾实     

肾脂肪肉瘤转移血液透析治疗一例

患者男,24 岁,因"上腹部隐痛伴恶心,发现左肾肿块10 d "于2003-10-25 入院.CT 检查为左肾肿瘤(18 cm ×15 cm),于2003-12-3 行左肾及肿瘤切除术,术中见肿瘤(20 cm ×14 cm ×10 cm)表面有薄层包膜,重1.7 kg.病理诊断:左肾上极圆细胞型脂肪肉瘤.术后肾功能正常.     

富血供输卵管妊娠与卵巢粘连伴双子宫畸形的超声表现1例

患者女,36岁,因"停经43天,少量阴道出血1天"就诊.妇科检查:双阴道双宫颈,子宫增大、横径增宽;左侧附件区扪及5 cm×3 cm×3 cm包块,质软,界清.血 β-hCG49 853 mIU/ml,后穹窿穿刺见不凝血,拟诊宫外孕.入院后测血β-hCG28 334 mIU/ml,孕酮7.1 ng/ml.超声:双子宫,宫腔内均未见孕囊;左侧子宫腔见节育环,并见宫腔积液;子宫后方积液深2.5 cm,于左侧子宫左后方见5.4 cm×4.6 cm×4.0 cm混合回声包块,界清,形态规则,包块外侧边缘见少许卵巢组织(图1);CDFI示内血流丰富(图2).超声提示:①子宫畸形(双子宫);②左侧盆腔包块(异位妊娠可能)伴盆腔积液.左输卵管切除术中见盆腔内双子宫间有-纵隔样软组织相连,右侧卵巢及输卵管完好.道格拉斯窝内见暗红色积血约400 ml,左侧附件扭曲于左侧子宫后方,左侧输卵管壶腹部增粗与卵巢粘连,形成6 cm×5 cm×5 cm包块,表面暗紫色、质脆,触之出血.     

子宫附件及大网膜黄色瘤样病变1例北大核心CSCD

患者女,45岁,腹痛、便秘4天;既往体健,无家族及遗传病史。查体:左下腹触及7.0 cm×4.0 cm×4.5 cm无痛高张力肿物。实验室检查:白细胞计数12.2×10^(9)/L,中性粒细胞百分比83.5%,血红蛋白111.0 g/L,C反应蛋白16.4 mg/L。腹部CT:左附件区6.3 cm×5.2 cm团块影,内见分隔,大网膜内见3.4 cm×3.0 cm均匀略高密度结节;增强后左附件区肿物边缘及分隔明显强化,大网膜结节密度增高(图1A);考虑为左附件区占位性病变伴大网膜转移。腹部超声:脐下大网膜增厚,范围7.9 cm×3.3 cm×2.9 cm,呈低回声,结构致密;CDFI见较丰富分支状彩色血流信号(图1B),未见明确腹腔积液;经阴道超声:左附件区混合性包块,内见多个互通的不均匀无回声区,CDFI示血流欠丰富(图1C);综合考虑为左附件区局限性脓肿,大网膜病变性质待定。行超声引导下脐下大网膜及后穹窿左附件区穿刺活检。病理:光镜下见组织内泡沫样细胞伴大量中性粒细胞浸润,伴渗出及坏死,小血管扩张充血(图1D);免疫组织化学:CK(-),Vim(+),CD3(散在+),CD20(散在+),CD38(散在+),CD68(+),Ki-67(20%+)。术后综后诊断:左附件区及大网膜黄色瘤样病变伴化脓性炎症。     

腹膜后节细胞神经纤维瘤一例

1病例资料患者,男,5岁,因呕吐、腹痛、腹泻来院就诊。查体:一般情况好,心肺未见明显异常。腹部软,无压痛及反跳痛;左上腹部可扪及5 cm×6 cm肿块,质硬,触痛,边缘清,表面尚光滑,活动度差。肾区无叩击痛。实验室检查:WBC10 800/mm3,N 88%,L 12%。B超示:左上腹部于左肾平面见4 cm×6 cm的强回声区,边缘清晰,未见明显包膜,实质内部回声不均,有强回声斑。CT表现:左肾下极L1椎体左前方腹膜后可见一不规则形略低密度肿物,CT值约35 HU,大小约6.8 cm×4.6 cm×4.3 cm,密度尚均匀,内可见斑点状钙化;肿块紧靠脊柱左前方,椎旁间隙消失,与同侧     

巨大肾积水1例报告

患者女,7岁.出生后腹部即显膨隆,因无其他异常未进行任何诊治,以后随年龄增长腹部逐渐增大.查体:腹部高度膨隆,中腹可触及一18cm×19cm巨大肿物,表面光滑,质韧,无压痛,肾区无叩击痛.尿常规正常.B超:腹腔内见一25cm×20cm巨大液性暗区,边界规整,内见条状分隔.诊断为腹腔巨大囊性肿物.静脉肾盂造影右肾未见异常,左肾未显影.CT:腹腔内偏左见一巨大肿物,约21cm×24cm,几乎占据全腹部(见图),边界清晰、壁薄,内呈水样密度、CT值-3～2Hu、内见少许短线状分隔,肠腔被推移向右外侧,右肾未见改变,左肾未显示.印象:①腹腔内巨大囊性肿物.②左肾高度积水? 手术所见:左肾盂与输尿管交界处管壁增厚,管腔几乎闭塞,范围长约1cm.左肾高度肿大,几乎占据全腹部,皮质菲薄,外观透明,切除左肾,打开流出数千毫升尿液.病理诊断:左肾高度积水.     

左肾盂低度恶性潜能尿路上皮乳头状肿瘤1例

<正>患者男，51岁，左腰闷痛3天；既往体健。查体：左肾区及上输尿管点压痛，左肾区叩击痛(+)。实验室检查：尿隐血(+),尿细胞学见非典型尿路上皮细胞。腹部CT:左输尿管腹段1.3 cm×1.1 cm高密度影，其近端输尿管肾盂扩张、积水；左肾盂内0.8 cm×0.7 cm×0.6 cm软组织密度影，CT值30 HU,增强扫描皮质期明显强化(图1A),CT值76 HU。超声：左侧输尿管上段1.7 cm×1.0 cm结石，左肾盂扩张，     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.