Anatomical Consideration of the Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves in the Scalp

To better understand the anatomic location of scalp nerves involved in various neurosurgical procedures, including awake surgery and neuropathic pain control, a total of 30 anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerves were examined in Korean adult cadavers. The dissection was performed from the distal to the proximal aspects of the nerve. Considering the external bony landmarks, each reference point was defined for all measurements. The supraorbital nerve arose from the supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen 29 mm lateral to the midline (range, 25-33 mm) and 5 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 4-6 mm). The supratrochlear nerve exited from the orbital rim 16 mm lateral to the midline (range, 12-21 mm) and 7 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 6-9 mm). The zygomaticotemporal nerve pierced the deep temporalis fascia 10 mm posterior to the frontozygomatic suture (range, 7-13 mm) and 22 mm above the upper margin of the zygomatic arch (range, 15-27 mm). In addition, three types of zygomaticotemporal nerve branches were found. Considering the superficial temporal artery, the auriculotemporal nerve was mostly located superficial or posterior to the artery (80%). There were no significant differences between the right and left sides or based on gender (P>0.05). These data can be applied to many neurosurgical diagnostic or therapeutic procedures related to anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerve.     

On the a. malaris of the goat (Capra hircus)

Detailed observations were made of the a. malaris in 25 adult goats by means of the acryl plastic injection method and the findings obtained were evaluated in comparison with those for other mammals. The malar artery arose from the superior wall of the infraorbital artery, lateral to the infraorbital nerve and superomedial to the maxillary tuber, independently or rarely in common with the superior alveolar artery. It first passed anterolaterally in the sulcus malaris on the superior surface of the lacrimal bulla and gave rise to the third palpebral branch independently or rarely in common with the inferior oblique muscular branch beneath the obliquus inferior muscle, and also the main and accessory inferior oblique and the maxillary sinus branches. The third palpebral branch gave off the periosteal, the conjunctive, the supero- and inferolateral branches. After the malar artery gave off the zygomatic branch on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone, it passed anterosuperiorly up to the incisura malaris at the medial end of the infraorbital margin of the lacrimal bone and gave off the medial superior and inferior palpebral arteries or a common trunk between them. It continued to pass forwards as the nasal radical branch after giving off the infraorbital marginal branch and anastomosed with the nasal dorsal branch of the superficial temporal artery. The medial inferior palpebral artery formed the inferior palpebral arterial arch by anastomosing with the lateral inferior palpebral artery of the superficial temporal at the lateral canthus. The inferior palpebral marginal, the ocular orbicular muscular and the conjunctive branches diverged from the above arterial arch. The medial superior palpebral artery gave off the lacrimal canalicular and the nasolacrimal canal branches and anastomosed with the lateral superior palpebral artery or the frontal branch of the superficial temporal at the medial canthus. The characteristic features of the malar artery in the goat were thus the third palpebral branch occasionally diverging from the external ophthalmic artery of the maxillary artery, a main and several accessory inferior oblique muscular, the maxillary sinus branches and the zygomatic branches.     

国人眼眶容积及骨性径线测量

目的　为眼眶手术安全和眼眶重建术提供形态学资料。方法　应用摩立逊定位仪、游标卡尺等工具对 30例骨性眼眶进行解剖测量。结果　眶外侧缘点至眶上裂距离为 35 2 5mm ;眶外侧缘点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 4 8 4 0mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 6 2mm ;眶下点至眶下裂距离为 19 5 8mm ;眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 5 2 0 8mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛前孔距离为 18 5 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛后孔距离为 32 4 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至视神经孔内侧缘距离为 4 1 15mm ;眶上切迹至眶上裂距离为 39 0 4mm ;眶上切迹至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 5 93mm ;眶上缘中点至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 7 13mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 35mm ;眶下缘中点至视神经孔外缘距离为 4 9 6 4mm ;眶深为 4 9 6 4mm ;颅最大长度为 175 34mm ;眶容积为 2 7 0 0ml。结论　同一个体双侧眼眶除了眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离右眼大于左眼 (P =0 0 16 )外 ,其他无显著差异 ;眶深与颅最大长度无直线相关关系。     

Consistency of the lateral canthus as an anatomic landmark and its clinical implications

Successful oculofacial procedures require the availability of a reliable surgical and anatomic landmark. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of the lateral canthus as a surface landmark. Seventy‐seven from 42 Korean cadavers were dissected. The horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin and the vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and the inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were measured. The mean horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin was 7.8 mm. Although the horizontal position of the lateral canthus appears to alter with age, the variation was only 2–3 mm. The mean vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were 8.1 and 17.2 mm. The vertical position of the lateral canthus did not vary with age, being located inferiorly within a fingernail width from the zygomaticofrontal suture. The lateral canthus, which is easily accessible and supported by muscular and fibrous lateral orbital attachments, exhibits small anatomic variations. Thus, the lateral canthus could act as a reliable surface landmark for identifying the location of underlying structures and describing a lesion on the face. Clin. Anat. 32:630–634, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

额肌腱膜的解剖学观察及临床意义

目的：为临床应用额肌加额肌腱膜组织瓣悬吊上睑、治疗重症上睑下垂症,提供解剖学基础。方法：在手术显微镜下,解剖观测３０侧额肌腱膜的起止点、宽、厚度及腱膜与面神经颞支、眶上神经的关系。用组织切片光镜下观察腱膜的组织结构。结果：额肌腱膜起点距眶上缘的外、中、内１／３上方的距离分别是０．６ｃｍ、０．９ｃｍ、０．６ｃｍ。腱膜呈半月形,厚０．０５ｃｍ,宽３．４ｃｍ,外侧缘距面神经颞支１．９ｃｍ。腱膜的组织构成为致密结缔组织,成束排列的胶原纤维方向与额肌纤维的方向一致。结论：应用额肌腱膜和额肌组织瓣悬吊上睑,可最大程度减少手术固定部位撕裂,提高手术效果。     

Superficial temporal artery as an external landmark for deeper-lying brain structures

Additional localizing superficial landmarks for intracranial structures can be of use to the neurosurgeon. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the superficial temporal artery (STA) as an external landmark for deeper brain structures. Thirteen adult cadavers (26 sides) underwent latex injection of their STA bilaterally. Dissections were next carried out to identify this vessel. Once the STA and its frontal and parietal branches were skeletonized, craniectomies were performed and the underlying dura mater excised. Measurements were made between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA and deeper brain structures. The STA was found to branch on average 3 cm superior to the tragus. The bifurcation of the STA was found to commonly bifurcate at the level of the floor of the middle cranial fossa or superior temporal gyrus. The Sylvian fissure was found at a mean of 2 cm superior to the STA bifurcation. The angle between the frontal branch of the STA and the zygomatic arch had a mean of 37 degrees. The angle between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA had a mean of 87 degrees. At the level of the glabella, the frontal branch of the STA was on average 3 cm posterior to the frontal pole. The temporal tip was located a mean of 3.2 cm anterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The plane of the foramen of Monro was found to lie at a mean distance of 2.3 cm posterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The parietal branch of the STA was noted to travel more or less parallel with the central sulcus in all specimens and to travel an average of 2 cm posterior to this sulcus. At the level of the lateral attachment of the tentorium cerebelli, the parietal branch of the STA was found to travel a mean of 4.8 cm anterior to the entrance of the vein of Labbé into the transverse sinus. The parietal branch of the STA was also found to travel a mean of 4.2 cm anterior to the angular gyrus and 3.9 cm anterior to the supramarginal gyrus. Palpation or Doppler identification of the STA and its branches with subsequent mapping on the lateral cranium may prove useful as an additional superficial landmark for the neurosurgeon.     

额神经痛诊治的解剖学基础

目的 介绍额神经痛的诊断与注射的治疗方法。方法 选择门诊确诊为额神经的眶上支或滑车上支的神经痛患者20余例，采用强的松龙混悬液加局部麻药的局部注射神经绕经眶上缘处的方法治疗。结果 所有病人皆在注射后短时完全止痛，多数病例一周后痊愈，少数经2－3次注射后痊愈，少数病人失访。结论 对诊断正确的患者，采取强的松龙局部注射法，可以获得满意的疗效。     

Morphometric measurements from various reference points in the orbit of male Caucasians

The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9+/-3.3 mm, 35.6+/-2.3 mm, 41.7+/-3.1 mm and 6.9+/-1.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. On the same wall, distances from the plane of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina to the ethmoido-maxillary suture and distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the anterior ethmoidal foramen and midpoint of the medial margin of the optic canal were 14.9+/-2.3 mm, 9.8+/-2.9 mm and 6.8+/-2.2 mm respectively. On the inferior orbital wall, the main reference point was the infraorbital foramen, and from this point to the midpoints of the lateral margin of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, inferior orbital fissure, inferior orbital rim and inferior aspect of the optic canal was 23.8+/-7.2 mm, 31.9+/-3.9 mm, 6.7+/-1.9 mm and 50.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. On the superior orbital wall, the distances from the supraorbital foramen to the midpoints of the superior orbital fissure, fossa for the lacrimal gland and superior aspect of the optic canal were 45.7+/-3.6 mm, 26.0+/-2.5 mm and 45.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6+/-2.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5+/-2.1 mm, 37.7+/-3.6 mm, 44.9+/-2.5 mm and 33.4+/-3.1 mm respectively.     

颞区皮肤手术易损伤结构的应用解剖研究

目的:获得颞区解剖结构数据,分析颞区皮肤肿瘤活检和手术治疗的安全性.方法:经10%甲醛液固定的成人尸头标本5例10侧,行颞区层次解剖,观测耳前、后组血管神经的参数.结果:主要结构分布于颞浅筋膜层,耳前组由后向前为颞浅静脉、耳颞神经、颞浅动脉及面神经颞支,分别距耳屏(3.14±0.21)mm,(7.04±1.18) mm,(7.32±1.92) mm,(28.67±0.37) mm;面神经颞支最后侧在颧弓上缘处距耳屏(28.67±0.37)mm.耳后组由前向后依次为耳后动脉、枕小神经及耳后静脉,分别距耳廓后沟中部(6.55±0.23)mm,(40.41±1.37)mm,(41.18±1.57)mm.结论:颞区手术切口以耳尖为中心呈放射状,术后瘢痕最小;颞区活检或手术最易损伤面神经颞支,越近颧弓上缘越易损伤,其后果越严重;耳屏前28 mm范围内无面神经颞支,为手术相对安全区.     

额肌的显微外科解剖学研究

在25具尸体上,对额肌及其血管、神经作了解剖学观测。并利用额肌瓣转移矫正先天性上睑下垂及额部缺损,获满意效果。     

游离骨间后动脉3叶皮瓣设计的解剖学研究

目的　为临床设计以骨间后血管为蒂的游离3叶皮瓣提供解剖学依据。 方法　新鲜前臂标本8侧,以肱骨外上髁至尺骨茎突桡侧连线为轴线,将前臂划分为4个均等区间,解剖观察远端3个区间中骨间后动脉发出的穿支的位置、走形和分支数,在深筋膜浅层和深层的穿支蒂长度。选取1例标本进行3叶皮瓣设计切取模拟手术。 结果　骨间后动脉在前臂平均发出4~7个穿支,其中区间I穿支数为2~4个,区间II穿支数为2~3个,区间III穿支数平均为1~3个;区间I、II、III穿支起点到深筋膜的蒂长分别为0~0.6、0.2~1.2、0.5~1.8 cm, 穿支起点到浅筋膜层的蒂长分别为1.2~2.7、1.2~4.5、1.8~4.5 cm。 结论　以骨间后动脉为蒂,利用其不同部位的穿支组合,设计游离3叶皮瓣具有临床可行性。     

腘肌肌构筑和肌内神经的研究

目的　探讨腘肌肌构筑学特征和肌内神经分支分布特点。 方法 大体解剖法、肌构筑法、改良Sihler’s 染色法。 结果　腘肌为三角形扁肌,肌中间有两块并排的冠状位腱板。肌重(15.13±0.41) g,肌长(9.09±0.31) cm,肌纤维长(1.93±0.09) cm,羽状角（11.5±0.82）°,肌生理横切面积(7.17±0.13) cm2。支配腘肌的神经于该肌外侧缘入肌,入肌后分成上、下支2支,上支较细,支配该肌前上部,下支较粗,支配该肌前下部和后部。 结论　 腘肌是羽肌,倾向力量型设计,肌内神经主要分布于肌的中下部。     

Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxillo-facial surgery

Knowledge of the location of foramina in the maxillo-facial region is necessary in clinical situations requiring regional nerve blocks and in open as well as endoscopic surgical procedures to avoid injury to corresponding nerves. In this study, measurements were taken on 79 adult dried human skulls to determine the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Supraorbital foramina were found to be approximately 25 mm lateral to the midline, 30 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and 2-3 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. Additional exits for branches of the supraorbital nerve were present in 14% of skulls. The intersection of the zygomatico-maxillary suture with the inferior orbital rim was a readily palpable landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen. This foramen was approximately 7 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim and 28.5-mm lateral to the midline. Mental foramina were on average, 25.8-mm lateral to the midline and about 13-mm superior to the inferior mandibular margin. Both the infraorbital and mental foramina were most often on a vertical line with the second premolar (Position 3). The distances of the foramina from the midline were similar on both sides demonstrating facial symmetry. In about 80% of skulls, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina/notches were along the same vertical line. These measurements may be of value to clinicians in localizing and safeguarding these nerves and providing effective nerve blocks.     

Anatomic study of the distal supraorbital nerve

This investigation was designed to extend our present knowledge of the supraorbital n. (SO n.) distal to the supraorbital notch. It is based on 40 dissected hemi-faces and the position of the notch and the periosteal and frontalis cutaneous branches of the SO n. were studied. The notch was 33.05 mm from the midline on the right side and 30,70 mm on the left. The periosteal branch arises from the lateral frontalis cutaneous branch. Its ascends in an oblique direction laterally and ends in two terminal branches. The frontalis cutaneous branch, after a very short trunk, divides into two branches, medial and lateral. The medial or deep branch enters the corrugator supercilii m. between its fibers. Most frequently, it passes under the inferior fasciculus and superficial to the middle and superior ones. Leaving the corrugator m., it ascends medially into the frontalis m., supplying the median cutaneous frontalis region. The lateral or superficial branch crosses superficial to the corrugator supercilii m. to penetrate the frontalis m. in an ascending and lateral direction, supplying the lateral frontalis region. The two branches enter the frontalis m., displaying a zigzag pattern in order to adapt its length during expressive movements. They cross the frontalis region together with the SO a. and two veins supplying the nerve and the frontalis m. These anatomic data may explain some of the complications after surgery for ptosis and blepharospasm.     

基于上睑皮肤松垂机制的眉脂肪垫应用解剖学研究

目的 为重置眉脂肪垫以改良上睑皮肤松垂整形术提供解剖学基础。 方法 对14侧新鲜尸头标本的眉区进行解剖,观察并测量眉脂肪垫重要毗邻关系及解剖参数。 结果 眉脂肪垫位于额肌、眼轮匝肌眶部与骨膜之间的筋膜脂肪层中,与眼轮匝肌衔接致密,而与骨膜和眶隔膜连接松散。眉脂肪垫向上逐渐变薄呈筋膜状态,向下移行插入眼轮匝肌下脂肪层,内侧为滑车上神经血管束,向外与颞浅筋膜脂肪层相延续,呈现横径较长的扁椭圆形态,在体表映射范围位于眉峰和眉梢,最大厚度(1.33±0.30)mm,最大垂直宽度(15.51±0.53)mm,最大水平长度(34.44±0.67)mm,其主要血供源于眶上动脉向颞侧发出的分支;眉脂肪垫在眶隔和肌肉之间形成一个滑动空间,利于眉毛活动,但会导致眉外侧没有足够支撑力抵抗重力作用,使眶外侧软组织随年龄增长而下垂。 结论 可以通过重置眉脂肪垫改良上睑皮肤松垂整形术,将其固定在眶缘骨膜上,不仅可以调整眉位置,还能增强眶缘上方软组织的支撑结构,避免出现眉下垂,稳定手术效果,改善眉及上睑形态。     

外踝及其周围结构的解剖学测量及临床意义

目的　对外踝及其周围结构进行解剖学观测,为外踝骨折内固定及设计外踝定位导向器提供解剖学基础。 方法　①80例（男20对,女20对）干燥腓骨下端形态进行观察分析;②40例（男20,女20）X线片观察外踝的大体形态;③40具（男20,女20）尸体解剖观测外踝前动脉、腓浅神经,腓肠神经毗邻关系。 结果　（1）外踝从上往下骨质逐渐均匀的变薄变窄,近似一个倒立的三角形;（2）骨性标本外踝左右两侧高度、宽度、厚度测量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但存在性别差异(P<0.05)。（3）男女X线片上外踝角测量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);（4）外踝前动脉在距离外踝尖端平面男性(4.30±0.22)cm,女性(4.11±0.6)cm处由胫前动脉发出,先斜向外下方至腓骨下端;然后紧贴腓骨下端及外踝前缘进入足背。（5）腓浅神经主干距离外踝前缘男性(1.59±0.20)cm,女性(1.31±0.64)cm;腓肠神经经过外踝后外下方,距离外踝后缘男性(1.80±0.13)cm,女性(1.62±0.34)cm; 结论　外踝及其周围结构的解剖学测量结果为外踝骨折内固定以及设计外踝定位导向器提供解剖学基础。     

颞浅动脉额支皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的：为带蒂颞浅动脉额支皮瓣转移修复眼部软组织缺损提供解剖学资料。方法：对头面部乳胶灌注的标本进行解剖，并对颞浅动脉的走行、分支、分布进行观测。结果：颞浅动脉起自颈外动脉，穿腮腺实质上行，在颧弓上方分为额、顶两终末支。额支又于外毗上方分为额顶支和额眶支。额支、额顶支、额眶支血管外径均在1mm左右，可游离血管长度符合要求。结论：以颞浅动脉额支为蒂的皮瓣可用来转位修复眶周软组织缺损。     

除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤的解剖学基础

目的:为除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:10例防腐固定标本和5例新鲜标本,解剖观察眶上神经的走行、分布及毗邻,分析其分布特点及预防损伤的手术方法。结果:①按分布区域和解剖层次,眶上神经可分为外侧支(深支)、内侧支(浅支);②外侧支包含眶上神经主干和多数分支,以2-3支从眶上孔发出,或以单一束支从眶上孔发出,在走行过程中逐渐发出2-3支。67.7％的内侧支为细小分支,22.3％为单一束支;③眶上神经外侧支的外侧边界可走行在上颞线上,外侧支主干分布在上颞线及其内侧(1.6±0.2)cm范围内。结论:(1)眶上神经位于眶上孔与同侧额结节、上颞线连线间的区域内;(2)在额部除皱术中,合理设计切口,避免在上述区域内的腱膜下疏松结缔组织层分离可预防眶上神经损伤。     

外踝术中腓肠神经和腓浅神经的应用解剖

目的　探讨外踝术中腓肠神经和腓浅神经损伤的风险 ,并分析损伤后感觉缺失情况。方法　在解剖显微镜下对 5 0侧常规防腐固定成年尸体的腓肠神经和腓浅神经及其分支作解剖 ,观测和绘图。结果　 2 4 % (12侧 )的腓浅神经或足背中间皮神经浅出点在外踝前缘水平 ,10 % (5侧 )的腓肠神经横切过外踝尖 ,78% (39侧 )的标本可识别来自这两条神经的踝支 (其中 2 8%同时具有两个来源 ) ,腓肠神经管理 38% (19侧 )标本的足及足趾的外侧半。结论　外踝术中很容易损伤来自腓肠神经和腓浅神经的踝支 (可能性为 78% ) ,损伤神经主干的风险较小 ,但有 2 4 %的可能损伤在外踝前缘浅出的腓浅神经或足背中间皮神经 ,10 %的可能损伤外踝尖处的腓肠神经 ,而且损伤后感觉缺失范围差异很大 ,腓肠神经具有比解剖学以往描述的更重要的意义     

Lamination of the masticatory muscles in the kangaroo according to their innervation

An analysis of the laminations of the masseteric, zygomaticomandibular and temporalis muscles of the Red Kangaroo (Macropus Rufus) and all of the masticatory muscles of the Eastern Gray Kangaroo (Macropus Giganteus) was carried out based on their innervation. The masseteric muscle was divided into superficial and deep layers; the superficial layer was further subdivided into three laminae from the rostro-lateral portion to caudo-internal portion. The deep layer was divided into lateral, caudo-internal and rostro-internal laminae. The zygomaticomandibular muscle which was located between the masseteric and temporal muscles was divided into lateral, internal and rostral laminae, on the basis of its innervation. The lateral and internal laminae were innervated by the nerve which arises between the masseteric nerve and the posterior deep temporal nerve. A small rostral portion of the muscle was innervated by masseteric nerves, which passed through the internal lamina of the deep layer of the masseteric muscle. The temporalis muscle was innervated by an anterior deep temporal nerve and posterior deep temporal nerve. Only the most rostro-internal lamina of the temporalis muscle was innervated by the anterior deep temporal nerve. The anterior deep temporal nerve and lateral pterygoid nerve had a common trunk. We believe that the rostro-internal lamina was closely related to the lateral pterygoid muscle. The lateral pterygoid muscle displayed one lamina, whereas the medial pterygoid muscle was divided into internal and lateral laminae. The lateral lamina was further divided into rostro-internal and caudo-lateral laminae.