儿童异基因造血干细胞移植术后感染的实验观察

目的了解儿童异基因造血干细胞移植的感染率和特点。方法对上海儿童医学中心从2002年11月到2004年8月共18例异基因造血干细胞移植的血液肿瘤患儿,发生移植后感染的所有病例进行回顾性分析。结果18例异基因造血干细胞移植患儿,发生细菌、真菌感染的13例,感染率为72·2%;在28株分离菌中,革兰阳性菌14株,革兰阴性菌8株和真菌6株。主要细菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属、大肠埃希氏菌和克雷伯菌属,且大多数细菌耐药。实时定量PCR监测移植后人类巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染发现:有16例患儿发生至少一次的HCMV感染,感染率为88·9%。结论感染是儿童异基因造血干细胞移植术后主要的并发症,临床早期诊断、定期监测、及时地合理治疗对降低移植术后感染和提高移植成功率至关重要。     

脐带血异基因造血干细胞移植后噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例临床分析

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植后噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的临床特征、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析1例急性髓系白血病非血缘相关脐带血造血干细胞移植(AML-URD-UCBT)患儿术后并发HLH的临床特点并复习相关文献。结果患儿移植术后第6天(+6 d,下同)出现皮肤、肝脏、肠道急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD),先后给予糖皮质激素、环孢素A(CsA)、赛尼哌、霉酚酸酯(MMF)、他克莫司(FK506)等免疫抑制治疗后,aGVHD症状好转,但+26 d后出现活动性巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染合并HLH,给予静脉注射用丙种球蛋白、无环鸟苷、更昔洛韦抗CMV治疗,输红细胞、血小板、血浆、纤维蛋白原等支持治疗,参照HLH-2004方案予依托泊苷、糖皮质激素及CsA治疗后,+61 d检测血CMV早期/晚期基质蛋白(CMV-PP65)转阴,+55、+63 d骨髓象未见噬血细胞,呈HLH完全缓解骨髓象,临床症状及血常规等实验室指标好转;+83 d检测血CMV-PP65及CMV脱氧核糖核酸(CMV-DNA)转阳,+86 d因严重肺部感染、肺出血、消化道出血及多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论异基因造血干细胞移植后aGVHD及抗aGVHD的免疫抑制治疗,是引起移植后CMV感染相关HLH的危险因素;HLH-2004方案未考虑到异基因造血干细胞移植后HLH的特殊性,需进一步研究有针对性的治疗方案,以提高疗效。     

新疆地区儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后巨细胞病毒感染相关危险因素分析

目的 分析儿童异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染首次发生的相关危险因素。方法 通过回顾性分析2018年02月—2021年09月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院行异基因造血干细胞移植的患儿62例,随访至移植+100d,应用χ²检验及Logistics回归模型,分析CMV感染发生的危险因素。结果 62例患儿中共有36例(58.1%)在移植+100d内首次发生CMV感染,感染发生的中位时间为+38(23.5～56.8)d,单因素分析结果显示,干细胞来源、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)与CMV感染相关(P<0.05),多因素分析结果显示,Ⅰ-Ⅱ度aGVHD(OR, 22.025,95%CI,4.144～117.060)、Ⅲ-Ⅳ度aGVHD(OR,12.082,95%CI,1.144～127.653)P值均<0.05,与CMV感染独立相关。结论 儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后aGVHD与CMV感染的发生相关,应在移植早期得到足够的重视。     

儿童非肿瘤性EB病毒感染相关疾病诊治进展

EB病毒在人群中感染率高达95%, 是人类发现的第一个致癌病毒。儿童感染EB病毒多引起非肿瘤性疾病, 主要包括传染性单核细胞增多症、慢性活动性EB病毒感染和噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症。儿童非肿瘤性EB病毒感染相关疾病大多是自限性疾病, 少部分合并严重并发症或向肿瘤性疾病发展。此类疾病发病机制复杂, 病情变化多样, 部分患儿具有基因缺陷则预后较差。对于难治性患儿, 异基因造血干细胞移植是有效的治疗方法。同时部分危重患儿病情进展迅速, 为此类患儿创造异基因造血干细胞移植的机会至关重要。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效及并发症。方法 4例SAA患儿,均接受氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白预处理;其中3例患儿行HLA全相合同胞骨髓造血干细胞移植(BMT),1例患儿行HLA全相合同胞外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)。同胞供者采集重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子5μg.kg-1.d-1,动员骨髓及外周血干细胞。采用环孢素+短疗程小剂量甲氨蝶呤方案预防移植物抗宿主病,前列腺素E预防肝静脉闭塞综合征,更昔洛韦预防巨细胞病毒感染,美司那及水化碱化预防出血性膀胱炎。通过DNA短串联重复序列多态性分析检测植入情况。结果 2例BMT患儿及1例PBSCT患儿完全植入;1例BMT患儿嵌合植入。中性粒细胞>0.5×109L-1中位时间12 d(9～15 d),血小板>20×109L-1中位时间19 d(12～30 d)。结论 allo-HSCT是治疗儿童SAA的有效方法,维持造血功能以及移植后并发症的发生及防治,仍是目前重点讨论的课题。     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血1例报告及文献复习

目的评估异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(再障)的疗效,探讨移植中合并巨细胞病毒感染治疗及其对长期造血重建的影响。方法患儿,男,12岁,供者为其胞姐,HLA配型完全相合。动员方案:G_CSF5μg/(kg·d)×6d。预处理方案:环磷酰胺(CTX)50mg/(kg·d)×4d,抗胸腺球蛋白3mg/(kg·d)×3d,氟达拉滨50mg/(kg·d)×3d。移植有核细胞数5.26×108/kg,CD34 细胞6.25×106/kg,CFU_GM10.21×105/kg。观察监测巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染,更昔洛韦(GCV)与可耐联合应用。结果移植后28d造血重建,移植后84d血型转为供者型(B型),染色体检测转为供者46XX移植后81d曾发生CMV感染,经早期、联合治疗后感染控制。未发生急、慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),移植后骨髓象、血象正常。结论异基因外周造血干细胞移植可有效治疗重型再障,抗CMV感染治疗应早期、足量、联合、长期。     

造血干细胞移植术后儿童播散性带状疱疹一例并文献复习

目的探讨造血干细胞移植术后并发播散性带状疱疹患儿的临床特征和预后。方法回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院收治的1例异基因造血干细胞移植术后并发播散性带状疱疹患儿的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果患儿, 男, 13岁, 因右侧头面部红斑、水疱5 d入院。患儿1年前因重型再生障碍性贫血接受异基因造血干细胞移植, 一直口服环孢素抑制移植物抗宿主反应。患儿入院时有单侧红斑基础上水疱、大疱, 累及眼部, 入院第3天开始出现高热和泛发性水痘样疹, 血清带状疱疹病毒IgM阴性、IgG阳性, 诊断播散性带状疱疹和眼带状疱疹。给予阿昔洛韦、静注人免疫球蛋白、重组人干扰素等治疗后患儿体温稳定, 皮疹好转出院, 1个月后随访无后遗神经疼痛、视物模糊不适, 仅留有头面部凹陷性瘢痕。结论造血干细胞移植术后并发带状疱疹预防很重要, 临床上要警惕皮疹播散和脑炎等并发症, 对于播散性带状疱疹患儿早期使用足量阿昔洛韦和免疫球蛋白治疗有效。     

儿童造血干细胞移植患者的人巨细胞病毒感染

人类巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)属于疱疹病毒β亚科,人感染HCMV后病毒可在体内长期甚至终身潜伏,在免疫受损或抑制时可再次激活,引起临床症状.HCMV是造血干细胞移植(hemopoietic stem celltransplantation,HSCT)患儿术后中期(2～3个月)感染最常见的病原,引起较高的发病率和死亡率,严重影响预后[1].因此,密切监测HSCT患儿的HCMV感染,及时准确的诊断和治疗对于HSCT至关重要.本文应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测血清中HCMV-DNA,对HSCT患儿的HCMV感染进行了监测.     

珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患儿造血干细胞移植术后带状疱疹病毒感染危险因素及预后分析

目的探讨珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患儿行异基因造血干细胞移植术(allo-HSCT)后感染带状疱疹病毒(VZV)的危险因素及其对患儿预后的影响。方法回顾性收集2012年1月至2020年12月深圳市儿童医院血液肿瘤科造血干细胞移植中心行allo-HSCT的446例珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患儿的临床资料, 总结发生VZV感染者的临床特征, 根据是否发生VZV进行分组, 组间比较采用χ2检验, 分析其发生的危险因素, 采用Kaplan-Meier法分析2组患儿的预后。结果 446例患儿中19例发生了VZV感染, 发生率为4.3%, 发生的中位时间为移植术后5个月(1.5～11.0个月), 其中5例并发VZV脑炎。患儿予阿昔洛韦加或不加膦甲酸钠抗病毒治疗、输注人免疫球蛋白、局部外涂阿昔洛韦乳膏治疗, 治疗7～28 d(中位治疗时间14 d)疱疹均消退, 合并VZV脑炎者神经系统症状均消失。19例患儿中有1例死亡, 但非VZV感染直接导致死亡, 而是VZV感染后继发植入功能不良, 于VZV感染后5个月发生重症肺炎而死亡。allo-HSCT珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患儿VZV感染的发生与供者年龄(P=0.010)...     

儿童脐血移植后的巨细胞病毒感染

脐带血移植(cord blood transplantation,CBT)是治疗儿童高危白血病的有效方法之一,脐血移植由于造血植入延迟,免疫重建慢,各种感染的机会增加,影响了长期生存率。巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染是异基因干细胞移植严重的合并症之一,CMV活动性感染常常可以致命,导致移植失败;CMV的预防、早期诊断及时治疗,是降低移植患者死亡的关键。我们采用PCR技术对6例脐血移植患者的血液进行了检测,旨在了解脐血移植患者CMV感染情况。     

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in children undergoing hematopoetic stem cell transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality after hematopoetic stem cell transplantations (HSCT). The purpose of the study was to analyze risk factors of CMV disease in children undergoing HSCT. A total of 110 children who undergone hematopoetic stem cells transplantation were analyzed. In 16 patients (14.5%) CMV antigenemia in white blood cells was diagnosed. Most patients with CMV infection had undergone alloHSCT; one patient had undergone autologous transplantation. Second CMV reactivation in 4 of 16 patients was observed. Acute GvHD occurred in 11/15 patients. Early onset of CMV infection in 13/16 patients and late onset in 3/16 patients were diagnosed. CMV serological status of the donor and recipient before transplantation in children with CMV antigenemia was analyzed. The risk factors of CMV infection in analyzed group of children were type of transplant, recipient seropositivity before transplantation, and presence and intensity of GvHD. In most cases reactivation of CMV infection was diagnosed. CMV infection can also occur in the late post-transplantation period. CMV reactivation can occur in patients after autologous HSCT.     

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality after hematopoetic stem cell transplantations (HSCT). The purpose of the study was to analyze risk factors of CMV disease in children undergoing HSCT. A total of 110 children who undergone hematopoetic stem cells transplantation were analyzed. In 16 patients (14.5%) CMV antigenemia in white blood cells was diagnosed. Most patients with CMV infection had undergone alloHSCT; one patient had undergone autologous transplantation. Second CMV reactivation in 4 of 16 patients was observed. Acute GvHD occurred in 11/15 patients. Early onset of CMV infection in 13/16 patients and late onset in 3/16 patients were diagnosed. CMV serological status of the donor and recipient before transplantation in children with CMV antigenemia was analyzed. The risk factors of CMV infection in analyzed group of children were type of transplant, recipient seropositivity before transplantation, and presence and intensity of GvHD. In most cases reactivation of CMV infection was diagnosed. CMV infection can also occur in the late post-transplantation period. CMV reactivation can occur in patients after autologous HSCT.     

Cytomegalovirus infection in children who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a single center: A retrospective study of the risk factors

Abstract:  CMV infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality after HSCT. The aim of this single center retrospective study was to analyze risk factors for CMV infection in pediatric patients who underwent HSCT. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 117 pediatric patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at Asan Medical Center between December 2000 and January 2007. After HSCT, CMV antigenemia was detected by identifying CMV pp65 early antigen in white blood cells. The incidence of CMV antigenemia was 24% (28/117) at a median of 38 days (range: 19–123 days) after HSCT. In multivariate analysis, CMV antigenemia occurred significantly more often in CMV seropositive recipients, patients who received grafts from alternative donors, T-cell depleted grafts, patients on ATG-containing conditioning regimens, or patients who received steroid for acute GVHD (p < 0.05). CMV antigenemia tend to develop earlier in patients who received ATG-containing conditioning regimens (p = 0.09). A second episode of CMV antigenemia was observed in three out of 28 patients (11%). The incidence of CMV disease was 5.9% (7/117) at a median of 97 days (range: 34–120 days). Manifestation of CMV disease included retinitis in two, pneumonitis in two, hepatitis in one, hepatitis with colitis in one, and gastritis in one. Six of the 12 patients (50%) with HG antigenemia (CMV pp65 antigen positivity ≥40 cells) developed clinical CMV disease, a rate that was significantly higher than seen in patients with LG antigenemia (6.25%; p < 0.01). We recommend that patients with these risk factors should carefully undergo regular evaluations for CMV infection. We also suggest that earlier and more aggressive preemptive treatment and serial follow-up of CMV disease is necessary in patients with HG-antigenemia.     

The role of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients in Mexico City in the context of viral drug resistance

We aimed to identify those pediatric patients undergoing ABMT with CMV EOD who developed GCV resistance. Forty-seven patients were analyzed following ABMT. Prospective post-transplant CMV monitoring was performed weekly for the detection of viral leukocyte DNAaemia, viral plasma DNAaemia, and viral DNAuria by PCR. Plasma DNAaemia was confirmed from whole blood by the detection of CMV pp67 late mRNA using NASBA technology. In the cases of persistence of viral DNA in plasma, and positive viral RNA detection in blood, CMV drug resistance screening by comprehensive PCR-based RFLP and sequencing of the viral UL97 gene were performed retrospectively. Thirty of the 47 (63.82%) patients showed active CMV infection with 27/30 (74.4%) patients belonging to the D+R+ group and 25/30 with proven viral replication. In total, 2/30 (6.6%) children developed CMV pneumonia proven by immunohistochemistry. Screening of the viral UL97 gene revealed in one of these two cases (1/30, 3.3%) the simultaneous presence of two point mutations in codon 460 (M460V, M460I) conferring GCV resistance. The CMV seroprevalence (81%) and the incidence of active infection (63.8%) in Mexican children undergoing ABMT are very high.     

儿童白血病造血干细胞移植后免疫性血细胞减少症3例分析

目的探讨白血病造血干细胞移植后免疫性血细胞减少症发生的影响因素,治疗和预后。方法对3例造血干细胞移植后长期存活并发生免疫性血细胞减少症的白血病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果在19例移植后长期存活的患儿中,3例发生免疫性血细胞减少症,发生率为16%,男2例,女1例,分别发生在移植后+180 d、+186 d和+384 d;发生年龄分别为8岁、9岁8个月和9岁11个月;1例HLA 6/6相合,2例为5/6相合;均采用无关脐血移植,在预处理中使用兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)。仅有1例发生移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),2例在植入早期发生巨细胞病毒感染。3例均接受以糖皮质激素为基础的免疫抑制治疗,2例治疗反应良好,停药后无复发,1例需免疫抑制剂维持。结论在本研究中,性别、HLA配型差异、供受者血型不合、GVHD不是造血干细胞移植后免疫性血细胞减少症的危险因素。脐血移植、使用ATG和早期病毒感染可能与造血干细胞移植后免疫性血细胞减少症的发生有关,本病主要治疗手段为以糖皮质激素为基础的免疫抑制治疗。     

Prevention of CMV disease in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: evaluation of pp67 NASBA-based pre-emptive ganciclovir therapy combined with CMV hyperimmune globulin prophylaxis in high-risk patients

Abstract:  A new prevention strategy for CMV infection was evaluated in our pediatric kidney transplant unit. This approach comprises a pre-emptive therapy, based upon the monitoring of CMV pp67 mRNA in whole blood by the qualitative NASBA, combined with prophylactic CMV-IG in high risk (R−/D+) children. Thirty-one kidney transplant children were followed for six months with serial measurements of CMV pp67 mRNA in the blood. The R−/D+ patients were given prophylactic CMV-IG for the first 16 wk after transplantation. I.v. ganciclovir was administered upon CMV detection by NASBA and was discontinued after two consecutive negative results. CMV infection, detected by NASBA, developed in 11 (35%) recipients: one (33%) of the R+/D− patients and 10 (72%) of the R−/D+ patients. CMV disease developed in 9.6% of the patients (3/31), exclusively in the R−/D+ group. These three patients presented concurrently with CMV viremia and disease. It is noteworthy that two of the three patients could not receive a complete course of CMV-IG, and one of the latter two subjects had been treated for acute rejection 15 days before CMV infection. Ganciclovir was given for the 11 cases of primary infection, and for three cases of relapsed CMV infection. pp67 NASBA-based pre-emptive ganciclovir therapy, combined with prophylactic CMV-IG in high-risk patients leads to a lower rate of CMV disease, as long as a complete course of CMV-IG has been administered and ganciclovir is given during the period of treatment for acute rejection in high-risk populations.     

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目的分析小儿造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后出血性膀胱炎(HC)的临床特点,探讨其发病危险因素。方法对1998年10月至2004年6月中山大学附属二院儿科完成的52例小儿HSCT后11例HC的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果11例HC中轻度(Ⅰ～Ⅱ度)6例,重度(Ⅲ～Ⅳ度)5例;早发性4例,迟发性7例;发病时间为术后+2d至+25d(中位数为+15d),病程3～60d(中位数为17d)。临床表现均有血尿,其中典型尿频、尿急、尿痛及肉眼血尿7例。HC患儿组中性粒细胞植入时间和血小板植入时间与非HC患儿组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。受者移植年龄≥6岁、aGVHD阳性、CMV感染组的HC发生率分别高于年龄<6岁(32.1%和8.3%,P<0.05)、GVHD阴性(34.6%和7.7%,P<0.05)、CMV未感染组(62.5%和13.6%,P<0.05)。结论小儿HSCT后HC有其自身的临床特征;受者移植年龄≥6岁、aGVHD阳性、CMV感染为其发生的危险因素。     

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection after recurrent infection: case reports and review of the literature

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common causes of congenital infections in developed countries with reported incidences varying between 0.15% and 2.0%. The effects of congenital CMV infection may vary from a congenital syndrome to an asymptomatic course. Infants that are asymptomatic at birth may still present handicaps at a later age. It is generally accepted that symptoms of congenitally infected children are more severe after primary infection than after recurrent infection. In this article, we present two case reports which demonstrate that the outcome of recurrent maternal CMV infection may be severe. In the first case, early pregnancy serology showed positive IgG and IgM, but negative IgA, whereas at the time of diagnosed fetal death, 5 weeks later, there was only positive IgG. The second case showed positive IgG and negative IgM and IgA both in early pregnancy and after delivery. Since in both cases CMV was isolated from several organs, these findings are compatible with recurrent rather than primary CMV infection. In the reported patients, fetal death and necrotising enterocolitis occurred after a congenital CMV infection, with mothers having pre-existing immunity to CMV. In conclusion, these case reports and review of the literature emphasise that the outcome of recurrent maternal CMV infection may be severe and that congenital CMV infection should be considered in cases of pregnancy loss and necrotising enterocolitis with recurrent maternal CMV infection.     

Management and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in paediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients: A binational survey

CMV infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among HSCT recipients. Optimal strategies for prevention and management of CMV disease following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation remain uncertain. We conducted an online survey of Australasian paediatric allogeneic HSCT centres on management and prevention of CMV disease in this patient group. We asked for one response from a representative of the HSCT team and one from a representative of the ID team at each centre. All Australasian paediatric HSCT centres responded to our survey. Management of CMV in pre‐transplant setting was consistent between centres. All centres used a pre‐emptive strategy to prevent CMV disease, guided by quantitative CMV PCR. In the post‐transplant post engraftment setting, all centres recommended using ganciclovir (5mg/kg/dose twice daily) as a first‐line therapy for CMV reactivation or disease, with treatment duration of 14 days, provided declining CMV quantitative PCR. There was substantial variability of practice between centres in post‐transplant management of CMV reactivation, especially during the pre‐engraftment phase. Similarly, there was lack of uniformity in indication, dosing and duration of maintenance therapy. Divergence was noted between responses from HSCT and ID physicians within centres. This study identifies areas of uniformity and others of great variability in prevention and management strategies for CMV in paediatric HSCT. Data on CMV infection and management in HSCT patients should be routinely collected as part of prospective trials to inform guidelines and improve prevention and treatment of this important complication.     

Quantiferon‐Cytomegalovirus assay: A potentially useful tool in the evaluation of CMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell reconstitution in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients

Pediatric HSCT recipients are at high risk for CMV reactivation due to their immature immune system and therapy following transplantation. Reconstitution of CMV‐specific T‐cell immunity is associated with control and protection against CMV. The clinical utility of monitoring CMV‐specific CMI to predict CMV viremia in pediatric HSCT patients using the Quantiferon‐CMV (QIAGEN^®) test was investigated prospectively. Thirty‐seven pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients were enrolled from 3/2010‐6/2012. CMV viremia was detected via weekly real‐time PCR. The Quantiferon‐CMV test was conducted pretransplant, early after transplantation, 30, 90 , 180 , 270, and 360 days post‐transplantation. The incidence of CMV viremia was 51% (19/37) with half of the episodes within ≤30 days post‐transplant. Fifteen patients showed CMV‐specific immunity (average of 82 days). The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation in patients who developed CMV‐specific immunity was lower than those who did not (15% vs 53%; P = .023). The ROC statistical analysis showed that the AUC was 0.725 in predicting viremia, for Quantiferon‐CMV test. In this cohort, the Quantiferon‐CMV assay was a valuable method for identifying pediatric HSCT patients at high risk for CMV viremia, suggesting potential clinical utility to individualize patient's management post‐transplant.