ATP负荷与运动负荷心肌灌注断层显像对冠心病的诊断价值

目的　探讨ATP负荷心肌灌注断层显像 (ATP MPI)诊断冠心病 (CAD)的价值。方法　6 1例无心肌梗死病史的疑诊CAD患者 ,均在不同时间分别行静息、ATP负荷及运动负荷99Tcm 甲氧基异丁基异腈 (MIBI)心肌灌注断层显像 (一日法静息 ATP、隔日运动或一日法静息 运动、隔日ATP ,分别简称为ATP MPI和ST MPI) ,其中 4 6例行冠状动脉造影。结果　ATP MPI诊断CAD的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 90 9% ,91 7%和 91 3% ,ST MPI分别为 86 4 % ,91 7%和 89 1% ,差异无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。ATP MPI检测冠状动脉血管狭窄的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 84 6 % ,86 9%和86 2 % ,ST MPI则分别为 84 6 % ,84 8%和 84 8% ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。ATP负荷试验时不良反应发生率明显高于运动负荷试验 (88 5 %vs 5 4 1% ,χ2 =17 6 6 9,P <0 0 1) ,但均轻微而短暂 ,恢复时间明显短于后者。结论　ATP MPI诊断CAD的价值与ST MPI相似。ATP负荷试验安全性与耐受性良好 ,尤其适用于老年、无法运动和高血压患者。     

可疑冠心病患者核素显像与CT冠状动脉造影对比分析

目的探讨核素心肌灌注显像（MPI）和CT冠状动脉造影（CTCA）2种无创性检查方法在可疑冠心病（CAD）患者诊断中的关系。方法对40例可疑冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影（CAG）、MPI和CTCA检查,均在2个月内进行。MPI结果分为正常和异常[可逆性和（或）不可逆性心肌缺血];CTCA结果分为正常、轻度（狭窄〈50％）和中度及其以上狭窄（至少1支主要血管或主要分支血管狭窄程度≥50％）。以CAG结果为“金标准”,对40例患者的MPI和CTCA结果进行对比分析。结果CTCA正常者中,90．1％的患者MPI正常;CTCA异常者中,55．2％的患者MPI正常;而MPI正常者中,61．5％的患者CTCA均有不同程度的狭窄。与CAG比较,CTCA的灵敏度、特异性和准确性高,分别为96．4％（27／28）、83．3％（10／12）和92．5％（37／40）。结论MPI和CTCA在可疑冠心病患者的诊断中提供了不同但却互补的信息,两者应合理联合应用。     

食道心房调搏心肌灌注断层显像对冠心病的诊断价值

对４６例冠心病（ＣＡＤ）患者和１５例正常人进行食道心房调搏（ＴＡＰ）９９ｍＴｃ－甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）心肌灌注断层显像，并与运动心肌断层显像进行对比研究．结果表明：ＴＡＰ心肌灌注断层显像对ＣＡＤ诊断的灵敏度和特异性分别为８６．９６％与９３．３３％，与运动心肌断层显像结果相近；对ＣＡＤ心肌缺血的定位诊断与运动心肌断层显像密切相关，ｒ＝０．９５．提示ＴＡＰ心肌灌注断层显像对不能耐受运动心肌显像的早期ＣＡＤ和可疑ＣＡＤ患者具有较大的实用价值．     

99Tcm-MIBI门控心肌显像评价冠状动脉支架术后再狭窄的价值

目的 研究^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）门控心肌显像（G—MPI）判断冠状动脉（简称冠脉）支架术后再狭窄的价值。方法 76例冠心病患者，支架术后3～12个月行负荷和静息G—MPI，随后2周内行冠脉造影（CAG），对上述结果进行分析。结果 ①在76例患者共107支行支架术的冠脉中，随访CAG示27例（35．5％）共32支（29．9％）冠脉出现再狭窄。②按经治疗冠脉数计算，G—MPI诊断再狭窄的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为84．4％、90．7％和88．8％，阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为79．4％、93．2％。③G—MPI诊断再狭窄的灵敏度略好于非门控心肌显像（NG—MPI），但两者差异无显著性（84．4％与78．1％，χ^2=0．41，P=0．522）；G—MPI诊断再狭窄的特异性明显优于NG—MPI（90．7％与78．7％，χ^2=4．16，P=0．041）。结论 G—MPI诊断冠脉支架术后再狭窄准确、无创，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

运动试验心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病伴心房颤动的价值

目的评价运动试验心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病伴心房颤动（房颤）的能力。方法回顾性分析58例接受运动试验^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）心肌灌注显像，且运动试验心电图示房颤心律的患者检查结果，并与冠状动脉造影结果比较。结果58例患者中，瓣膜性心脏病20例，非瓣膜性心脏病38例。运动试验心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病伴房颤患者的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为60％（9／15）、88％（38／43）和81％（47／58）。在非瓣膜性心脏病患者中，运动试验心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度和特异性分别为60％（9／15）和96％（22／23）；在瓣膜性心脏病患者中，运动试验心肌灌注显像的诊断准确性为80％（16／20）。结论运动试验心肌灌注显像诊断非瓣膜病房颤患者冠心病有中等程度的灵敏度和较高的特异性；诊断瓣膜病房颤患者冠心病有较高的准确性，但存在一定的假阳性。     

冠状动脉造影正常的心肌梗死患者^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌灌注显像

目的 探讨^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）心肌灌注断层显像（MPI）对冠状动脉造影（CAG）正常的心肌梗死（MI）患者的临床应用价值。方法 5例患者中4例为急性MI,1例为异常Q波原因待查,均经CAG证实冠状动脉正常。于CAG后7～10d行运动-静息^99Tc^m-MIBI MPI。结果 5例患者中4例MPI异常（均为固定放射性缺损）,1例正常。1例异常Q波待诊患者经MPI确诊为MI。4例MPI显示的MI部位较ECG大;1例ECG示透壁性MI者MPI正常。随访期间,1例因心功能不全行室壁瘤切除术。结论 ^99Tc^m-MIBI MPI对CAG正常的MI诊断及梗死部位、程度和预后的判断有较高价值。     

负荷-静息心肌灌注显像对老年人冠心病的诊断价值

目的探讨负荷-静息心肌灌注显像对老年人冠心病的诊断价值。方法205例疑诊冠心病的老年患者[≥60（67±5）岁],行^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）负荷-静息心肌灌注显像（运动负荷185例,药物负荷20例）和冠状动脉造影检查,排除曾行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）及冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）者。以冠状动脉造影为“金标准”,评价负荷-静息心肌灌注显像诊断老年冠心病的灵敏度、特异性和准确性。采用SPSS 15．0软件对数据行χ^2检验。结果以冠状动脉管腔狭窄〉50％作为诊断标准,205例患者中冠状动脉造影阳性57例（28％）,其中单支病变30例,双支病变19例,三支病变8例。冠状动脉造影结果阳性的患者中核素负荷-静息心肌灌注显像异常者36例;冠状动脉造影阴性148例（72％）患者中,负荷-静息心肌灌注显像正常者135例。对照冠状动脉造影结果,负荷-静息心肌灌注显像对老年人冠心病总的诊断灵敏度63％（36／57）,特异性91％（135／148）,准确性83％（171／205）;对单支、双支以及三支病变的诊断灵敏度分别为57％（17／30）、58％（11／19）和8／8。行运动负荷显像患者185例,按照运动试验是否达到目标心率分为2组：组1运动试验高峰心率达到目标心率,共53例（29％）;组2运动试验高峰心率未达到目标心率,共132例（71％）。2组心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度分别为81％（13／16）和58％（22／38）。组1诊断灵敏度高于组2,但经χ^2检验,两者之间差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2．69,P=0．1）。结论负荷-静息心肌灌注显像是诊断老年人冠心病的可靠方法;当运动负荷达到目标心率时,核素心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度较高。     

^99Tc^m—tetrofosmin与^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌显像的对比研究

目的 评价^99Tc^m-1,2－双[双－2－乙氧乙基膦]乙烷（tetrofosmin）诊断冠心病的临床价值。方法 经冠脉造影、病历资料完整的53例患者,其中行^99Tc^m-tetrofosmin心肌灌注显像27例,行^99Tc^m-MIBI心肌灌注显像26例。运动负荷试验按Bruce方案进行。tetrofosmin显像于给药后30min行心肌断层显像,间隔24h后作静息心肌断层显像,运动－静息一日法则在4h后作静息心肌断层显像;MIBI显像于给药后1－2h行心肌断层显像,48h后作静息心肌断层显像。冠脉造影采用Judkins法。结果 ^99Tc^m-tetrofosmin心肌灌注显像,运动,静息显像以及运动－静息一日法心肌显像均获得了清晰的心肌断层图像,均未发现邻近器官有明显的放射性干扰。Tetrofosmin诊断冠心病的灵敏度为90％,MIBI的诊断灵敏度为94％,两者间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Tetrofosmin的检测效率为85．2％,MIBI的检测效率为88．5％,两者间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Tetrofosmin和MIBI的阳性预测值分别为90．0％和89．5％,诊断特异性分别为71％和75％。结论 Tetrofosmin心肌显像对冠心病心肌缺血具有较高的诊断价值,且适用于运动－静息一日法心肌显像。     

^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像假阴性与假阳性的临床分析

目的探讨^99mTc-MIBI（甲氧基异睛）心肌灌注断层显像与冠状动脉造影不一致的临床意义。方法136例临床诊断为冠心病患者,于冠状动脉造影术（CAG）前2周内行^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像（运动或药物负荷及静息显像）。以CAG为金标准,分析^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像假阳性与假阴性的临床意义。结果两者不相符合13例,^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像阳性而冠状动脉正常者10例,^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像阴性而冠状动脉造影阳性者3例。结论^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像阴性而冠状动脉造影阳性提示冠脉临界病变,^99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注断层显像阳性而冠状动脉造影阴性提示冠脉微循环灌注不足。     

^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌灌注显像评价代谢综合征患者心肌血流

目的应用MPI评价代谢综合征（MS）患者心肌血流灌注情况。方法选择确诊或疑似冠心病患者342例行常规门控运动＋静息MPI;根据代谢指标异常情况分为4组,组1：无代谢指标异常;组2：具有1个代谢指标异常;组3：具有2个代谢指标异常;组4：具有3个或3个以上代谢指标异常。分析代谢指标异常数量与MPI的关系。对符合中华医学会糖尿病分会MS诊断标准、在显像前后1个月内行CAG检查的103例患者的MPI结果,以CAG结果为标准,分析2种方法间诊断的一致性。采用SPSS13．0软件,组间心肌灌注异常的发生率比较采用x。检验,方法间的一致性分析用Kappa检验。结果（1）与CAG比较,MPI诊断冠心病的灵敏度为80．5％（33／41）,特异性85．5％（53／62）,阳性预测值78．6％（33／42）,阴性预测值86．9％（53／61）,诊断准确性为83．5％（86／103）,惭值为0．657,P〈0．001。（2）随代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加：组1为23．3％（10／43）,组2为32．9％（26／79）,组3为54．4％（56／103）,组4为57．3％（67／117）,X2：23．22,P〈0．001。结论MPI可以应用于IS患者的心肌血流评估;代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.