Association analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with primary hypertension in a Singapore population

Vascular endothelial cells produce nitric oxide (NO), which contributes to the regulation of blood pressure and regional blood flow. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary artery disease, but their linkage with primary hypertension is controversial. A total of 103 individuals with primary hypertension and 104 normotensive control subjects were studied in Singapore. The specific genotypes for G894T missense variant in exon 7, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in intron 4 (eNOS 4A/B/C) and T-786C in the promoter were isolated using allele-specific gene amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism to examine the association of genotype and allelic frequency in both groups. Logistic regression analysis was also used to detect the association between genotypes and hypertension. Five genotypes of intron 4 VNTR (AA, AB, BB, AC and BC) were observed. Intron 4 B/B genotype was significantly associated with the hypertension group (P = 0.035), but disequilibrium of G894T and T-786C was absent between the two groups (P = 0.419 and P = 0.227), respectively. The overall distribution of allelic frequency differed significantly between the two groups, with four-repeat allele (4A) of intron 4 more frequent in the normotensive group than the hypertensive group (P = 0.019). Logistic regression analysis showed that intron 4 B/B genotype was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure of individuals with body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.04). In conclusion, the eNOS 4 B/B genotype is a genetic susceptibility factor for primary hypertension in a Singapore population.     

Association of the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism with increased risk for SLE in the genetically homogeneous population of Crete

Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 5% of the population, but much work remains to define the genetic risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms underlying these conditions. There is accumulating evidence that common genetic factors might predispose to multiple autoimmune disorders. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are complex autoimmune disorders with multiple susceptibility genes. The functional R620W (C1858T) polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, a member of the PTPs that negatively regulate T-cell activation, has been recently associated with susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess whether the C1858T polymorphism of PTPN22 also confers increased risk for SLE and RA in the genetically homogeneous population of Crete. It was found that the minor T allele of the PTPN22 C1858T SNP was more common in SLE patients than in control individuals (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]?=?1.11 to 3.9, p?=?0.017). No significant difference was observed in the frequency of this allele when RA patients were compared with controls (OR?=?1.14, 95% CI?=?0.65 to 1.9, p?=?0.64). Although the PTPN22 1858?T allele is found at decreased frequency in Southern Europe, including Crete, an association was found between this allele and SLE in the population studied.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase polymorphism is associated with the increased risk of differentiated gastric cancer in a Japanese population

INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, accounting for a large proportion of cancer cases in Asia, Latin America, and some countries in Europe[1]. H pylori strains carrying the cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) are st…     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter polymorphism is associated with increased gastric mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased risk of gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by Helicobacter pylori, with subsequent overproduction of nitric oxide, has been implicated in gastric carcinogenesis. We investigated whether inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter gene polymorphisms are associated with (a) inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in the gastric mucosa, and (b) the risk of gastric carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relationship between gastric inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression and inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphisms (CCTTT repeat polymorphism and -2445 C-->G SNP) was examined in 74 H. pylori-infected patients with gastric cancer, peptic ulcer, or functional dyspepsia. In a case-control study the prevalence of the polymorphisms was examined in H. pylori-infected gastric carcinomas (n=77) and noncancerous controls (n=154). RESULTS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels were significantly higher in long CCTTT repeat (either allele>11) carriers than in short ones (P=0.015). Multivariate regression analysis showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression was significantly linked to long CCTTT repeat and gastric cancer (P=0.026), but not to -2445 C-->G SNP and other parameters. The case-control study showed that long CCTTT repeat carriers had an increased risk of gastric cancer with an odds ratio of 2.0 (P=0.021). -2445 C-->G SNP was not associated with the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori induces higher inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in carriers of long CCTTT repeats of inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter, and this polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma.     

内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性与糖尿病肾病的相关性

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病 (ＤＭ )致死致残的主要原因之一。近年来流行病学调查显示 ,有些ＤＭ患者虽血糖长期控制不良 ,但并不发生ＤＮ ,而有些患者虽代谢控制良好 ,最终仍发生ＤＮ〔1,2〕,提示遗传因素在ＤＮ的发生发展中可能起关键作用。分子水平的研究发现 ,内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶(ｅＮＯＳ)基因第 7外显子的Ｇｌｕ2 98Ａｓｐ(894Ｇ→Ｔ)基因点突变及第 4内含子一个 2 7ｂｐ的插入 /缺失 (ａ/ｂ)多态与糖尿病微血管并发症及冠心病、心肌梗死的发生有明显相关性〔1 5〕,但该点突变及多态与糖尿病肾病的相关性各家报道不一〔6,7〕,特别是该突…     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因rs3918181位点多态性与原发性高血压的关系研究

目的 探讨天津市汉族人群内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因第14内含子rs3918181位点多态性与原发性高血压(EH)的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态分析法(PCR-RFLP)对290例EH患者和161名健康对照者的eNOS基因rs3918181位点进行基因多态性分型,同时检测所有研究对象的血脂等危险因素,分析不同基因型与EH发病的关系.结果 两组年龄、体质指数的差异有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).EH组患者的AA、AG和GG基因型分布频率分别为0.293、0.393和0.314,对照组分别为0.180、0.472和0.348,两组相比差异有统计学意义(均为P ＜0.05);EH组A与G等位基因频率分别为0.490和0.510,对照组分别为0.416和0.584,两组相比差异有统计学意义(均为P ＜0.05).影响EH的危险因素有年龄、体质指数.结论 eNOS基因rs3918181位点多态性与EH相关.     

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene locus has been found to be suggestive of linkage with disease, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in significant amounts, and endothelial cell dysfunction is observed. eNOS gene polymorphism may affect both the synthesis of eNOS protein and its enzymatic activity. We examined the influence of eNOS gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to SLE. METHODS: Genomic DNA from 88 Northwestern Colombian women with SLE, as well as 199 controls matched for sex, age, and ethnicity, was genotyped for the -786T -- > C polymorphism in the promoter region, the intron 4 variable number of tandem repeats, and the Glu298Asp polymorphism in exon 7 of the eNOS gene by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. Haplotype and allele frequency comparisons, a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were performed. RESULTS: The intron 4b allele was associated with SLE (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.29-3.60, pc = 0.005) as was the 4bb genotype (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.61-5.33, pc = 0.0009), while the 4a allele was protective (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.26-0.76, pc = 0.005), as was the 4ab genotype (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.15-0.56, pc < 0.0001). In controls, all loci were in linkage disequilibrium (p < 0.02). In patients, intron 4 was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, due to an excess of homozygotes (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: eNOS polymorphism influences SLE predisposition. Since intron 4bb genotype is responsible for higher levels of eNOS synthesis and intron 4 ab genotype is associated with lower synthesis, our results might provide insight into the elevated levels of NO observed in SLE patients.     

eNOS4 polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase predicts risk for severe diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors may be involved in the development, and particularly in the severity, of diabetic retinopathy (DR), in addition to chronic hyperglycaemia. Increased nitric oxide generation has been suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of DR. AIMS AND METHODS: To examine whether the eNOS4 is involved in the risk of severe DR, 200 unrelated Caucasian Type 1 diabetic patients of long duration were randomly selected (M/F 103/97, age 44.4 +/- 12.4 years, diabetes duration 27.7 +/- 10.0 years, body mass index 24.3 +/- 3.4 kg/m2, HbA1c 8.6 +/- 1.3%). The eNOS4 polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction, and DR by retinal angiography and classified as presence (n = 101) or absence (n = 99) of severe (proliferative or pre-proliferative) DR. RESULTS: The genotype distribution of eNOS4b/b (wild-type), eNOS4b/a (heterozygous) and eNOS4a/a (homozygous) was 72%, 24.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Frequency of eNOS4a/a was significantly lower in patients with severe DR (n = 0) when compared with controls (n = 7, odds ratio (OR) = 0 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-0.74), P = 0.02). eNOS4b/b was more frequent in patients with severe DR (n = 80) when compared with controls (n = 64, OR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.1-4.12), P = 0.032). Frequency of eNOS4b/a was not different between the study (n = 21) and control groups (n = 28, ns). The allelic frequencies between the study and control groups were different (4b: n = 181 vs. n = 156, respectively, OR = 2.3 (95% CI = 1.27-4.25), P = 0.005; 4a: n = 21 vs. n = 42, respectively, OR = 0.4 (95% CI = 0.24-0.79), P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate in Caucasians with Type 1 diabetes that (i) eNOS4a/a is associated with absent or non-severe DR, and (ii) eNOS4b/b is associated with severe DR.     

内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶4 a/b基因多态性与糖尿病肾病的关系

昆明汉族人2型糖尿病患者334例和正常对照者166例研究显示，内皮细胞NO合酶4a／b基因多态性并不与糖尿病肾病的发生相关。     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的 探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因27bp数目可变的串联重复序列(VNTR)多态性与糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系。方法 应用PCR方法检测了32名健康对照者与84例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的eNOS基因a／b基因型，用硝酸盐还原酶法测定上述人群空腹血清一氧化氮代谢物(NOx)水平。并根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)将84例T2DM患者分为正常白蛋白尿(UAlb)组(DMl)，微量UAlb组(I)M2)和大量UAlb组(I)M3)。结果 (1)T2DM各组a等位基因频率显著高于对照组，T2DM各组aa ab基因型频率明显高于对照组。DMl组a等位基因频率及aa ab基因型频率高于DM2及DM3组，但差异无显著意义。(2)NC组aa ab基因型空腹血清NOx明显低于bb基因型。(3)血清NOx在DMl组较NC组有明显的升高，但在DM2、DM3组却较NC组显著降低。(4)T2DM患者中，aa ab基因型UAER和血清肌酐(Scr)水平显著高于bb基因型。结论 eNOS基因27bpVNTR多态性与DN发生有关，eNOS基因a等位基因是DN发生和发展的有用的预测标志。     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶3基因多态性与晚发性阿尔茨海默病的关联

目的 探讨中国人群中内皮一氧化氮合酶3(NOS3)基因第7外显子G／T(氨基酸序列为Glu298Asp)多态性与晚发性AD的相关性。方法 应用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法，在68例散发性AD患者(≥65岁)和158例对照人群中观察NOS3基因和载脂蛋白(apoE)基因多态性分布，经Odd Ratio比值分析和显著性检验。结果 (1)NOS3基因各等位基因、基因型频率两组间比较差异无显著性；(2)AD与apoE基因E4等位基因及E4携带者均呈正相关；(3)按有无apoEE4等位基因对晚发性AD患者分型，结果表明apoEE4携带者和非apoEE4携带者两组间GG基因型频率差异无显著性，但NOS3基因和apoE基因之间可能存在拮抗作用；(4)按年龄分层分析GG基因型频率分布，分析结果显示NOS3基因是高龄AD组(≥80岁)的一个危险因子。结论 南宁市汉族人群中NOs3基因G／T多态性与高龄组晚发性AD有关。     

Association of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) gene polymorphism with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes

This study was done to see whether 27-base pair repeats polymorphism in intron 4 of ecNOS gene is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. The polymorphism was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ultrasound parameters of carotid atherosclerosis were analyzed in relation to the genotype in 210 patients with type 2 diabetes. The ecNOS4a allele was detected in 34 (16.2%) of this study group. With the exception of the plaque count (P = 0.069), all other parameters obtained by ultrasound examination of carotid arteries were significantly correlated with presence of ecNOS4a allele (P < 0.05). As all the measured carotid parameters correlated well each other, we selected the total mean carotid IMT (intima-media thickness) value to be used for this analysis. In the multivariate analysis including several variables such as age, sex, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, waist-hip ratio, and fasting insulin, all determined to be significant by univariate analysis, ecNOS4a allele had a significant correlation with total mean IMT (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the ecNOS4a allele is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients in Korea.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in fulminant hepatic failure

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) have important functions in inflammation and vasoregulation but their role in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is not well understood. METHODS: Intrahepatic in situ staining and semi-quantification of iNOS and eNOS by immunohistochemistry in 25 patients with FHF, in 40 patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) and in ten normal controls (NC). RESULTS: Expression patterns of iNOS and eNOS differed. While in NC only faint iNOS expression was found in some Kupffer cells/macrophages and hepatocytes, eNOS was expressed constitutively in sinusoidal and vascular endothelial cells. In CLD, iNOS expression was induced in Kupffer cells/macrophages and hepatocytes, representing the main iNOS expressing cell types. Additionally, bile ducts, vascular endothelial cells and lymphocytes also expressed iNOS (P = 0.001). In contrast, no differences were found between eNOS expression in CLD and NC (P = 0.64). The same cell types expressed eNOS and iNOS in FHF but numbers of both were significantly enhanced, exceeding the levels seen in CLD (P < 0.001, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that iNOS and eNOS are differently regulated in physiologic conditions and in liver disease. While eNOS seems to be involved in the physiological regulation of hepatic perfusion, strong upregulation of iNOS might contribute to inflammatory processes in FHF.     

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase T-786C polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis: association with extraarticular manifestations

Several genetic factors were implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A case–control study was carried out to verify the associations of T-786C polymorphism in the promoter region of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene with RA. One hundred and five consecutive RA patients and 100 healthy controls were genotyped. The distribution of the T-786C genotype and alleles did not differ significantly between RA patients and controls. Nevertheless, the frequency of extraarticular manifestations was significantly greater among the carriers of the C/C genotype than among carriers of the T/C and T/T genotypes (P = 0.022). The C/C genotype was significantly associated with extraarticular manifestations compared with the T/T and T/C genotypes taken together (OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.3–18.9). The C allele was significantly associated with extraarticular manifestations of RA (P _corr = 0.032). The results suggested the existence of an association between the T-786C polymorphism of the eNOS gene and extraarticular manifestations of RA.     

Increased serum NG-hydroxy-L-arginine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as an index of an increased nitric oxide synthase activity

OBJECTIVES—To determine the feasibility of monitoring the serum concentration of N^G-hydroxy-L-arginine (L-NHA) as an index of an increased nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with nitrate (NO₃ ), the major circulating metabolite of NO whose concentration is influenced by dietary intake.
METHODS—The serum concentrations of L-NHA, L-arginine (L-Arg), and NO₃ were determined in 33 patients with RA, 25 patients with SLE and, 29 healthy subjects.
RESULTS—Serum L-NHA was significantly increased in RA patients with high disease activity (287% of control, p<0.01), but not with low disease activity (115%), as well as in patients with SLE (173%, p<0.01). In contrast, serum NO₃ did not differ significantly between either group of patients and the respective control group.
CONCLUSION—NO synthase activity or expression, or both, is upregulated in RA patients with high disease activity and in patients with SLE. Serum L-NHA seems to be a more specific and reliable index of an increased activity of this enzyme in patients with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases than NO₃ .

     

Nitrotyrosine,inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are increased in thyroid tumors from children and adolescents

Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive cell signal that controls vascular tone and is generated by inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NO synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that NO could be important for growth of thyroid tumors and tested this hypothesis, by staining 41 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 9 follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and 15 benign thyroid lesions for iNOS, eNOS and nitrotyrosine (N-TYR). Staining intensity was determined by 2 blinded, independent examiners, and quantified from grade 1 (absent) to grade 4 (intense). Average N-TYR staining of benign adenomas (2.5+/-0.42, p=0.009), PTC (3.10+/-0.12, p=0.001), FTC (2.44+/-0.30, p=0.001), and autoimmune lesions (3.25+/-0.48, p=0.019) were greater than that of multinodular goiter (1.0 for all 3) and surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1). Average iNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.6+/-0.37), PTC (2.7+/-0.16), FTC (2.4+/-0.26) and autoimmune lesions (3.5+/-0.29) were all greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1, p<0.008), but there were too few multinodular goiters to achieve a significant difference (no.=2, 3.0+/-1.0). Average eNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.9+/-0.40), multinodular goiters (3.5+/-0.5), PTC (3.24+/-0.18), FTC (3.5+/-0.50), and autoimmune lesions (2.8+/-0.6) were also greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (mean=1.4+/-0.2, p<0.001). N-TYR staining correlated with that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, r=0.36, p=0.007) and the number of lymphocytes/high power field (r=0.39, p=0.004). Recurrent disease developed only from carcinoma with moderate-intense N-TYR staining, but there were too few recurrent tumors to achieve statistical significance (p=0.08). We conclude that NO is produced by benign adenomas, PTC and FTC suggesting that NO could be important in vascularization of thyroid tumors and autoimmune thyroid diseases.     

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子1基因多态性与上海市汉族人群类风湿关节炎患者疾病易感相关性的研究

目的 对肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子1(TRAF1)基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行检测,分析其与上海市汉族人群类风湿关节炎(RA)的易感相关性.方法 采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱方法 对汉族RA患者(RA组,100例)和健康人(健康对照组,100名)TRAF1基因的6个SNPs位点进行了基因分型,并使用Haploview软件进行分析.数据分析采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法.结果 在中国汉族RA患者中位于TRAF1基因的6个位点中,RA组rs4836834位点A/A、A/T、T/T基因频率分别为:22.22%、49.49%、28.28%,健康对照组rs4836834位点A/A、A/T、T/T基因频率分别为:28.57%、30.61%、40.82%,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他5个位点,包括已有报道与白种人RA易感相关的rs10818488位点,RA组与健康对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).而连锁不平衡及单倍体型频率分析结果 发现,rs7021049与rs7021880,rs7021049与rs4836834,rs7021880与rs4836834之间存在较强的连锁不平衡,3组连锁不平衡关系单倍体频率RA组与对照组差异均无统计学意义.结论 TRAF1可能是汉族人RA的易感基因,但其SNPs与白种人的表现有所不同.

Abstract：

Objective To detect TRAF1 gene single nucleotide polymorphism in Han population ,and analyze its association with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Han people. Methods The study group was comprised with 100 healthy Han subjects and 100 Han RA patients. Six SNPs was detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), and the result was analyzed by Haploview software. Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used for statistical analysis.Results The rs4836834 A/A, A/T, T/T allele frequencies of RA group were 22.22%, 49.49%, 28.28% respectively. The rs4836834 A/A, A/T, T/T allele frequencies of healthy control group were 28.57%, 30.61%,40.82% respectively. There was significant difference (P<0.05) of rs4836834 between Hah patients with RA and healthy controls. For other five sites, including rs10818488, which had been reported to be associated with increased risk of Caucasians RA patients, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between RA group and the control group. The linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequency analysis results showed that there was strong linkage disequilibrium between rs7021049 and rs7021880, rs7021049 and rs4836834, rs7021880 and rs4836834, but there was no significant difference between RA group and the control group in the haplo-type frequencies of the three classes of linkage disequilibrium. Conclusion TRAF1 gene may be a susceptible gene associated with Han RA people, but its single nucleotide polymorphisms and performance may be different between Caucasians and Han people.     

Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene G894T polymorphism with essential hypertension in an adult Pakistani Pathan population

This retrospective, case-control study was carried out to find putative correlations of eNOS G894T polymorphism with essential hypertension (EHT) amongst adult Pakistani Pathans. We investigated a sample population of 332 (154 men, 178 women) comprising groups of 146 hypertensives (HTs) and 186 normotensives (NTs) by assays based on polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction endonuclease analysis. The distribution of the genotypes or alleles was not statistically different in hypertensive and normotensive groups. In conclusion, the present study in a population of Pakistani adult Pathans does not support the association of the eNOS gene G894T polymorphism to essential hypertension.