胫骨上端恶性骨肿瘤广泛切除与重建

[目的]探讨胫骨近端恶性骨肿瘤广泛切除手术技巧、重建方法与临床疗效.[方法]胫骨近端恶性骨肿瘤病人45例,男27例,女18例,平均年龄28岁(12～62)岁.肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤25例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤7例,软骨肉瘤6例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、纤维肉瘤各3例,淋巴瘤1例.手术取膝关节前内侧切口30例,膝关节前外侧切口15例,肿瘤累及上胫腓关节时一并切除腓骨上段13例,肿瘤侵入膝关节内行关节外广泛切除2例,部分瘤段骨灭活复合型假体5例,切断结扎胫前血管28例.本组病例均采用国产定制肿瘤型假体重建,软组织重建采用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣移位42例,腓肠肌外侧头肌瓣移位3例,部分胫骨假体较长的病例联合应用胫骨前肌肌瓣覆盖假体下段前方.骨肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤病人行新辅助化疗.[结果]45例患者随访时间平均为4.6年(8个月～9年),4例局部复发,6例肺部转移,1例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者术后6年发生L3椎体转移,行全脊椎整块切除术.假体相关并发症包括假体周围感染3例,1例行清创、置管冲洗后治愈,2例截肢;假体脱位3例,假体松动2例,假体断裂1例,假体周围骨折1例,均行切开复位、假体翻修或骨折内固定术.膝关节平均活动度92°(50°～120°),伸膝延迟平均4.4°(0°～20°);按照MSTS肢体功能评分标准,所保留肢体平均功能恢复率为76.7％.[结论]胫骨上端恶性骨肿瘤的广泛切除与重建要求较高,安全的手术边界,规范的切除技术,常规应用腓肠肌内侧头或外侧头肌瓣移位覆盖假体前方并重建伸膝装置,必要时联合应用胫骨前肌肌瓣覆盖假体下段,方可保障保肢术达到较好的疗效.     

腓肠肌内侧肌瓣在胫骨上段恶性肿瘤切除保肢术中的应用

目的探讨腓肠肌内侧肌瓣在胫骨上段恶性肿瘤切除保肢术中的临床疗效。方法2001年1月-2005年9月,利用腓肠肌内侧肌瓣移位修复胫骨上段恶性骨肿瘤切除后的软组织缺损13例,其中男8例,女5例;年龄14-57岁,中位数29.7岁。成骨肉瘤4例,骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤6例,尤文瘤、滑膜肉瘤、恶性骨巨细胞瘤各1例,病程3-16个月。按照Enneking分期B1例,A9例,B3例。术前行新辅助化疗1-2个疗程。术中行外科边缘切除肿瘤组织及其边界外3cm骨骼及肌肉组织,7例定制人工全膝关节假体置换;2例同种异体移植骨-人工全膝关节复合置换;4例长段同种异体骨移植重建骨缺损。制备带血管蒂的腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣覆盖胫骨假体或移植骨表面,腓肠肌内侧头的肌筋膜与髌腱缝合重建伸膝装置,同时将关节囊、内侧副韧带、绳肌腱止点近端与肌瓣近端缝合,肌瓣远端与胫骨前肌筋膜缝合。结果术后13例均获随访7-47个月。中位随访时间为19.2个月。全部患者伤口均期愈合,无感染、皮瓣坏死、假体/移植骨外露、移植骨骨折、骨不连等并发症。1例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,因全身转移,术后20个月死亡;1例尤文瘤,术后18个月局部肿瘤复发,行复发病灶刮除加骨水泥填塞,术后26个月肺转移;1例成骨肉瘤术后12个月,肿瘤复发行截肢术。术后下肢功能按Mankin标准评定优6例,良4例,差3例。患者术后满意率77%。结论胫骨上段恶性骨肿瘤切除的保肢术中,采用腓肠肌肌瓣移位可修复软组织缺损,降低局部并发症,提高临床治疗效果。     

四肢恶性骨肿瘤功能重建后的并发症防治

目的分析四肢恶性骨肿瘤功能重建后并发症的发生原因与防治。方法自2002年9月至2004年12月共有22例患者接受保肢治疗。年龄10～63岁，平均26.3岁。男10例，女12例。其中骨肉瘤15例，恶性骨巨细胞瘤2例，软骨肉瘤5例。15例骨肉瘤患者术前均接受了2～3次化疗。待伤口愈合后再接受5～6次化疗。肿瘤部位：胫骨近端5例，股骨远端12例，股骨近端1例，股骨中段2例，肱骨近端2例。手术方法为局部肿瘤完整切除，大段异体骨移植术、人工假体重建术和肿瘤灭活再植术。其中10例行人工假体重建术，10例行大段异体骨移植术，2例行肿瘤灭活再植术。结果随访7～27个月，3例骨肉瘤患者术后局部复发，复发时间分别为术后3个月、7个月、1年，后行截肢术。1例患者术后3个月出现肺转移，经化疗后肺部肿块消失；2例大段异体骨移植术患者术后出现排斥反应，伤口不愈伴感染，后经清创、腓肠肌肌皮瓣转移术后愈合。1例人工假体重建术后2周，伤口出现渗液，后经局部换药后愈合。结论恶性骨肿瘤采取保肢的术后并发症与适应证的选择、肿瘤对化疗的敏感性、瘤体切除的方式、功能重建选择的方法等都有密切的关系。因此，在对恶性肿瘤采取保肢手术治疗时，必须综合考虑上述因素，才能减少并发症的发生。     

累及腓骨的胫骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

 目的 回顾性分析累及腓骨的胫骨近端恶性肿瘤患者病历资料,探讨其保肢技术,总结肿瘤学结果、并发症及功能情况。方法 自1998年11月至2010年2月,共有32例胫骨近端恶性肿瘤累及腓骨的患者接受保肢治疗,男21例,女11例;年龄10~66岁,平均23.4岁。骨肉瘤23例,软骨肉瘤5例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤1例,软组织肉瘤3例。全部病例接受包括腓骨上段在内的肿瘤整块切除,术中结扎并切断胫前血管14例,修补胫后血管1例,结扎并切断胫前血管并修补胫后血管2例、置换3例。切除腓总神经4例,腓深神经5例。采用关节假体置换24例,瘤段骨灭活再植假体复合置换5例,瘤段骨灭活再植3例。软组织覆盖采用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移14例、外侧头肌瓣转移1例。结果 随访时间11~159个月,平均39.4个月。6例(18.8%)患者出现肿瘤局部复发。患者总体5年生存率 51.2%,14例死于肿瘤转移、2例带瘤生存、16例无瘤生存。15例(46.9%)发生各种并发症22例次,术后血管危象致患肢缺血4例,腓总神经麻痹12例,伤口表浅感染或积液4例,深部感染1例,假体周围骨折1例。国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS 93)评分平均21.6分(72%)。结论 胫骨近端恶性肿瘤累及上胫腓关节或腓骨时,应严格掌握适应证、仔细操作,以期获得足够的外科边界。尽管有一定的并发症发生,但是多数患者可以获得较好的术后功能。     

骨肉瘤保肢手术治疗进展

骨肉瘤是起源于间叶组织的恶性肿瘤,不仅局部侵袭性强,且易转移。随着辅助化疗、手术技术、骨重建等方法的发展,骨肉瘤保肢治疗已成为主要趋势。保肢手术中,不同的骨重建方式有不同的骨愈合机制,从而导致预后情况及术后并发症的差异。该文就瘤段骨切除关节融合术、骨移植术、肿瘤瘤段骨灭活与再利用术、假体置换术、复合式保肢术的研究进展作一综述,并讨论各种保肢手术在临床应用中的意义与不足。     

腓肠肌瓣在膝关节周围恶性肿瘤保肢术中的应用

目的探讨腓肠肌肌瓣在膝关节周围恶性肿瘤保肢术中的临床疗效。方法 42例恶性骨肿瘤患者,其中男23例,女19例;年龄16～63岁,平均27岁。位于股骨远端26例,胫骨近段16例。骨肉瘤15例,滑膜肉瘤5例,软骨肉瘤4例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤13例,纤维肉瘤3例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例。采用人工特制假体修复肿瘤切除后骨缺损的同时,制备带血管蒂的腓肠肌内侧头或外侧头肌瓣覆盖胫骨或股骨假体行软组织修复和功能重建。结果本组42例病例术后均获随访且均存活,随访时间5～38个月（平均24.6个月）。按Ennek ing等[1]肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能的评估标准进行评估,本组优25例（占59.5%）,良9例（占21.4%）,中6例（占14.3%）,差2例（占4.8%）,优良率80.9%。结论膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤切除的保肢手术中,采用腓肠肌肌瓣移位可修复软组织缺损,降低局部并发症,提高临床治疗效果。     

内侧腓肠肌瓣前移在重建胫骨上段骨肿瘤保肢术伸膝装置中的应用与临床疗效

[目的]探讨内侧腓肠肌瓣前移在胫骨上段骨肿瘤保肢手术中重建伸膝装置的临床价值与疗效.[方法]2004年4月～2010年1月,对23例胫骨上段恶性或侵袭性骨肿瘤患者行保肢手术同时应用“腓肠肌瓣前移+髌腱固定”重建伸膝装置.男16例,女7例.年龄10～76岁,平均27岁.骨肉瘤12例,骨巨细胞瘤9例,滑膜肉瘤1例,骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例.23例中行瘤段灭活再植术11例,瘤段切除肿瘤型旋转铰链膝关节假体置换术7例,灭活自体骨复合肿瘤假体置换术5例.术后采用MSTS评分系统评价患肢功能.[结果]所有患者均获随访,平均28个月(3～63个月).除1例因肺转移死亡外,余22例患肢功能评分为19～28分,平均24分.3例术后出现暂时性腓总神经麻痹;3例出现皮肤坏死、窦道渗液,经植皮、抗感染治疗后痊愈.[结论]胫骨上段骨肿瘤保肢手术治疗时以“腓肠肌瓣前移+髌腱固定”重建伸膝装置,可以实现生物性重建,有利于患膝功能恢复,降低感染、皮肤坏死等并发症的发生率.     

四肢骨骼系统恶性肿瘤保肢治疗的组织修复及功能重建

[目的]探讨恶性骨肿瘤切除后,采用同种异体骨移植和自体瘤段骨灭活再植进行保肢治疗的过程中组织修复及功能重建的重要性.[方法]回顾性研究本院收治的56例恶性骨肿瘤患者,其中男35例,女21例;年龄9～60岁,平均19岁.位于肱骨近段者9例,股骨远端30例,胫骨近段17例.成骨肉瘤32例,软骨肉瘤17例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤3例,转移瘤4例.采用同种异体骨移植和自体瘤段骨灭活再植修复肿瘤切除后骨缺损的同时行软组织修复和功能重建,按Mankin分级法评价保肢术后功能恢复情况,骨愈合情况及并发症等. [结果]本组优20例占35.7%,良11例占19.6%,可8例占14.3%,差17例占30%,治疗满意率70%.56例中无瘤存活38例,死亡12例,5年生存30例,生存率55%.其中51例随访时间超过10个月,均骨性愈合,无骨不连.除局部肿瘤复发以外,常见并发症有感染4例,骨折3例,关节面塌陷1例,关节强直5例,感染率仅7%.无内固定折断.[结论]采用同种异体骨移植和自体瘤段骨灭活再植对四肢恶性骨肿瘤行有效的组织修复和功能重建,不但可以保留肢体,且保留的肢体具有良好的功能,为四肢骨骼系统恶性肿瘤患者开辟了有效的治疗途径.     

肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的探讨肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法及相关的临床效果。方法35例肩胛带骨肿瘤患者,男24例,女11例,平均年龄34岁(12～74岁)。肿瘤部位:肱骨上段21例,肩胛骨12例,锁骨2例;肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤10例,软骨肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,尤文肉瘤3例,纤维肉瘤1例,骨髓瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤7例,转移瘤3例。按照Malawer等提出的手术分类方法进行分类。保肢手术方法:肿瘤假体置换8例,瘤段骨灭活回植4例,异体骨关节移植3例,自体腓骨移植2例,髓针骨水泥假体置换1例,Tikhoff-Linberg手术3例,瘤段肢体切除、上肢短缩再植2例,全肩胛骨或关节盂切除、肱骨头悬吊4例,部分肩胛骨切除6例,锁骨瘤段切除2例,其中16例作了化疗。结果本组患者平均随访71个月(6～186个月),局部复发4例,远处转移6例,死亡9例,无瘤存活22例。按MSTS上肢功能评分标准,35例患者上肢功能评分平均为77%(40%～100%),上肢功能与手术切除范围密切相关。并发症:切口感染裂开4例,移植骨骨折2例,暂时性桡神经麻痹2例,肩关节半脱位3例。结论肩胛带区骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者情况、肿瘤类型及侵袭范围等因素决定切除范围并选择应用肿瘤假体置换、自体或异体骨关节移植、瘤段骨骨灭活回植及Tikhoff-Linberg手术等重建方法,可以达到控制肿瘤、稳定无痛的肩关节重建和保留良好的肘部与手部功能的目的。     

用人工骨和人工关节置换行骨肿瘤保肢治疗的69例回顾

目的 总结用人工骨和人工关节置换进行四肢肿瘤保肢治疗的疗效。方法 采用手术切除骨肿瘤用人工骨和人工关节修复骨缺损并重建关节。结合术前、术后系统化疗为69例患者进行保肢治疗。本组年龄19～56岁。其中骨肉瘤28例，骨巨细胞瘤28例，其他13例。骨瘤段切除最短者10crn，最长者22cm。其中有21例带人工胫骨的人工全膝置换采用腓肠肌瓣翻转术式以覆盖人工假体和重建髌韧带的附着。结果 本组随访最长者达19年，最短者为2年。1例人工半骨盆置换术后1年因肺转移死亡。28例骨肉瘤患者，术后随访已死亡15例，3年以上无瘤生存率为46．4％，接近国际水平。4例术后发生晚期人工膝关节深部感染，经取出假体、控制感染，最后植骨融合关节，患者仍保了肢体。结论 在系统的术前、术后化疗的辅助下，对四肢骨肉瘤采用手术切除瘤段 假体置换进行保肢治疗具有良好发展前景。对于潜在恶性的骨巨细胞瘤也不失是一种较好的选择。     

Optimizing the use of local muscle flaps for knee megaprosthesis coverage

Primary muscle flap cover of megaprostheses following limb salvage surgery for tumors around the knee serves to decrease infection rates, provide additional soft tissue cover over the implant, and act as a bed for split-skin grafting. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the role of supplementary muscle flaps such as the hemisoleus, gracilis, and semimembranosus in augmenting coverage provided by gastrocnemius muscle flaps. Between August 1999 and August 2006, 10 patients underwent resection of distal femur (n = 5) or proximal tibia (n = 5) sarcomas, followed by bone reconstruction with a modular megaprosthesis and soft tissue coverage with local pedicled flaps. The average age was 31 years (range, 13 to 47), with pathologic diagnoses inclusive of osteosarcoma (n = 7), chondrosarcoma (n = 2), and recurrent giant cell tumor (n = 1). For proximal tibial tumors, both bellies of the gastrocnemius with hemisoleus for additional soft tissue cover were used. For distal femoral tumors, 1 gastrocnemius belly sutured to the extensor mechanism and gracilis or semimembranosus provided adequate soft tissue cover. All flaps survived without complications, all wounds healed well, and all patients were ambulant after surgery. The role of supplementary muscle flaps was demonstrated in specific situations, where coverage of the subcutaneous area of the midtibia was deficient and where a significant amount of the vastus medialis or gastrocnemius has been resected. Technical refinements included primary skin grafting to relieve tension during skin closure and excision of the aponeurosis over the gastrocnemius and hemisoleus to increase the reach and surface area of the muscle flap.     

带血管蒂腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移重建髌腱的长期随访

目的 总结胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤广泛切除假体置换手术,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移重建髌腱的长期随访结果.方法 胫骨近端肉瘤广泛切除后,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌瓣转移重建髌腱附着,长期随访及评估伸膝动力和并发症.结果 临床治疗69例,对45例生存患者平均随访68.6(24～128)个月,局部复发率8.7%(6/69),伸膝肌力平均4.2级(3.6～5.0),膝关节屈曲平均95°(75°～135°),伸膝平均-2°(0°～12°),5例膝关节不能完全伸直;患肢MSTS功能评分为77%(23.1/30),外观正常.结论 在胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤保肢术中,应用带血管蒂腓肠肌瓣转移重建髌腱,能够恢复伸膝力量,改善软组织覆盖和患肢功能.     

Osteosarcoma of the Proximal Tibia: Limb-Sparing Resection and Reconstruction with a Modular Segmental Proximal Tibia Tumor Prosthesis

A limb-sparing resection was performed for osteosarcoma of the proximal tibia in a young patient. A special modular segmental proximal tibial endoprosthesis that includes a hinged total knee component was used for reconstruction. A medial gastrocnemius rotational flap was utilized to reconstruct the extensor mechanism of the knee. The muscle flap aids in covering the prosthesis and helps to protect against infection. Limb-sparing resection for tumors arising from the proximal tibia, and reconstruction with a modular segmental proximal tibia tumor prosthesis and gastrocnemius muscle flap, is a safe and reliable method for treating tumors involving this area.     

Segmental limb reconstruction after tumor resection

Limb salvage of large segmental and osteoarticular defects after tumor resection has become the standard of care for most patients with musculoskeletal tumors because overall survival is the same when compared with that seen in amputation patients. This study examines limb salvage for the surgical management of large segmental defects in terms of local recurrence, complications, and functional outcome in both primary and metastatic lesions. We retrospectively identified 32 patients with benign or malignant tumors of bone who underwent resection and limb salvage reconstruction by means of a custom or modular metal implant between 1985 and 1995. The most common tumor sites were the proximal femur (41%), distal femur (37.5%), and proximal humerus (12.5%). Primary bone lesions accounted for 18 patients (56%); metastatic disease accounted for 14 patients (44%). Osteosarcoma (n = 11) and chondrosarcoma (n = 3) were the most frequent primary tumors. The overall limb salvage rate (91%) was high, yet complications (28%) were common. Except for 3 patients who underwent amputation after prosthetic failure, all surviving patients were independent with or without assistive devices at latest follow-up. In patients with advanced metastatic disease, average survival was 7.6 months. No cases of aseptic loosening or implant breakage were observed in patients followed up for 2 years or more. Treatment after tumor resection with a limb salvage prosthetic reconstruction has shown good functional outcomes with an acceptable complication rate. This modality, therefore, offers patients a more favorable functional outcome with a more energy-efficient gait when compared with limb amputation.     

定制节段人工假体复合结构骨移植重建骨干肿瘤术后大段骨缺损的临床研究

目的 评价应用定制节段型人工假体复合大段结构骨移植重建骨干恶性肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院骨肿瘤科2014年1月至2019年3月期间,采用定制节段型人工假体复合大段结构骨移植重建骨干恶性肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的病人共6例（股骨3例,胫骨2例,肱骨1例）,其中2例采用大段冻干异体骨,4例采用自体游离腓骨结构植骨。采用美国骨肿瘤学会评分系统（Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93, MSTS 93）评价术后功能。结果 所有病人均未发生围手术期并发症,且均获得随访,平均随访时间为23.8个月（1~61个月）。术后根据肿瘤性质继续辅助化疗等治疗,随访期内无复发,5例无瘤生存,1例死于原发乳腺癌肺转移（术后25个月）,假体生存率为100%,4例术后6个月植骨愈合,术后MSTS 93评分平均为27分。结论 规范治疗和切除骨干恶性肿瘤后,采用定制节段型人工假体复合大段骨移植重建骨干骨缺损,实现即刻稳定重建,保留关节功能,中期植骨愈合后实现远期生物重建,并发症少,临床疗效满意。     

带血管蒂肌瓣转移用于胫腓骨骨肉瘤保肢术

目的 报告四肢恶性肿瘤广泛切除保肢手术,应用带血管蒂肌瓣修复和重建软组织成功的经验。方法 广泛切除小腿骨肉瘤及瘤周软组织,得用人工假体或吻合血管游离腓骨和移植等方法重建骨骼,局部转移带血管蒂的腓骨肌或比目鱼肌肌瓣,欠组织缺损。结果 临床应用７例,带血管蒂的肌瓣成活良好,无切口并发症,膝关节活动度提高,假体表面皮肤移动性良好。结论 带血管蒂的肌瓣在胫腓骨恶性肿瘤的保肢术中,对于重建软组织缺损和保证切     

Proximal tibial segmental prosthetic replacement without the use of muscle flaps

When doing a proximal tibial prosthetic reconstruction, some surgeons think that the subcutaneous location of the proximal tibia necessitates a gastrocnemius muscle flap for closure and function. In this study, 22 patients with bone tumors had proximal tibial segmental prosthetic replacement using direct reattachment of the patellar tendon to the prosthesis without the use of a muscle flap. Two of 19 patients required reoperation in the postoperative period for hematomas. Both were free of infection or other complications at 24 months mean followup. No other wound complications occurred despite initiation of chemotherapy 2 to 3 weeks after surgery in patients with high-grade malignant tumors (15 of 19). The mean followup was 38.6 months (range, 13-99 months). The patients ranged in age from 15 to 74 years (mean, 39 years). The range of motion achieved postoperatively showed a mean of 97 degrees (+/-16.3 degrees). All patients had full passive extension with a mean extensor lag of 7.5 degrees. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 27.6 (+/- 2.0). These results of patients without muscle flaps compare favorably with published results advocating gastrocnemius flaps for the attachment of the patellar tendon to the prosthesis.     

Der distal gestielte M.-peroneus-brevis-Lappen zur Defektdeckung am Unterschenkel

BACKGROUND: Defects of the lower leg with exposed tendons or bone require either a local or free flap coverage. The distally pedicled peroneus brevis muscle flap has been proven to be a sufficient local flap alternative. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Using this technique the muscle is perfused by the non dominant distal perforators. This allows the muscle to be transposed to more distal lesions. The muscle is then covered with meshed split skin graft. Between 2000 and 2004 12 patients with defects of the lower leg in the distal lower third have been treated by using this muscle flap. The defects were located over the tibial bone, the extensor tendons, the achilles tendon and the lateral malleolar region. RESULTS: All muscles healed primarily, 4 patients had minor wound healing complications of the skin graft, which in all cases healed conservatively. The muscle and skin graft remained stable. Donor site morbidity is restricted to the scar in the lateral lower leg. Pronation of the foot is not impaired. CONCLUSION: These cases show that the distally based peroneus brevis muscle has a wide range of coverage and even allows a closure down to the calcaneal tuberosity. Additionally, a local flap management with a safe muscle transposition is an economic procedure with short operation time and decreased hospital stay. If the muscle does not cover the wound sufficiently, free flap surgery can still be performed.