成人面神经管螺旋CT曲面重建图像的解剖学研究

目的探讨螺旋CT曲面重建图像对面神经管解剖学研究的参考价值.方法对50例正常成人(100侧)面神经管进行螺旋CT曲面重建,描述正常成人面神经管曲面重建图像的解剖特征,并进行测量.结果 50例正常人的轴位和冠状位曲面重建图像,可在一幅图像上清晰显示双侧面神经管结构,显示率100%,矢状位曲面重建图像只能完整显示单侧面神经管结构;三个方位曲面重建图像上能较准确测得面神经管长径和宽径,测量值差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),而对弯曲部的显示、测量和对毗邻结构的显示,不同方位有各自价值和限度.结论螺旋CT面神经管曲面重建图像具有简便、实用、准确、直观等优点,是目前研究面神经管影像解剖的良好方法.对面瘫定位诊断具有重要指导意义.     

高分辨螺旋CT面神经管重建成像在贝尔面瘫和亨特综合征中的应用价值

目的探讨高分辨螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR)和曲面重建(CPR)在亨特综合征、贝尔面瘫中显示面神经管的价值,为诊断及治疗提供可靠的信息。方法回顾性分析北京电力医院耳鼻喉科2014年5月到2015年5月105例亨特综合征(n=42)和贝尔面瘫(n=63)患者的临床及颞骨CT影像学资料,采用多平面重建(MPR)和曲面重建(CPR)两种图像后处理技术对面神经管进行重建,并于相应图像行面神经各段的测量,分析两种面瘫患者面神经各段的差异及两种面瘫各项指标与时间的相关性。结果 1.两种周围性面瘫面神经管患-健侧比较,差异均有统计学意义。2.两种面瘫的相互比较中,亨特综合征面瘫组膝节直径、膝节面积及迷路段直径较贝尔面瘫组更大,差异有统计学意义。3.在研究范围内,贝尔面瘫患者Sunnybrook评分和乳突段直径测量值都与发病时间显著相关,亨特综合征患者膝节横径、膝节垂直经、膝节横截面积均与发病时间显著相关。结论面神经管高分辨螺旋CT图像的多平面和曲面重建为两种周围性面瘫疾病发展的研究及鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息。     

高分辨CT三维容积重建对颞骨骨质破坏的诊断价值

目的：探讨高分辨CT(HRCT)三维容积重建在颞骨骨质破坏中的诊断价值。方法：术前高分辨率轴位或冠状位CT上显示有颞骨骨质破坏或高度怀疑有骨质破坏的15例胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者，应用容积再现(VR)对病变区进行重建，术中观察病变范围并与重建图像比较。结果：与轴位或冠状位CT图像相比，所有重建图像均清晰地显示了骨质的破坏区域，并立体地显示了与周围骨质之间的关系，与手术结果相符合。结论：HRCT三维容积重建对颞骨骨质破坏诊断具有较高价值，并且有利于手术方式的制定。     

颞骨CT三维重建面神经立体解剖定位

目的:探讨基于PC机的颞骨CT三维重建在面神经解剖定位中的方法和应用价值,总结出一套量化的研究面神经定位的方法,以便指导耳科及侧颅底手术。方法:使用3D-DOCTOR软件对成人轴位CT影像进行三维重建,显示颞骨内各重要结构的形态及其相互间复杂的立体关系。并用软件自带的功能测量面神经及其毗邻结构之间的距离和相对角度。分析测得的数据,总结面神经与其毗邻解剖标志结构之间的相对关系。结果:重建获得清晰的三维图像,包括面神经、鼓环、听小骨、匙突、锥隆起、内听道、耳蜗、半规管、颈静脉球窝、颈内动脉管等颞骨内结构。准确测量三维模型所得的面神经及其毗邻结构之间的相关参数并发现一定的规律性,这非常有益于手术中进行面神经快速定位和手术入路的设计。结论:基于PC机的颞骨CT三维重建可以准确地显示其内部各解剖结构及其相互间的空间立体关系,并可进行测量定位。     

颞骨螺旋CT三维重建及手术入路相关解剖测量CSCD

目的探讨利用螺旋CT进行颞骨三维重建的价值,测量手术入路标志点间距,为侧颅底手术提供参考。方法选取60例正常人,男女各半,进行螺旋CT扫描后薄层重建水平、矢状、冠状位连续断面图像。选取水平位总脚层面,蜗窗层面,外半规管层面,矢状位棘孔层面,测量重要标志间距,并进行统计学处理。选取5例扫描数据以水平位为参考,对耳部重要结构进行手工勾画后三维重建。结果获取正常人水平位总脚、蜗窗、外半规管层面及矢状位棘孔层面一些重要手术解剖标志间距,统计学分析不同性别,不同侧别均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。颞骨及内耳,颈内动脉、乙状窦、锤砧骨和面神经全程得以成功重建,形象展现了其相互解剖关系。结论螺旋CT扫描可以获取无法物理测量的颞骨内部重要手术解剖数据并实现较完美的颞骨及其内部结构的三维重建,对颞骨手术具有重要参考价值。     

192 颞骨内面神经瘤的解剖定位和放射学特点

面神经在颞骨内走行曲折并有骨管的限制，周围解剖结构复杂，这些都使放射学难以准确描述。高分辨CT和MRI的出现利于诊断颞骨内面神经各部位肿瘤。本文回顾分析了30年间88例面神经瘤解剖定位及各部位的放射学特点，并比较了MRI出现前后影像学的各自特点。……     

颞骨内面神经解剖与病理影像

熟知颞骨内面神经解剖与病理影像是每个临床耳科医师所必须的,也是对面神经及其周围疾病做出正确诊断和处理的前提之一。本文对面神经在颞骨内行程及其变异、与邻近结构的关系、面神经骨管裂缺等相关解剖及其常见病理影像的研究进展做一归纳,望能对相关工作者有所裨益。     

垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行特点

目的:基于颞骨CT三维重建,研究垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行角度,为中耳乳突手术提供量化参考依据.方法:使用软件Able Software 3D-DOCTOR 3.5,对成人轴位CT影像进行三维重建,显示垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行.并用软件的自带功能测量及分析垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行角度,根据测得的数据研究其规律性.结果:依据三维模型面神经垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行角度,发现垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行中的不同节段偏斜角度具有一定的规律性.结论:颞骨CT三维重建可以准确地显示垂直段及锥曲段面神经管的走行特点,从临床实用的解剖学角度分析这些部位面神经走行特点及量化各段走行角度数据,有助于乳突手术中保护垂直段及锥曲段面神经免受损伤.     

HRCT常规重建与后处理对CSOM及中耳胆脂瘤诊断价值

目的探讨高分辨率CT扫描常规轴位、冠状位重建图像及图像后处理技术对慢性化脓性中耳炎及中耳胆脂瘤的诊断价值。方法对经手术病理证实并行64排螺旋CT容积扫描慢性化脓性中耳炎及中耳胆脂瘤共105例(107耳)进行回顾性分析。在常规轴位及冠状位重建图像基础上,综合运用图像后处理技术,根据主要CT表现:1、鼓室、鼓窦腔软组织密度影;2、听骨链骨质破坏情况;3、鼓室、鼓窦壁骨质破坏情况;进行术前分型,并将手术阳性结果与CT表现进行比较分析。结果慢性化脓性中耳炎59耳,其中单纯型8耳,肉芽型36耳,硬化灶肉芽型15耳;中耳胆脂瘤48耳,术前CT分型准确率为89%。对主要CT征象,常规轴位+冠状位显示率为88%,结合图像后处理技术,显示率为95%。对于所有可CT显示的术中阳性发现,均可以用多平面重组进行显示;容积再现及多平面容积再现对锤骨、砧骨破坏能较好显示,对镫骨破坏显示受到一定限制;曲面重组对面神经骨管破坏显示较满意,对听骨链骨质破坏也有一定的价值。结论 HRCT能对CSOM及中耳胆脂瘤进行较准确的术前分类、分型,常规轴位、冠状位重建图像能较全面、准确地对解剖和病变进行显示,各种图像后处理技术特别是MPR能提高CSOM及中耳胆脂瘤细微病变显示率和诊断准确率,具有很高的临床应用价值。     

正常及先天性外中耳畸形颞骨内面神经管的HRCT表现

面神经是人体中穿过骨管最长的神经.面神经颅内段大部分走行于颞骨内,与外耳、中耳以及内耳的解剖关系密切.先天性外中耳畸形患者由于其颞骨特殊的解剖结构,解剖变异颇为复杂,其面神经畸形的比例很高,如走行异常、低位遮窗、骨管缺如或分支畸形等,这些均大大增加了外中耳畸形矫治等手术的难度.研究先天性耳畸形(congenital ear malformation, CEM)患者颞骨内面神经走行特点及其与周围结构的毗邻关系,对于手术的成功至关重要.     

The radiographic prevalence of geniculate ganglion dehiscence in normal and congenitally thin temporal bones.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of a dehiscent geniculate ganglion on routine temporal bone computed tomography (CT). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Two hundred seventy-eight consecutive temporal bone CT examinations for a total of 556 sides were reviewed. One hundred ninety-one sides were excluded. Reasons for exclusion included reconstructed coronal views, no coronal views, or a pathologic process, which involved the geniculate ganglion. Six examinations were from patients with clinical superior canal dehiscence confirmed by surgical repair or positive vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Twenty-four scans were from patients with radiographic superior canal dehiscence confirmed by two independent readings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of geniculate ganglion dehiscence in patients with and without radiographic or clinical superior canal dehiscence. Dehiscent geniculate ganglion was defined as at least two consecutive cuts on a coronal CT showing no bone overlying the geniculate ganglion. RESULTS: The overall incidence of a dehiscent geniculate ganglion was 14.5% in the 365 sides reviewed. The incidence of a dehiscent geniculate ganglion is increased in patients with radiographic and clinical superior canal dehiscence as compared with normal patients and was significantly different by chi analysis (38.1 versus 11.4%). CONCLUSION: The presence of radiographic geniculate ganglion dehiscence is common. This finding has particular importance when the middle cranial fossa or subtemporal approach is used, as the facial nerve is more at risk especially when used to address superior canal dehiscence.     

高分辨率CT在慢性化脓性中耳炎手术中的应用

目的：探讨高分辨率计算机断层扫描(HRCT)在显示中耳结构时的优越性及临床价值。方法：分别将51例患者的HRCT图像与术者术中所见进行对比，分析中耳结构(听小骨、面神经管、半规管和天盖等)的特征及存在的解剖变异。结果：锤骨、天盖、砧骨、迷路的HRCT表现与术中所见一致性好，镫骨及面神经管破坏显示差，k(Kappa statistics)值分别为0．840，0．788，0．700，0．560，0．366，0．310。HRCT可发现潜在的手术危险及变异结构，如硬脑膜低位，颈静脉球高位，乙状窦前置，面神经暴露及周围骨质破坏。结论：除面神经管破坏及镫骨结构外，其他中耳重要结构HRCT均能显示清楚，并对制定手术方案，提高手术效果具有重要意义。HRCT应作为中耳乳突手术前常规检查项目。     

面神经管裂缺处面神经组织学观察

目的 探讨先天性面神经管裂处神经外膜缺陷可能引起的病理学改变。方法 采用光学显微镜对美国明尼苏达大学颞骨病理实验室１５２６具颞骨连续切片的面神经颞骨全程进行组织病理学观察。结果 发现先天性面神经管裂者８８５耳，其中４８耳在管裂处神经外膜缺损，其中４０耳面神经从管裂处疝出，有１３耳在管裂处形成外生性面神经鞘瘤。３耳在管裂处面神经受炎性细胞浸润。而管裂处有神经外膜覆盖的８３７耳均未见此类病变。结论 面     

中耳手术相关面神经管的解剖观测

目的：为避免中耳手术中对面神经的损伤。方法：对２０ 具（４０ 侧）成人尸头颞骨内面神经进行解剖观察。结果：①面神经裂缺率为３２．５％ （１３／４０）,迷路段、水平段、垂直段分别为５％ （２／４０）、２７．５％ （１１／４０）、７．５％ （３／４０）。②面神经垂直段与后半规管最短距离为０．６２～５．０８（２．４８±０．６３）ｍ ｍ ,鼓沟底水平面神经与鼓索神经最短距离为０～４．６２（２．１２±０．７６）ｍ ｍ ,鼓沟底水平面神经与鼓沟最短距离为２．９６～８．８２（５．８６±１．６２）ｍ ｍ 。③面神经水平段与外半规管最短距离为０～３．０２（１．９２±０．８４）ｍ ｍ ,与蹬骨底板最短距离为０．９２～４．０６（２．１４±０．９０）ｍ ｍ 。结论：熟悉颞骨内面神经解剖,可避免对面神经的损伤,减少和避免面瘫的发生     

Facial canal dehiscence in the initial operation for chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of the facial nerve injury during operations for chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma by analysis of the intraoperative findings of the facial canal dehiscence. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed operative findings of 152 patients who underwent tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy for chronic otitis media. We examined every segment of the facial canal from the geniculate ganglion to the mastoid segment. Facial canal dehiscence was confirmed by palpation with a Rosen pick after inspection with a surgical microscope. RESULTS: The rate of facial canal dehiscence was 8.6% (13 of 152 cases), and the tympanic segment was the most commonly found region at 84.6% (11 of 13 cases). Of the 11 cases of tympanic segment dehiscence, 9 cases were involved the lateral aspect of the facial canal in the oval window area. There was one case each of facial canal dehiscence in the geniculate ganglion and the mastoid segment, respectively. CONCLUSION: The rate of facial canal dehiscence of 8.6% is not a low incidence rate, so even though performing a routine chronic ear operation, surgeons may encounter facial canal dehiscence at any time and should be prepared for the emergence of such a situation.     

面神经管裂缺处面神经组织学观察

目的探讨先天性面神经管裂处神经外膜缺陷可能引起的病理学改变。方法采用光学显微镜对美国明尼苏达大学颞骨病理实验室１５２６具颞骨连续切片的面神经颞骨全程进行组织病理学观察。结果发现先天性面神经管裂者８８５耳，其中４８耳在管裂处神经外膜缺损，其中４０耳面神经从管裂处疝出，有１３耳在管裂处形成外生性面神经鞘瘤。３耳在管裂处面神经受炎性细胞浸润。而管裂处有神经外膜覆盖的８３７耳均未见此类病变。结论面神经管裂处神经外膜的缺损是此处面神经疝出、外生性神经鞘瘤形成和面神经易于受炎症浸润的组织解剖学原因。     

Cochlear‐facial dehiscence—A newly described entity

Dehiscence of the cochlear otic capsule has recently been described as a pathologic entity. We describe two cases of cochlear‐facial dehiscence, which are the first reported: a 69‐year‐old male who complained of hearing loss, autophony, and pulsatile tinnitus and a 41‐year‐old female who complained of left‐sided hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, and vertigo. In both, computed tomography (CT) showed bony dehiscence between the facial nerve and cochlea. Cochlear‐facial dehiscence is another example of otic capsule dehiscence that produces symptoms of third‐window lesions. When patients present with symptoms of third‐window lesions and CT does not show superior canal dehiscence, cochlear‐facial dehiscence should be considered. Laryngoscope, 124:283–289, 2014     

Association between facial nerve second genu angle and facial canal dehiscence in patients with cholesteatoma: evaluation with temporal multidetector computed tomography and surgical findings

IntroductionOtitis media, mastoiditis or the pressure effect of tumorous lesions such as cholesteatoma can be the cause of facial canal dehiscence and facial nerve paralysis. The most common segment involved in dehiscence is the tympanic segment and the second most common is the lateral aspect of the facial canal in the oval window area.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of the facial canal dehiscence and the relationship between the angle at the second genu of the facial nerve and facial canal dehiscence.MethodsWe evaluated the surgical findings in 113 patients who underwent surgery for cholesteatoma. Facial canal dehiscence was detected in 62 of the 113 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, with dehiscence of the facial canal and Group 2, without dehiscence of the facial canal.ResultsThe mean angles at the second genu of the facial nerve in Groups 1 and 2 were 117.8° ± 9.63° and 114° ± 9.9°, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean angles at the second genu for the two groups (p = 0.04).ConclusionIn patients with dehiscence of the facial canal, the angle at the second genu was found to be wider than those without dehiscence.