病理证实的130例脊柱疾病核素骨显像研究

目的:比较核素全身骨平面显像和MRI、CT及X线诊断脊柱转移瘤及其他脊柱疾病的价值.材料和方法:130例经病理证实的脊柱疾病患者行99mTc-MDP全身骨显像,其中104例同期行MRI、61例行CT、107例行X线片检查.结果:骨显像的诊断灵敏度为:转移瘤91.7%,原发骨恶性肿瘤73.3%,良性肿瘤54.2%,瘤样病损81.8%,炎性病变100%,压缩性骨折100%.61.1%的转移瘤患者伴有其他部位骨骼的异常浓聚或稀疏灶.结论:核素骨显像诊断骨转移瘤最有效;其他脊柱疾病,几种影像技术各有其优势,骨显像对判断病灶范围及伴发其他骨病变有较大价值.     

99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像诊断骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的价值

目的 分析骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(BMFH)99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像的影像特点,评价其对BMFH的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的BMFH患者15例[男11例,女4例,年龄23～60(50.4±12.8)岁].所有患者术前均行99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像及X线检查,其中12例行CT检查,7例行MRI检查.以骨骼出现放射性异常浓聚灶或稀疏、缺损区为阳性.总结BMFH全身骨显像特点,并将显像结果与其他影像学结果进行比较.结果 15例BMFH患者全身骨显像结果均阳性,股骨阳性占66.7％(10/15),其中股骨下段占46.7％(7/15),骶骨、胫骨、肱骨、桡骨各占6.7％(1/15),多骨多发病灶占6.7％(1/15);15例患者共发现病灶27处,其中63.0％ (17/27)表现为放射性浓聚伴稀疏、缺损区,37.0％(10/27)仅见放射性浓聚.15例患者X线检查发现病灶20处;12例行CT检查,7例行MRI检查,CT及MRI所示异常部位在全身骨显像中均呈阳性.结论 99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像示:BMFH好发于股骨,以股骨下段多见,病灶呈异常放射性浓聚,其内或伴有放射性分布稀疏、缺损区;该方法可作为BMFH的辅助诊断检查,有助于了解有无多骨病变及有无转移.     

全身弥散加权成像对恶性肿瘤骨转移的临床应用

目的 研究全身弥散加权成像(WBDWI)对恶性肿瘤远处骨转移的临床应用.方法 62例经病理证实的恶性肿瘤患者,均在2周内分别行WBDWI及核素骨显像.将骨骼分为10个部位分析,分别为颅骨、胸骨、颈椎、胸椎、腰椎、骶椎、肋骨、肩胛骨、骨盆、股骨.以核素骨显像见异常浓聚灶或稀疏灶,WBDWI见高信号为阳性,分析比较两者所显示的病灶数.结果 62例患者中,WBDWI显示362处病灶,核素骨显像显示281处病灶.WBDWI可以发现更多的骨外器官及淋巴结的病变.结论 WBDWI对骨转移具有很好的诊断价值,可以与核素骨显像互相补充,为临床提供更加全面的信息.     

^99mTc（V）—DMSA骨显像诊断骨转移瘤的临床价值

目的：评价99mTc（V）－DMSA显像在骨转移瘤诊断中的意义。材料和方法：对91例疑骨转移瘤患者行99mTc（V）DMSA全身显像，并与99mTc-MDP全身骨显像及其它检查对比。结果：74例证实存在骨转移瘤者，99mTc．MDP骨显像均显示异常放射性浓聚，99mTc（V）-DMSA显像72例显示了与99mTc-MDP显像某些相同部位的放射性浓聚，2例99mTc（V）DMSA显像阴性。17例骨良性病变，99mTc－MDP骨显像显示轻度异常放射性浓聚，而99mTc（V）-DMSA显像却未见异常的放射性浓聚。结论：99mTc（V）－DMSA诊断骨转移瘤的特异性比99mTc-MDP骨显像高，在骨良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中具有重要的临床价值。     

快速骨扫描在SPECT骨显像中的临床应用

目的探讨Infinia快速骨扫描技术（Evolution for Bone,EFB）在骨显像中的应用价值。方法 25例在常规全身骨显像中表现为异常核素浓聚灶的患者,行局部骨断层,同时获得局部骨断层图像、同机定位CT以及两者的融合图像。最后进行快速骨扫描技术扫描及处理。结果 25例骨显像阳性患者骨断层显像与同机定位CT显像发现62处异常放射性浓聚,其中病灶58处;全身平面骨显像发现病灶53处;EFB发现病灶57处,EFB技术更易发现病灶、分辨病灶部位、提高诊断率。结论 Infinia快速骨扫描技术具有较高的临床应用价值,应作为全身骨显像的重要补充检查方法。     

核素骨显像与MRI检测脊柱转移瘤的对比研究

目的：比较核素骨显像与MRI对脊柱转移瘤的诊断价值。方法；对76例经病理证实为恶性肿瘤的患者进行骨显像与MRI检查，比较骨显像与MRI对脊柱部位病变的检查情况。结果：骨显像、MRI对脊柱转移瘤的阳性病例及阳性病灶数的检出率拉近，阳性病例检出率为68／81和61／81，阳性病灶检出率为167／536和156／536。二者我椎转移为好发段，MRI对胸椎病灶的检出率优于骨显像，检出率分别为83／237和64／237；二者对腰椎的检出率无差别，骨显像对颈椎、骶椎的检出率优于MRI（颈椎分别为15／63和6／63，骶椎分别为23／78和10／78）。对多发病灶的检出MRI优于骨显像，检出率分别为143／237和116／237。结论：在显示脊柱肿瘤骨转移方面，总体的敏感性二者接近，在具体部位二者各有优势，在多发病灶上MRI优于骨，骨显像因其简单易行，仍为肿瘤患者病情初始评价的选择，在其对临床问题解释不够充分时，则应采用MRI作为补充。     

^18F—FDG PET显像与^99Tc^m—MDP全身骨显像诊断肿瘤远处转移的比较

目的 评价^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET肿瘤显像与^99Tc^m-亚甲基二膦酸盐（MDP）全身骨显像对检出骨和远处转移的价值。方法 对16例恶性肿瘤放化疗后的患者进行^18F-FDG PET显像和^99Tc^m-MDP全身骨显像，并对两种结果进行了比较。结果 16例肿瘤患者中^18F-FDG PET显像皆阳性，其中14例患者有远处转移，转移病灶共62处，其中骨转移病灶20处；在全身骨显像中，11例有局限性异常放射性浓聚，其中2例为单一病灶，9例为多发病灶，共检出病灶57处，另5例骨显像正常。结论 ^18F-FDG PET对恶性肿瘤的诊断具有较高的准确性和特异性，但对骨转移灶的诊断价值相对较差；^99Tc^m-MDP显像阴性或单一病灶的可疑转移瘤患者有必要进行^18F－FDG PET检查，以明确诊断其他远处转移灶。     

全身骨显像中原发性骨质疏松症I型骨折与骨转移瘤的鉴别

原发性骨质疏松症Ｉ型，又称妇女绝经后骨质疏松症。其合并单发或多发骨折时，核素全身骨显像可出现单处或多处骨的放射性浓聚灶，与骨转移瘤鉴别有一定困难。我们对１９９５～１９９８年确诊的２１例病人的病史、临床症状、全身骨显像和其他检查资料进行回顾性分析，以探...     

18 F-FDG PET显像与99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像诊断肿瘤远处转移的比较

目的　评价18F 脱氧葡萄糖 (FDG)PET肿瘤显像与99Tcm 亚甲基二膦酸盐 (MDP)全身骨显像对检出骨和远处转移的价值。方法　对 16例恶性肿瘤放化疗后的患者进行18F FDGPET显像和99Tcm MDP全身骨显像 ,并对两种结果进行了比较。结果　 16例肿瘤患者中18F FDGPET显像皆阳性 ,其中 14例患者有远处转移 ,转移病灶共 62处 ,其中骨转移病灶 2 0处 ;在全身骨显像中 ,11例有局限性异常放射性浓聚 ,其中 2例为单一病灶 ,9例为多发病灶 ,共检出病灶 5 7处 ,另 5例骨显像正常。结论　18F FDGPET对恶性肿瘤的诊断具有较高的准确性和特异性 ,但对骨转移灶的诊断价值相对较差 ;99Tcm MDP显像阴性或单一病灶的可疑转移瘤患者有必要进行18F FDGPET检查 ,以明确诊断其他远处转移灶     

99Tcm-MDP SPECT/CT骨显像诊断恶性肿瘤骨转移的价值

目的探讨^99Tc^m-亚甲基二膦酸盐（MDP）SPECT／CT骨显像诊断恶性肿瘤骨转移的临床价值。方法73例恶性肿瘤或不明原因骨痛患者行^99Tc^m-MDP SPECT／CT全身骨平面和局部显像。获得全身骨平面、SPECT断层和CT图像及SPECT与CT融合图像后，结合病史、临床表现进行回顾性分析。结果SPECT／CT骨显像可提供精确的解剖定位，发现脊柱（31处）、肋骨（11处）、胸骨（4处）、锁骨（3处）、肩胛骨（1处）、骶骨（1处）、坐骨（3处）、骶髂关节（1处）和骨外（20处）有异常放射性浓聚灶。骨骼病变的性质与病灶部位有关，如病变累及椎体和（或）椎弓根，常提示肿瘤骨转移；累及椎小关节或椎体，呈“唇样”放射性浓聚，可考虑为良性病变。若平面显像呈“热区”，CT图像表现正常者，可考虑肿瘤骨转移。结论SPECT／CT骨显像诊断骨转移灶有较高临床价值。     

Detectability of metastatic bone tumor by Ga-67 scintigraphy

Ga-67 scintigrams in patients with malignant diseases sometimes reveal uptake of the tracer in the bone metastases. Detectability of Ga-67 scintigraphy for metastatic bone tumors and benign bone lesions was compared with that of Tc-99m bone scintigraphy. Countable bone metastases detected by bone scintigraphy were evaluated whether the lesion showed apparent, faint, or negative Ga-67 uptake. Of 47 lesions 23 (49%) showed apparent uptake and 17 (36%) showed negative uptake. On the other hand, of 71 benign bone lesions, only 7 (10%), mostly fracture/osteotomy, showed apparent uptake of the tracer. Uptake in the other benign lesions such as trauma of the ribs, spondylosis deformans, and arthrosis deformans was rather faint. In patients with multiple bone metastases, 9 patients (82%) out of 11 showed more prominent abnormal findings in Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy than in Ga-67 scintigraphy; that is, Ga-67 scintigraphy was not able to reveal all metastatic bone lesions. In patients with untreated or recurrent tumors, relation between Ga-67 uptake in the tumors and that in the bone metastases was evaluated. Of 7 patients with negative Ga-67 uptake in the primary tumors, 5 showed positive Ga-67 uptake in the bone metastases; that is, there seemed to be little relation between Ga-67 affinity to the primary tumors and that to the bone metastases. Mechanisms of the Ga-67 uptake in the bone metastases were discussed. Not only the tumor cells or tissues in the bone metastases but also bone mineral or osteoclasts might be the deposition sites of Ga-67.     

^99Tc^m—MDP SPECT／CT骨显像对脊柱良恶性病变的鉴别诊断

目的探讨^99Tc^m-MDPSPECT／CT骨显像对脊柱良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法回顾性分析52例全身骨显像示脊柱局灶性放射性异常浓聚者的SPECT／CT影像资料,并与病理结果对照。由2位核医学科医师用盲法阅片方法分别对SPECT图像和SPECT／CT融合图像进行病变良性、可能良性、可能恶性和恶性的判断。分别计算SPECT和SPECT／CT诊断结果中可能良性和可能恶性的百分比,并对2位阅片者的分析结果进行一致性分析,计算Kappa值和95％的可信区间。分析SPECT和SPECT／CT诊断结果与病理结果的一致率及95％可信区间。结果2位阅片者分析SPECT图像,诊断为不确定（可能恶性和可能良性）的比例分别为73．1％（38／52）和67．3％（35／52）,一致率为63．5％,Kappa值为0．62,95％可信区间为0．49～0．76;2位阅片者分析SPECT／CT图像,诊断为不确定的比例分别为25．0％（13／52）和13．5％（7／52）,一致率为78．9％,Kappa值为0．81,95％可信区间为0．72～0．91。SPECT诊断与病理结果的一致率为76．9％,95％可信区间为63．8％～86．2％;SPECT／CT诊断与病理结果的一致率为94．2％,95％可信区间为84．3％～97．9％。结论在全身骨平面显像基础上,对脊柱病变再行SPECT／CT显像,可以获得更多诊断信息。不同阅片者对SPECT／CT融合图像分析结果的一致性、SPECT／CT诊断病变良恶性与病理结果的一致性均较SPECT好。     

Comparison of computed tomography and other imaging modalities in the evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors.

An algorithmic approach for the evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors is proposed on the basis of a prospective comparison of different imaging techniques in 50 unselected patients. Conventional radiography was superior to other techniques in predicting the nature of primary bone tumors. Computed tomography proved the most effective method for assessing the extent of musculoskeletal tumors and therefore had a significant influence on management in 66% of patients studied. CT was more informative than angiography and also provided more anatomical detail than ultrasound. Radionuclide scanning was mainly of value in detecting unsuspected skeletal metastases in patients with apparently solitary skeletal lesions.     

Tc-99m PMT hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: The authors evaluated the utility of hepatobiliary scintigraphy for tissue characterization of extrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using Tc-99m N-pyrydoxyl-5-methyltriptophane (Tc-99m PMT). METHODS: We examined 13 patients with HCC (29 extrahepatic metastases and 3 benign bone lesions) and 5 patients with other cancers (15 extrahepatic metastases). Thirty minutes to 6 hours after intravenous administration of Tc-99m PMT, planar (all 47 lesions) and SPECT (42 lesions) images were obtained. Accumulation of Tc-99m PMT in the lesion was evaluated visually by comparing bone scintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or all of these. RESULTS: Findings were positive in 12 of 13 patients with HCC and extrahepatic metastases (16 of 29 on planar imaging and 21 of 26 on SPECT). Findings in all three benign bone lesions and 15 metastatic lesions from non-HCC primary lesions were negative (0 of 18 on planar imaging, 0 of 16 on SPECT). There were no false-positive findings in these lesions. Lesion-by-lesion sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were 55%, 100%, 72%, 100%, and 58% by planar imaging and 81%, 100%, 88%, 100%, and 76% by SPECT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the high specificity and reasonable sensitivity, Tc-99m PMT appears to be useful for the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases from HCC. SPECT improves the detectability of small or faint accumulation in metastases from HCC.     

Bone metastases in carcinoid tumors: clinical features, imaging characteristics, and markers of bone metabolism.

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of bone metastases in patients with carcinoid tumors and to determine the diagnostic value of imaging techniques and markers of bone metabolism. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed on the entire group of patients with carcinoid tumors treated in our hospital from January 1992 to May 1999. Only patients with metastasized tumors were included. RESULTS: Eleven of 90 patients (12%) (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-19%) with a metastasized carcinoid tumor had symptomatic bone metastases. All bone metastases occurred in 55 patients with midgut carcinoids (20%; 95% CI, 9%-31%). Plain radiography had a sensitivity of 44% (95% CI, 12%-76%); MRI, 100% (95% CI, 61%-100%); bone scintigraphy, 90% (95% CI, 72%-100%); and octreotide scintigraphy, 60% (95% CI, 35%-93%). In 9 patients, both octreotide scintigraphy and bone scintigraphy were performed. Of 45 bone lesions, 22 (49%) were visualized by both modalities, 13 (29%) were visualized with octreotide scintigraphy but not with bone scintigraphy, and 10 (22%) were visualized with bone scintigraphy but not with octreotide scintigraphy. In 2 patients, octreotide scintigraphy and bone scintigraphy provided complementary results. Markers of bone metabolism could not discriminate carcinoid patients from those without bone metastases. The markers of bone metabolism did not reflect the osteolytic or osteoblastic appearance of metastases. CONCLUSION: Pain is the principal symptom of bone metastases in patients with carcinoid tumors. Plain radiography and markers of bone metabolism do not contribute to the diagnosis of bone metastases. MRI has a high sensitivity for bone metastases. Both bone scintigraphy and octreotide scintigraphy have acceptable sensitivity and can provide complementary results.     

Comparative detectability of bone metastases and impact on therapy of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in patients with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the comparative impact of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in bone metastases of breast cancer. METHODS AND PATIENTS: in 81 patients with histologically proven breast cancer magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton and whole-body bone scintigraphy had been performed. Images were retrospectively reviewed and compared for detection of metastases, extent of metastatic disease and therapeutic implications according to the patients' records. RESULTS: about 54/81 (67%) patients revealed bone metastases. In 7/54 (13%) patients with bone metastases, scintigraphy was false negative. In one patient a solitary sternal metastases was seen. In 26/53 [49%] patients with spinal metastases, magnetic resonance imaging showed more extensive disease. Local radiotherapy or surgery was indicated in ten patients with metastases not evident in bone scintigraphy, in 20 patients with positive results by both imaging modalities and in six patients with metastases of pelvis imaged by bone scintigraphy only. CONCLUSION: magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton and pelvis appears superior for staging as only one patient had metastases merely outside the axial skeleton and local therapy was indicated even in spinal regions negative in bone scintigraphy.     

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography in the diagnosis of tumor recurrence and metastases in the follow-up of patients with breast carcinoma: a comparison to conventional imaging

AIM: To evaluate the role of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (F-18 FDG PET) in the follow-up of breast carcinoma in case of clinical suspicion of local recurrence or distant metastases and/or tumor marker increase in correlation to conventional imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the results of F-18 FDG PET (ECAT ART(R), Siemens CTI MS) of 62 patients (age 58.5 +/- 12.8) with surgically resected breast carcinoma (time interval after surgery, 86 +/- 82 months, mean follow-up 24 +/- 12.6 months). Patient- and lesion-based comparison with conventional imaging (CI) including mammography (MG), ultrasonography (US), computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiography (XR) and bone scintigraphy (BS). Furthermore, we evaluated the influence on tumor stage and therapeutic strategy. A visual qualitative evaluation of lesions was performed. RESULTS: On a patient base, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy for detecting local recurrence or distant metastases were calculated to be 97%, 82%, 87%, 96% and 90% compared with 84%, 60%, 73%, 75% and 74% with CI. On a lesion base, significantly more lymph node (84 vs. 23, P < 0.05) and fewer bone metastases (61 vs. 97, P < 0.05) could be detected by using F-18 FDG PET compared with CI. Sclerotic bone lesions were predominantly detected by BS. On the other hand, there were several patients with more FDG positive bone lesions and also mixed FDG positive/Tc-99m methylenediphosphonate (MDP) negative and FDG negative/Tc-99m MDP positive metastases. In case of normal tumor markers, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy for detecting local recurrence or distant metastases were calculated to be 100%, 85.0%, 78.6%, 100% and 90.3% for FDG PET and 80%, 50%, 50%, 80% and 61.5% for CI. An upstaging could be observed in 9.7% (6/62) and downstaging in 12.9% (8/62), leading to a change in therapeutic regimen in 13 patients (21%). CONCLUSIONS: F-18 FDG PET demonstrates apparent advantages in the diagnosis of metastases in patients with breast carcinoma, compared with conventional imaging on a patient base. On a lesion base, significantly more lymph node and less bone metastases can be detected by using F-18 FDG PET compared with conventional imaging, including bone scintigraphy. In patients with clinical suspicion but negative tumor marker profile, too, F-18 FDG PET seems to be a reliable imaging tool for detection of tumor recurrence or metastases. Considering the high predictive value of F-18 FDG PET, tumor stage and therapeutic strategy will be reconsidered in several patients.     

18F]fluorodeoxyglucose scintigraphy in diagnosis and follow up of treatment in advanced breast cancer

Seventeen patients with advanced breast cancer were imaged with a specially collimated gamma camera to study tumor uptake of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) before and during therapy. Fourteen patients (82%) showed increased FDG accumulation in metastatic tumors, 6/8 (75%) of axillary, supra or infraclavicular metastatic lymph nodes were detectable. In one of these cases, FDG imaging was the first method to identify axillary metastasis causing nerve compression. Also, pulmonary and liver metastases could be imaged with FDG; both in two patients. The intra individual variability in uptake was considerable in bone metastases, and some lesions remained FDG negative: 99mTc-DPD was superior in detecting bone disease. Bone metastases of the osteolytic or mixed type were better visualized than sclerotic ones. Ten patients were reimaged later to assess the effect of therapy on FDG uptake. Increased uptake was associated with clinical progression, while unchanged or diminished uptake did not predict the course of disease as reliably. This study indicates that FDG can be used to image breast cancer metastases. FDG may be valuable in monitoring treatment response, but positron emission tomography (PET) would probably be more appropriate than planar imaging for this purpose.     

The role of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in fibrous dysplasia of bone

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone on bone scans and to evaluate the diagnostic value of radionuclide bone scans in FD. METHODS: Radionuclide bone scans were performed in 42 cases of histopathologically proven FD and the results were compared with other imaging modalities. A retrospective study method was used to analyze the imaging results. RESULTS: Although FD showed nonspecific increased 99m-Tc MDP uptake, its appearance is different than bone metastates and other bone diseases. Combining scans with x-rays and other imaging modalities can improve the diagnostic accuracy of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: Radionuclide bone scans are of certain value in the diagnosis of FD. The diagnostic specificity of FD with radionuclide bone scanning can be improved in association with other imaging modalities such as x-rays.     

Morphological imaging in the localization of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors found by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy

Purpose: To evaluate the necessity of morphological images (MI) in reading somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) in patients with suspected neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors.

Material and Methods: A Japanese multicenter clinical trial of SRS was conducted in 40 patients with suspected GEP tumors. Three experienced radiologists interpreted the images in three separate sessions in a blinded manner (1: SRS images alone, 2: MI alone, 3: SRS and MI analyzed simultaneously), and the reading results of each session were compared. In addition, the diagnostic abilities of SRS, MI and SRS alone and simultaneous SRS and MI readings were compared for patients where final diagnosis was obtained.

Results: SRS detected more suspected lesions (positive or inconclusive uptake) than morphological images did (51 vs 27 lesions), but included many physiological uptakes detected as positive or inconclusive uptakes. Combined reading of SRS and morphological images helped to correctly recognize these physiological uptakes, and also helped in determining the anatomical localization of the abnormal uptakes. Combined reading of SRS and morphological images gave the highest diagnostic impact.

Conclusion: The sensitivity of SRS with regard to GEP is high. However the specificity is very low. Morphologic imaging is necessary for the exclusion of physiological uptake and correct anatomic location of an abnormal tracer uptake. The combined reading of SRS and morphologic imaging studies gives the highest diagnostic impact.